The document discusses failures that can occur with complete dentures after they have been inserted. It begins by defining complete dentures and denture prosthetics. There are several potential causes of denture failures, including inadequate diagnosis, poor clinical work, unfavorable patient responses, and lack of denture hygiene. Common complaints after insertion include looseness, discomfort, poor support, and problems with retention and stability. Discomfort can be related to the impression surface, occlusal surface, polished surfaces, or systemic factors. The summary provides an overview of key topics covered in the document.

1. FAILURES IN
COMPLETE
DENTURE
PROSTHESIS
NAME : KIRTHANA MUTHU
CLASS : IV BDS
ROLL NO : 41
CONTENTS
SL.NO TOPIC PAGE NUMBER
1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. 2. DEFINITIONS 1
3. CAUSES 1
4. COMPLAINTS/FAILURES 2-15
5. CONCLUSSION 16
6. REFERENCES 16
INTRODUCTION
The loss of teeth can be psychologically very traumatizing.To older individuals it
might signify the approach of old age.Attempts to replace teeth have been seen even
among many ancient civilizations.Tooth replacement techniques have evolved
considerably over the years, where it is now possible to restore substantially,both,
aesthetics and function.Teeth substitutes range from fixed bridges replacing a single
tooth to complete dentures replacing all the teeth.The denture service is never
complete until the denture has been worn by the patient.There is, inevitably, the
potential for problems to arise subsequent to the insertion of complete dentures. These

3. problems may be transient and may be essentially disregarded by the patient or they
may be serious enough to result in the patient being unable to tolerate the dentures
leading to the failure of the denture.
DEFINITIONS
Complete denture is defined as “A removable dental prosthesis that replaces the
entire dentition and associated structure of the maxillae or mandible.”
Complete denture prosthetics is defined as “The replacement of natural teeth in the
arch and their associated parts by artificial substitutes .”
Complete denture prosthodontics is defined as “That body of knowledge and skills
pertaining to the restoration of the edentulous arch with a removable prosthesis.
-Glossary of Prosthodontics Terms-JPD 2001 -
CAUSES OF DENTURE FAILURES
A variety of factors can lead to problems or even failure of a complete denture
treatment.However, in general they can be grouped as those occuring from:
1. Inadequate diagnosis and treatment planning.
2. Poor execution of clinical procedures.
3. Poor material selection and laboratory workmanship.
4. Poor patient education.
5. Unfavourable patient’s response:
I. Unfavourable psychological attitudes
II.Unfavourable host tissue’s response
6. Inadequate denture hygiene and failure to follow maintenance procedures.
POST INSERTION PROBLEMS CAN BE BROADLY GROUPED INTO 4:
1. Looseness of dentures
i. Decreased retentive forces
ii. Increased displacing forces.
2. Discomfort associated with dentures
i. Related to impression surface of denture
ii. Related to occlusal surface
iii. Related to polished surface

4. iv. Related to possible systemic association
3. Support problems
4. Problems associated with retention and stability
5. Other difficulties
i. Noise on eating and speaking.
ii. Speech problems.
iii. Eating difficulties.
iv.Altered taste sensation.
v.Gagging (nausea).
A. DISCOMFORT ASSOCIATED WITH DENTURES
Many patients experience some discomfort for a period of up to a few days following
receipt of new or replacement dentures. The great majority of patients achieve
comfortable co-existence with their appliances following a short period of adjustment
to the new conditions. This can be greatly assisted by a careful, detailed explanation
of any difficulties that the operator might anticipate.
For some, however, especially where potential problems were not identified at
examination or at the time of insertion, the consequent discomfort can be prolonged.

5. In addition, discomfort may arise some time after apparently successful prosthodontic
provision as a result of intra-oral or systemic changes or of denture wear or damage.
Discomfort is most frequently — but not exclusively — associated with the lower
denture supporting area.
I. LIST OF FACTORS RESULTING IN DISCOMFORT RELATED TO THE
IMPRESSION SURFACES OF DENTURES
Symptoms/Complaints:
Discrete painful areas
Causes:Pearls or sharp ridges of acrylic on the fitting surface arising from deficiency
in laboratory finishing.
Treatment: Locate with fingers or snagging dry cotton wool fibres.
Use disclosing material to assist locality to ease dentures.
Pain on insertion and removal,possibly inflamed mucosa on side(s) of ridges.
Causes : Denture not relieved in region of undercuts
Treatment : Use disclosing agent to adjust in region of ‘wipe off’.
Excessive care as excessive removal may reduce retention.
Also clinician should only insert denture and then remove it-the patient
should not occlude as this may confuse an occlusal fault with support
problems.
Areas painful to pressure.
Causes:Pressure areas resulting eg. from faulty impressions, damage to working cast,
warpage of denture base.
Consider also residual pathology(eg. Retained root),
Lack of relief for active frenum
Non displaceable mucosa over bony prominence (eg torus).
Treatment:Use disclosing material and relieve accordingly.
If severe, new denture is made.
Consider removal of root if the root is retained.
Over-extension of lingual flange.
Painful mylohyoid ridge;denture lifts on tongue protrussion;painful to swallow.
Causes:Over-extended lower impression:instruction to laboratory not clear or
non-existent.
Treatment:Determine position and extent of over extension using disclosing material
and relieve accordingly.
Generalised pain over denture supporing - area.
Causes:Under-extended denture base - may be the result of over-adjustment to the
periphery or impression surface.Check for adequacy of FWS.

6. Treatment:Extend denture to optimal available denture support area.If insufficient
FWS, remake may be required.
Lack of relief for frena or muscle attachment ;pinching of tissue between denture
base and retromolar pad or throat.
Sore throat, difficulty in swallowing.
Causes: Peripheral over-extension resulting from impression stage or/and design
error.
Treatment: Relieve with aid of disclosing material.Care with adjustment of post dam -
removal of existing seal and its replacement in greenstick prior to
permanent addition may be required.
II. LIST OF FACTORS RESULTING IN DISCOMFORT RELATED TO
THE OCCLUSAL SURFACES OF DENTURES
Symptoms/Complaints:
Pain on eating in presence of occlusal imbalance(no support problems).
Causes: Anterior prematurity or posterior prematurity
Incisal locking.
Lack of balanced articulation.
Treatment: Determine where occlusal prematurities exist.Adjust occlusion by
selective grinding.If severe error, remount using facebow and make new
interocclusal records.
Pain lingual to lower anterior ridge.
Causes : If no over-extension present,look for protrusive slide from RCP to ICP.
Treatment:Mark deflecting inclines of posterior teeth with thin articulating paper. If
slide exceeds half a cusp width, re-register and reset.
Pain and/or inflammation on labial aspect of lower ridge.
Causes : If no impression surface defect, maybe lack of incisal overjet causing incisal
locking.
Treatment:Reduce incisal vertical overlap.If appearnce compromised,resetting the
incisor maybe required.
Pain around periphery of dentures possibly accompanied by pain in masseter and
posterior temporalis muscle(classically pain increases as the day progresses).
Causes : Vertical dimension more than patient can tolerate.
Treatment: If excess is less than 1.5 mm, grind to provide FWS. If greater than 1.5
mm, re-register to reset dentures at new OVD.
Cheek and or lip biting.
Causes : For cheeks: likely that functional width of sulcus was not restored.
For lips: poor lip support/inadequate anterior horizontal overlap.
Treatment: For cheeks: Restore functional width of sulcus.
For lips: grind lower incisors to provide a more appropriate incisal
guidance angle.

7. Tongue biting.
Causes : Lack of lingual overjet-teeth generally placed lingual to lower ridge.
Treatment : Remove lower lingual cuss or reset teeth.
III. LIST OF FACTORS RESULTING IN DISCOMFORT RELATED TO THE
POLISHED SURFACES OF DENTURES
Symptoms/Complaints:
Pain at posterior aspect of upper denture on opening.
Causes : Flange on buccal aspect of tuberosity too thick and constraining coronoid
process.
Treatment:Use of disclosing material to accurately define area involves, relieve and
repolish.
IV. LIST OF FACTORS RESULTING IN DISCOMFORT - FACTORS WITH
POSSIBLE SYSTEMIC ASSOCIATION (SOME OF THIS CONDITIONS
MAY OCCUR SEVERAL MONTHS POST INSERTION).
Symptoms/Complaints:
Burning or Numbness.
Sometimes patients may complaint of apparently vague symptoms.No symptoms
however apparently vague, should be dismissed until it is thoroughly investigated.
Causes :
 Mental nerve : Pressure from the lower buccal flange can cause numbness or
tingling sensation at the corner of the mouth or in the lower lip.
 Nasopalatine nerve: Similarly, in the upper jaw, pressure on the incisive papilla
can cause a burning or numbness in the anterior part of the upper jaw.
Treatment: The area concerned should be relieved to reduce the pressure.
Burning tongue or palate : Burning tongue or palate can occur sometimes.
Climacteric (menopausal symptoms) maybe suspected in these individuals especially
if everything else is ruled out. This can occur in both females and males and is
associated with the end of the reproductive phase of their lives.Sometimes vitamin
deficiency maybe a reason.
Treatment:The following can be advised for the burning tongue and palate patients
A. Instruct patient a good oral hygiene. Recommend cleaning the tongue with gauze
not a brush.
B. Avoid hot spicy foods and caustic mouthwashes.
C. For vitamin deficiency prescribe vitamins A and B12 for three months,
discontinue for 1 month and reevaluate.
D. Prescribe a mild tranquilizer.
E. When this condition is severe and persists, refer the patient to an oral surgeon for
possible surgical intervention.

8. F. When the condition is persistent and is complicated with other problems that
maybe associated with other psychic changes , refer the patient or the psychiatric
consultation.
Painful ‘click’ related to TMJ on opening and/or closing mouth and/or tenderness
of muscles of mastication.
Causes: A clicking noise when the teeth are contact during functional movement is a
result of:
-Insufficient interocclusal distance
-Dropping of maxillary denture or a vertical displacement of the mandibular denture.
Treatment : 1. When the dentures are loose, correct the stability & retention by
rebasing or remaking the dentures.
2. If the dentures are not loose, if sufficient interocclusal distance
exists, and if the teeth are porcelain,replace the porcelain teeth with
acrylic resin teeth.
3.When the interocclusal distance is not sufficient,alter the occlusal
surfaces of the teeth with remount procedure to provide adequate
space.
Beefy red tongue,possibly glossodynia.
Causes:Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency
Treatment:Refer to medical treatment
Frictional lesions related to dentures, mucosa may adhere to probing finger, may
be complaint of dry mouth.
Causes : Xerostomia, commonly side effect of prescribed drug.
Treatment: Where some saliva flow is present, sugar-free lozenges may help.Where
there is an obvious paucity of saliva, artificial saliva may be considered.
Tongue thrusting.Empty mouth ‘chewing’.Often seen in elderly patients.
Causes: May have neurological or psychological aspects.Possibly drug related.
Treatment: Difficult to manage.Treatment may include occlusal adjustment and/or
occlusal pivots.
Patient complaints of allergy to denture material.
Causes : Rare symptoms may relate to higher residual monomer content of acrylic.
Treatment : If excess residual monomer detected, rebase denture using controlled heat
cure cycle. May need to consider remaking the denture using
polycarbonate resin.
Painless erythema of mucosa related to support of (usually) upper denture, maybe
accompanied by angular cheilitis.
Causes : Denture-related stomatitis. Often has a frictional element due to ill-fitting
denture plus opportunistic candidal infections.Occasionally related to iron or
folate deficiency.

9. Treatment:Best to leave out until conditions clears then remake.If angular cheilitis
present combination of antifungal and antibacterial agents (ex
miconazole) is useful.
B. LOOSENESS OF THE DENTURE
Looseness of dentures is more commonly associated with the lower denture, and may
be referred to by patients as their denture 'rocking', 'falling' (complete upper) or
'rising' (complete lower), 'shifting' or sometimes that they 'feel too big'.
Loose dentures can be extremely demoralizing for the patient as well as the
dentist.Therefore, all the precautions should be taken during the construction of the
denture, especially during the impression phase. It is therefore very important to
identify the reason for loose dentures.
In simple terms, retention and stability of complete dentures may be likened to a
simple balance ie. on one side retaining forces and on the other displacing forces. If
the latter exceed the former, instability/looseness will arise. It must be stressed,
however, that the fulcrum is the patient, or rather the patient's ability to adapt to
dentures — this is less easy to anticipate. This is illustrated in Figure 1, which is a line
drawing of factors influencing complete denture stability.
FIGURE 1
I. LISTS OF FACTORS ARISING FROM LOOSENESS OF DENTURES-
ARISING FROM DECREASED RETENION FORCES
SYMPTOMS/COMPLAINTS:

10. Lack of peripheral seal.
Causes: Border under-extension in depth.
Border under-extension in width.Often a particular problem in disto-buccal
aspects of upper periphery which may be displaced by buccinator on mouth
opening.
Posterior border of upper denture.
Treatment:Add softened tracing compound to relevant border, mould digitally and by
functional movements by patient.Replace compound with acrylic resin. As
a temporary measure a chairside reline material may be used as described
above.
Inelasticity of cheek tissues.
Causes : Consequences of ageing process;scleroderma;submucous fibrosis.
Treatment:Mould denture borders incrementally using softened tracing compound as
functional movements are performed- aim to slightly under-extend depth
and width of denture periphery.Repeated treatment may be required as
inelasticity progresses.
Air beneath impression surfaces.denture may rock under finger pressure.May see
gap between periphery of flange and ridge.Occlusal error subsequent to warpage.
Causes : Deficient impression.
Damaged cast.
Warped denture.
Over-adjustment of impression.
Residual ridge resorption.
Undercut ridges.
Excessive relief chamber.
Change in fluid content of supporting tissues.
Treatment: Reline if design parameters of dentures satisfactory,otherwise remake as
required.Ensure that areas of heavy contact between denture and tissues
are relieved prior to impression making.When change in tissue fluid
distribution is suspected check medication (eg diuretics), posture (eg heart
failure), lack of recovery of tissues from effects of old denture prior to
working impressions being obtained.Stabilise fluid content of the tissues and
use minimal pressure method.
Xerostomia(Reduces ability to form suitable seal).
Causes : Medication by many commonly prescribed drugs, irritation of head and neck
region, salivary gland tissues.
Treatment : Design denture to maximise retention and minimise displacing forces.
Prescribe artificial saliva where appropriate.
Neuromuscular control(essential for successful denture wearing, speech and eating
difficulties occur).
Causes : Basic shape of denture incorrect.
Lower molars too lingual.
Occlusal plane too high.
Upper molars buccal to ridge and buccal flange not wide enough to
accommodate this.
Patient of advanced biologic age.

11. Treatment:Correct design faults by eg. removal of lingual cusps of posterior teeth.
Flatten polished lingual surfaces of lower denture from occlusal surface to
periphery, fill sulci to optimal width.
May require remake to optimal design.
Use information from successful previous denture if available.
Denture adhesives maybe deemed to be necessary.
II. LISTS OF FACTORS ARISING FROM LOOSENESS OF
DENTURES-ARISING FROM INCREASED DISPLACING FORCES
SYMPTOMS/COMPLAINTS:
Denture borders-over extension in depths.
Slow rise of lower denture when mouth half open,line of inflammation at reflection of
sulcal tissues; ulceration in sulcus region.
Deep post dam on upper base may cause pain, ulceration.
Causes : If buccal to tuberosities, denture displaces on mouth opening, or cheek
soreness occurs.Thickened lingual flange enables tongue to lift denture; thick
upper and lower labial flanges may produce displacement during muscle
activity.
Treatment : Slightly under-extend denture flange and accurately mould softened
tracing compound. Check borders of record rims and trial dentures at the
appropriate stages.Deep post dam to be cautiously reduced and denture
worn sparingly until inflammation clears.
Overextension in width
Cheeks appear plumped out.In lower, the buccal flange may be palpated lateral to
external oblique ridge
Causes:Design error.
Treatment:Reduce over-extension.Use disclosing material to determine what is
excessive.
Poor fit to supporting tissue
Recoil of displaced tissue lifts denture
Causes: Poor/inappropriate impression technique especially in posterior lingual pouch
area
Treatment:Reline if all other design parameters satisfactory, otherwise remake.
Ensure denture is removed from mouth 90 mins prior to impression.
Denture not in optimal space.
Causes:Molars on lower denture lingual to ridge, optimum triangular shape of denture
is absent.
Treatment: Remove lingual cusps and lingual surfaces from relevant area, repolish.If
triangular form not restored, reset teeth or remake dentures.

12. Causes:Posterior occlusal table too broad, causing tongue trapping.
Treatment:Narrow posterior teeth and/or remove most distal teeth from
dentures. Reshape lingual polished surface.
Cause:Thick lingual flanges encroaching on tongue space, causing lifting.
Excess lip pressure to lower anterior aspect-teeth anterior to ridge,thick
periphery.
Excess pressure from upper lip to upper denture arising from teeth too labially
sited to acute naso-labial angle; or failure to adequately seat denture during
relining impression procedure.
Treatment: Thin lower labial flange, ensure optimal extension to retromolar pads to
resist displacement, reset anterior teeth if necessary.
Usually requires remaking dentures.
III. LISTS OF FACTORS ARISING FROM LOOSENESS OF DENTURES -
ARISING FROM INCREASED DISPLACING FORCES-OCCLUSAL
AND ANATOMICAL FACTORS
SYMPTOMS/COMPLAINTS:
Occlusal errors.
Causes:Uneven tooth contact causing tilting of dentures and prevents even seating of
loosened appliances.
Treatment:Adjust occlusion until even initial contact in RCP obtained.If gaps between
teeth exceeds 1.5 mm reset teeth or remake dentures.For gaps less than 1.5
mm it may still be necessary, in the interest of accurate diagnosis, to
remount the dentures, as a patient’s mouth may be too tender to permit
chairside adjustment.
Causes : ICP and RCP not coincide-discrupts border seal and prevents accurate
reseating.
Treatment:Adjust occlusion for coincident ICP/RCP contact.If error is greater than
half width of cusp, all teeth on at least one denture need resetting.
Causes: Lack of freedom in ICP (occlusal locking) denture will shift on supporting
tissues for those patients with poor control of mandibular movements.
Treatment:Remount dentures on adjustable articulator and adjust area of occlusal
contact.Allow 1.5 mm of anterior movement from RCP.May use cuspless
teeth where appropriate.
Ulceration labial to lower ridge.
Causes: Excessive vertical overlap of anterior teeth.Lack of balance and anterior teeth
contact may cause tilting , soreness in lower ridge.
Treatment:Reduce height of lower anteriors.Aesthethic problems may necessitate
resetting of teeth.
Causes : Last mandibular molars placed too far posteriorly and lie over retromolar pad
or ascending part of ramus.Occlusal contact on this ‘inclined plane’ causes
denture to slip forward.
Treatment:Remove most posterior teeth from denture.
Causes: Occlusal plane/s not oriented appropriately and masticatory forces tend to
move dentures over supporting tissues.

13. Treatment:Usually requires teeth to be reset or dentures to be remade.
C.PROBLEMS RELATING TO AN INABILITY TO ADAPT TO DENTURES
There are a variety of symptoms which may be functionally-related (ie eating
associated problems, speech etc), psychologically-related or may relate to patience.
Clearly there is a need to diagnose the former at the planning stage of treatment and to
avoid the latter by virture of trial denture visits which focus on the functional and
aesthetic components of the compete dentures.
Some of the psychologically-related problems may be recognized at an early stage but
even if psychological assessments are taken, not all are infallible.
I. LIST OF DENTURE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH PROBLEMS OF
ADAPTATION
Symptoms/Complaints:
Noise on eating/speaking-may be apparent on first insertion or may appear as
resorption causes dentures to loosen.
Causes: Maybe lack of skill with new dentures, excessive OVD, occlusal
interferences, loose dentures,poor perception of patient to denture wearing.
Treatment:Where unfamiliarity present, reassurance and persistence
recommended.Address specific faults or remakes a required.
Eating difficulties-Dentures move over supporting tissues.
Causes : Unstable denture.Check that retentive foeces are maximised and displacing
forces minimised and available support has been used.
Treatment:Construct dentures to maximise retention and minimise displacing forces.
‘Blunt teeth’
Causes : Broad posterior occlusal surfaces which replaced narrow teeth on previous
dentures. Non anatomical type teeth used where cusped teeth previously
used.
Treatment:Where non anotomical teeth used,careful explaination of rationale is
required, may be possible to reshape teeth.Routine use of narrow tooth
moulds recommended.
‘Jaw close too far’
Causes:Lack of OVD, so that mandibular elevator muscles cannot work efficiently.
Treatment: May increase up to 1.5mm by relining but it deficiency is greater,remake
denture.
‘Cannot open mouth wide enough fro food’-may be speech problems and facial

14. pain especially over masseter region.
Causes: Excessive VOD.
Treatment:Can remove up to 1.5mm from occlusal plane by grinding, but if more is
required, remake dentures.
Speech problems.
Uncommon, but presence is of great concern to patient. May affect sibilant (eg s),
bilabial(eg p,b), labiodental(eg fv)
Causes :Maybe unfamiliarity-check that problem not present with old dentures.
Treatment : Check for vertical dimension accuracy and that vertical incisor overlap
not excessive.Palatal contour should not allow excessive tongue contact
or air leakage - assess using disclosing paste over denture palate while
sound is made.It is recommended that patient’s speech is assessed at trial insertion
visit.
Appearance.
Complaints may arise from patient or relatives.Common complaints include:shade of
teeth too light or dark;mould too big/small; arrangement too even or irregular or
lacking diastema
Causes : Patient failed to comment at trial stage or has been subsequently been
swayed by family or friends.
Perhaps the change from the old denture to the replacement denture is too
sudden or severe.
Treatment: Accurate assessment of patient’s aesthetic requirements. Ample time for
patient’s comments at trial stage.
Use any available evidence to assist-photographs, previous dentures.
Consider template prosthesis.
Too much visibility of teeth.
Causes : Level of occlusal plane unacceptable,teeth placed on upper anterior ridge and
no/poor lip support.
Treatment:Accurate prescription to laboratory via optimally adjusted occlusal rim.
Creases at corners of mouth.
Causes : Labial fullness and anterior teeth position may be inaccurate.
OVD may be inadequate.
Treatment: Adjust tooth position as appropriate.
If OVD problem, re-register jaw relations.
Colour of denture base material ‘unnatural’.
Causes: Patient’s skin colour not taken into account in determining the colour of base
material.
Treatment:Remake using suitable base materials.
Gagging and Vomiting.
Some patients complaint of gagging sensation while using the dentures. Patients with
hyperactive gag reflexes should be identified at the onset of treatment and the
treatment modified accordingly.
A complete denture patient may develop gagging or vomiting problem as a result of:
1. Loose dentures

15. 2. Poor oclussion
3. Incorrect contour of the dentures,particularly in the posterior area of the palate
and the retromylohyoid space.
4. Underextended denture borders.
5. Placing the maxillary teeth too far in a palatal direction and the mandibular teeth
too far in a lingual direction so that the dorsum of the tongue is forced into the
pharynx during the act of swallowing.
6. Psychogenic factors, patient may refuse to swallow for fear the dentures will
dislodge and strangle them. As a result of not swallowing,the saliva accumulates
and triggers the gagging reflex.
Treatment:
1. Determine the cause when possible.
2. Remove all biological and mechanical factors that may contribute to the
problems.
3. Prescribe a combination of hyoscine and atropine during initial period of denture
use.Certain drug act as a selective depressor of the parasympathetic portion of the
Autonomous nervous system. Among these drugs are the sedatives, the anti-
histamines , parasympatholytics, and the central nervous system depressannt.
4. Consider referring the patient for psychiatric help.Pursue all other etiological
factors prior to psychiatric referral unless the patient has been or is under active
psychiatric treatment.
CONCLUSSION
Once a denture-wearing problem becomes apparent, it is important that it is addressed
in a logical and systematic way. That is to say, an adequate history of the problem
must be obtained and a careful examination of the mouth carried out so that an
accurate diagnosis can be made, and an appropriate treatment plan devised. Placement
of a removable prosthesis in the oral cavity produces profound changes that may

16. adversely affect the oral tissues. Wearing complete dentures that function poorly
could be a negative factor with regards to the maintenance of muscle function
and nutritional status. A protocol encompassing time bound redressal of multifarious
post insertion problems,can have positive outcome of the rehabilitative effort, from
the prosthodontist.
REFERENCES
Post insertion problems and their management in complete denture(Journal of
Evolution of medical & Dental Sciences)-Honey Jethlia, Ankur Jethlia, Naveen Raj P,
Ashish Meshram, Neha Sharma
Management Strategy for Post Insertion Problems in
Complete Dentures(Asian Journal of Oral Health & Allied Sciences - Volume 1, Issue
2, Apr-Jun 2011)-Abhimanyu Deora, Paras Vohra and Arvind Tripathi
Prosthetics: Identification of complete denture
problems: a summary (British Dental Journel) -J
F McCord & A A Grant
Essential of Complete Denture Prosthesis,Sheldon Winkler
Syllabus of Complete Denture, Charles M. Heartwell Jr. D.D.S