The document summarizes observations from an English language class for third year middle school students aged 15-16. It discusses the teaching methods and techniques used by the teacher, including lexical approach, communicative language teaching, and task-based learning. It analyzes the students' cognitive, moral, and social development stages according to theories by Piaget, Kohlberg, Freud, and Marcia. Defense mechanisms like rationalization were observed being used by some students.

1. Licenciatura en Docencia de Lengua Inglesa
Third Semester 2013 B
CONCLUSION
An approach is a theory about learning and teaching at the same time a
Method is the practical realization of an approach, to teach we follow a procedure
that is based in techniques that is the way a teacher teaches something.
We realized our project at EST #62; and in our observation class we
observed the next methods and techniques. At the first time the teacher starts the
class using chunks (I agree and I disagree) for this reason he used THE LEXICAL
APPROACH.
The teacher asked to the students that work in teams and give them a work
sheet to complete it, the teacher tried to speak in English all the time but the
students cannot do it, they answer in English just using easy phrases, the teacher
used comprehensible input but according to their level the students cannot produce
a lot of language he asked them i+1 that means the input is a little more difficult
that they can understand. According to this he tried to use the COMMUNICATIVE
LANGUAGE TEACHING.
At the same time the teacher used the TBL. He situated the student in the
context and played them a video about importance of money, they were agreeing
and disagreeing according to this topic, he prepared the students (pre-task) after
that the teacher gave to the students a work sheet to create their own opinion
about the main topic using agreement and disagreement. To finish it the teacher
asked the students to share what they wrote in the worksheet, they read aloud their
opinion (post task).
We think that the best theoretical approach to learn and acquire a language
is the Constructivism theory using the Communicative approach and the Silent

2. method, because the teacher use comprehensible input and focus in achievement,
at the same time, the silent method is a good method to teach a language because
the students do all the production.
The group that we had observe were from the third grade from middle
school from the ages of 15-16 according to Freud they are in the Genital stage, this
theory says that at this stage the adolescents have strong sexual interest, we can
see that the some boys in the class was sitting with 2 girls that look highly
developed according their age.
According to James Marcia the students that we observed are in Moratorium
because they are searching their identity and haven’t made any commitment. The
adolescent moratorium is defined as a developmental period during which
commitments have not yet been made or are rather exploratory and tentative.
However, there are many crises and many unresolved questions. There is an
active struggle to find an answer, explore, search, experiment, try out different
roles, and play the field. It is in this sense that the moratorium is considered the
adolescent issue per excellence.
Jean Piaget said that persons between adolescence and adulthood are in
the Formal Operational stage according to his theory “Cognitive development”, the
students that we observe are 15-16 years old so that they are in this stage, They
can think about multiple variables in systematic ways, formulate hypotheses, and
consider possibilities. They also can ponder abstract relationships and concepts
such as justice. The teacher tried to make them think and consider possibilities
according agreeing and disagreeing; he situated them in their stage.
Kohlberg said that Morality is an idea of justice that is primitive,
undifferentiated, and egocentric in young children. This becomes more
sophisticated and social as the adolescent moves through specific stages of moral
thinking; it may reach, in some individuals, an awareness of universal values and
ethical principles.
The adolescent peer group is particularly influential as a model in the use of
verbal expressions, hair style, clothing, food, music and entertainment preferences,

3. as well as in regard to decisions related to rapidly changing social values. The
students that we observe are in Conventional (good boy good girl) because they
make decisions based on what actions will please others especially authority
figures or individuals with high status like the teacher, principal or popular
classmates. They want to maintain relationships and they take other people's
perspectives and intentions into account when making decisions.
Anna Freud was Sigmund Freud daughter, she became at very least her
father’s symbolic successor, she creates the Defense mechanisms stages, the
students that we observe are in the level two, and they overuse of the defense
mechanisms leads to social undesirability and immaturity. They attribute
uncomfortable feelings to others, we observed that the teacher scolded a student
and the first reaction for the student was “No teacher, Jose talked to me first”. We
observed to the rationalization they justify their behaviors false but credible, even
they were doing something wrong they looked for a good justification that make
them safe to a punishment.