The document describes a numerical model being developed to simulate the template-based chemical vapor deposition (TB-CVD) process for manufacturing carbon nanotubes. The model aims to predict carbon deposition rates for different furnace temperatures, gas flow rates, and process times. It will be developed using computational fluid dynamics software to simulate gas flow behavior and chemical reactions during the TB-CVD process. Validation will involve comparing simulation temperature profiles and deposition rates to experimental data from a nano-bio interface laboratory.
Development of Thermal Conductivity Measurement Test Rig for Engineering Mate...IOSR Journals
This paper describe the development of a hot rod method by using water as a coolant medium which
measure the heat loss through the rod for the steady state measurement of thermal conductivity of small
samples. The heat flow through the test sample was essentially one dimensional and heat loss through
engineering material is made to use heated guard to block the flow of heat from the hot rod to the
surroundings. Since large correction factors must be applied to account for guard imperfection and not
maintained ideal condition. So that it may be preferable to simply measure and correct for the heat that flows
from the heater disc to directions other than into the sample. Experimental measurements taken in a prototype
apparatus combined with extensive computational modeling of the heat transfer in the apparatus show that
sufficiently accurate measurements can be obtained to allow determination of thermal conductivity of
engineering material. Suggestions are made for further improvements in the method based on results from
regression analysis of the generated data.
Comparative study of parabolic trough collector through MWCNT/H2o nanofluid a...Husain Mehdi
In this present work MWCNT nanofluid and water were used as working fluid to compare the thermal performance of solar parabolic trough collector. Both the fluids were flowing through receiver at different volume flow rates 160L/h and 100L/h. Experimental tests was performed only during sunny weather and temperature at outlet of receiver was measured through thermometer after every half an hour of total testing time period. MWCNT nanofluid with weight fraction 0.01% and 0.02% and water were used to find efficiency of system and it has been seen that MWCNT nanofluid 0.02wt% with 160L/h showed better results for overall thermal efficiency among other and also an application of surfactant Triton X-100 with in MWCNT nanofluid was used to enhance the quantity of heat absorption capability of base fluid
Modelling of fouling in heat exchangers using the Artificial Neural Network A...AI Publications
In this paper, modelling by neural networks was used for obtaining a model for the calculation of fouling factors in heat exchangers. The heat exchangers used in this study are a series of four exchangers where a model was obtained for each exchanger after due estimation of its heat load. The basic theme of this paper is the investigation of fouling factors and the determination of relevant indicators followed by combining design and operation factors along with fouling factors in a mathematical model that may be used for the calculation of the fouling factor. The devised model was tested for reliability and its accuracy in predicting new values for the fouling factor was greater than 98% in view of the design of the model Furthermore, the number of elements related to the design and operation was reduced to four developed formulae (developed factors) to which were added later the four factors selected as indicators of the occurrence of fouling. Both were then used as network input, whereas the output was the value of the fouling factor. The importance of this modelling lies in the fact that it enables the operator to continually predict the value of the fouling factor in heat exchangers and it assists him in taking appropriate measures to alleviate fouling effects ensuring thereby continuous operation of the unit and prevention of emergency shut downs.
Heat Transfer & Periodic Flow Analysis of Heat Exchanger by CFD with Nano FluidsIJERA Editor
Many heat transfer applications such as steam generators in a boiler or air cooling coil of an air conditioner, can
be modelled in a bank of tubes containing a fluid flowing at one temperature that is immersed in a second fluid
in a cross flow at different temperature. CFD simulations are a useful tool for understanding flow and heat
transfer principles as well as for modelling these types of geometries. Both the fluids considered in the present
study are CUO Nano fluids, and flow is classified as laminar and steady with Reynolds number between 100-
600.The mass flow rate of the cross flow and diameter has been varied (such as 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30
kg/sec and 0.8, 1.0.1.2 &1.4cm) and the models are used to predict the flow and temperature fields that result
from convective heat transfer. Due to symmetry of the tube bank and the periodicity of the flow inherent in the
tube bank geometry, only a portion of the geometry will be modelled and with symmetry applied to the outer
boundaries. The inflow boundary will be redefined as a periodic zone and the outflow boundary is defined as the
shadow. The various static pressures, velocities, and temperatures obtained are reported.
In this present project tubes of different diameters and different mass flow rates are considered to examine the
optimal flow distribution. Further the problem has been subjected to effect of materials used for tubes
manufacturing on heat transfer rate. Materials considered are copper and Nickle Chromium alloys. Results
emphasize the utilization of alloys in place of copper as tube material serves better heat transfer with most
economical way.
Development of Thermal Conductivity Measurement Test Rig for Engineering Mate...IOSR Journals
This paper describe the development of a hot rod method by using water as a coolant medium which
measure the heat loss through the rod for the steady state measurement of thermal conductivity of small
samples. The heat flow through the test sample was essentially one dimensional and heat loss through
engineering material is made to use heated guard to block the flow of heat from the hot rod to the
surroundings. Since large correction factors must be applied to account for guard imperfection and not
maintained ideal condition. So that it may be preferable to simply measure and correct for the heat that flows
from the heater disc to directions other than into the sample. Experimental measurements taken in a prototype
apparatus combined with extensive computational modeling of the heat transfer in the apparatus show that
sufficiently accurate measurements can be obtained to allow determination of thermal conductivity of
engineering material. Suggestions are made for further improvements in the method based on results from
regression analysis of the generated data.
Comparative study of parabolic trough collector through MWCNT/H2o nanofluid a...Husain Mehdi
In this present work MWCNT nanofluid and water were used as working fluid to compare the thermal performance of solar parabolic trough collector. Both the fluids were flowing through receiver at different volume flow rates 160L/h and 100L/h. Experimental tests was performed only during sunny weather and temperature at outlet of receiver was measured through thermometer after every half an hour of total testing time period. MWCNT nanofluid with weight fraction 0.01% and 0.02% and water were used to find efficiency of system and it has been seen that MWCNT nanofluid 0.02wt% with 160L/h showed better results for overall thermal efficiency among other and also an application of surfactant Triton X-100 with in MWCNT nanofluid was used to enhance the quantity of heat absorption capability of base fluid
Modelling of fouling in heat exchangers using the Artificial Neural Network A...AI Publications
In this paper, modelling by neural networks was used for obtaining a model for the calculation of fouling factors in heat exchangers. The heat exchangers used in this study are a series of four exchangers where a model was obtained for each exchanger after due estimation of its heat load. The basic theme of this paper is the investigation of fouling factors and the determination of relevant indicators followed by combining design and operation factors along with fouling factors in a mathematical model that may be used for the calculation of the fouling factor. The devised model was tested for reliability and its accuracy in predicting new values for the fouling factor was greater than 98% in view of the design of the model Furthermore, the number of elements related to the design and operation was reduced to four developed formulae (developed factors) to which were added later the four factors selected as indicators of the occurrence of fouling. Both were then used as network input, whereas the output was the value of the fouling factor. The importance of this modelling lies in the fact that it enables the operator to continually predict the value of the fouling factor in heat exchangers and it assists him in taking appropriate measures to alleviate fouling effects ensuring thereby continuous operation of the unit and prevention of emergency shut downs.
Heat Transfer & Periodic Flow Analysis of Heat Exchanger by CFD with Nano FluidsIJERA Editor
Many heat transfer applications such as steam generators in a boiler or air cooling coil of an air conditioner, can
be modelled in a bank of tubes containing a fluid flowing at one temperature that is immersed in a second fluid
in a cross flow at different temperature. CFD simulations are a useful tool for understanding flow and heat
transfer principles as well as for modelling these types of geometries. Both the fluids considered in the present
study are CUO Nano fluids, and flow is classified as laminar and steady with Reynolds number between 100-
600.The mass flow rate of the cross flow and diameter has been varied (such as 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30
kg/sec and 0.8, 1.0.1.2 &1.4cm) and the models are used to predict the flow and temperature fields that result
from convective heat transfer. Due to symmetry of the tube bank and the periodicity of the flow inherent in the
tube bank geometry, only a portion of the geometry will be modelled and with symmetry applied to the outer
boundaries. The inflow boundary will be redefined as a periodic zone and the outflow boundary is defined as the
shadow. The various static pressures, velocities, and temperatures obtained are reported.
In this present project tubes of different diameters and different mass flow rates are considered to examine the
optimal flow distribution. Further the problem has been subjected to effect of materials used for tubes
manufacturing on heat transfer rate. Materials considered are copper and Nickle Chromium alloys. Results
emphasize the utilization of alloys in place of copper as tube material serves better heat transfer with most
economical way.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF POROUS RADIANT BURNER AN...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of a
self-aspirating porous radiant burner (SAPRB) that operates
on the basis of an effective energy conversion method between
flowing gas enthalpy and thermal radiation. The temperature
field at various flame zones was measured experimentally by
the help of both FLUKE IR camera and K-type thermocouples.
The experimental setup consisted of a two layered domestic
cooking burner, a flexible test stand attached with six K-type
thermocouples at different positions, IR camera, LPG setup
and a hot wire anemometer. The two layered SAPRB consisted
of a combustion zone and a preheating zone. Combustion zone
was formed with high porosity, highly radiating porous
matrix, and the preheating zone consisted of low porosity
matrix. Time dependent temperature history from
thermocouples at various flame zones were acquired by using
a data acquisition system and the temperature profiles were
analyzed in the ZAILA application software environments. In
the other hand the IR graphs were captured by FLUKE IR
camera and the thermographs were analyzed in the
SMARTView software environments. The experimental results
revealed that the homogeneous porous media, in addition to
its convective heat exchange with the gas, might absorb, emit,
and scatter thermal radiation. The rate of heat transfer was
more at the center of the burner where a combined effect of
both convection & radiation might be realized. The maximum
thermal efficiency was found to be 64% which was having a
good agreement with the previous data in the open literature.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Abstract: Nanotechnology is concerned with the materials and systems whose structures and components reveal novel and significantly improved physical, chemical, and biological properties, phenomena, and processes due to their micro size. Workforce development is needed to achieve the benefits of nanotechnology development along with technology transfer. The intensity should be on hands-on educational experiences by developing nano-tech laboratory demonstration experiments that could be adaptable and combined into existing courses in engineering and engineering technology. Theoretical heat transfer rates were calculated using existing relationships in the literature for conventional fluids and nano fluids. Experiments were conducted to determine the actual heat transfer rates under operational conditions using nanofluids and the heat transfer enhancement determined compared to fluids without nanoparticles.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON IMPROVING THE COOLING PERFORMANCE OF AUTOMOBILE...IAEME Publication
The convective heat transfer rate inside a flat tube radiator of an automobile using
CuO-Water nanofluids were investigated experimentally and numerically. Nanofluid
of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% volume concentrations were prepared using CuO nanoparticle
with water as base fluid. The effect of mass flow rate, volume concentration inlet
temperature on heat transfer rate with varied coolant mass flow rate ranging from
6LPM, 8LPM, 10LPM were examined. Results shows that heat transfer rate linearly
increases with increase in mass flow rate and volume concentration, the best heat
transfer rate is achieved at 0.3% volume fraction of CuO at 10LPM. A maximum
enhancement of 35% in heat transfer rate is obtained for 0.3% concentration of CuO
nanofluid
Lauded as the fastest commercially available chip calorimeter, Flash DSC is ideal for studying rapid crystallization and reorganization processes, and is able to operate in temperatures from -95 to 1000 °C. These ultra-high cooling and heating rates have considerably progressed the study of thermally induced chemical processes and physical transitions, allowing the study of the crystallization and reorganization of a range of materials including metals and polymers like never before.
INVESTIGATION ON HEAT TRANSFER PROPERTIES USING MICHELSON INTERFEROMETRYAmaldev J
Our work isto study the heat transfer properties of Nano fluid using Michelson Interferometry without disturbing the thermal flow field.Experiment consists of making a Nanofluid(ZnO)with water as base fluid,which is kept in a test cell and when laser beam passes through it fringes are formed on a screen.Byanalyzing these fringes we can determine its heat transfer characterstics.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF POROUS RADIANT BURNER AN...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of a
self-aspirating porous radiant burner (SAPRB) that operates
on the basis of an effective energy conversion method between
flowing gas enthalpy and thermal radiation. The temperature
field at various flame zones was measured experimentally by
the help of both FLUKE IR camera and K-type thermocouples.
The experimental setup consisted of a two layered domestic
cooking burner, a flexible test stand attached with six K-type
thermocouples at different positions, IR camera, LPG setup
and a hot wire anemometer. The two layered SAPRB consisted
of a combustion zone and a preheating zone. Combustion zone
was formed with high porosity, highly radiating porous
matrix, and the preheating zone consisted of low porosity
matrix. Time dependent temperature history from
thermocouples at various flame zones were acquired by using
a data acquisition system and the temperature profiles were
analyzed in the ZAILA application software environments. In
the other hand the IR graphs were captured by FLUKE IR
camera and the thermographs were analyzed in the
SMARTView software environments. The experimental results
revealed that the homogeneous porous media, in addition to
its convective heat exchange with the gas, might absorb, emit,
and scatter thermal radiation. The rate of heat transfer was
more at the center of the burner where a combined effect of
both convection & radiation might be realized. The maximum
thermal efficiency was found to be 64% which was having a
good agreement with the previous data in the open literature.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Abstract: Nanotechnology is concerned with the materials and systems whose structures and components reveal novel and significantly improved physical, chemical, and biological properties, phenomena, and processes due to their micro size. Workforce development is needed to achieve the benefits of nanotechnology development along with technology transfer. The intensity should be on hands-on educational experiences by developing nano-tech laboratory demonstration experiments that could be adaptable and combined into existing courses in engineering and engineering technology. Theoretical heat transfer rates were calculated using existing relationships in the literature for conventional fluids and nano fluids. Experiments were conducted to determine the actual heat transfer rates under operational conditions using nanofluids and the heat transfer enhancement determined compared to fluids without nanoparticles.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON IMPROVING THE COOLING PERFORMANCE OF AUTOMOBILE...IAEME Publication
The convective heat transfer rate inside a flat tube radiator of an automobile using
CuO-Water nanofluids were investigated experimentally and numerically. Nanofluid
of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% volume concentrations were prepared using CuO nanoparticle
with water as base fluid. The effect of mass flow rate, volume concentration inlet
temperature on heat transfer rate with varied coolant mass flow rate ranging from
6LPM, 8LPM, 10LPM were examined. Results shows that heat transfer rate linearly
increases with increase in mass flow rate and volume concentration, the best heat
transfer rate is achieved at 0.3% volume fraction of CuO at 10LPM. A maximum
enhancement of 35% in heat transfer rate is obtained for 0.3% concentration of CuO
nanofluid
Lauded as the fastest commercially available chip calorimeter, Flash DSC is ideal for studying rapid crystallization and reorganization processes, and is able to operate in temperatures from -95 to 1000 °C. These ultra-high cooling and heating rates have considerably progressed the study of thermally induced chemical processes and physical transitions, allowing the study of the crystallization and reorganization of a range of materials including metals and polymers like never before.
INVESTIGATION ON HEAT TRANSFER PROPERTIES USING MICHELSON INTERFEROMETRYAmaldev J
Our work isto study the heat transfer properties of Nano fluid using Michelson Interferometry without disturbing the thermal flow field.Experiment consists of making a Nanofluid(ZnO)with water as base fluid,which is kept in a test cell and when laser beam passes through it fringes are formed on a screen.Byanalyzing these fringes we can determine its heat transfer characterstics.
On the power of virtual experimentation in MT2.0:a VFORM-xSteels outlookvformxsteels
Sam Coppieters, A. Gil Andrade-Campos et al.
MatchID Global User Meeting
On the power of virtual experimentation in MT2.0 : a VFORM outlook
22 February2023 | Southampton, UK
EFFECT OF (MGO) NANOFLUID ON HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS FOR INTEGRAL FINNE...IAEME Publication
Experimental investigations have been carried out in this paper to study the enhancement of heat transfer characteristics for cross flow low integral finned tube heat exchanger with using of (MgO) nanofluid. The study includes designing and manufacturing of test section from Pyrex glass with dimensions (2505001200) mm width, height and length, respectively. has a single copper tube with eight passes.. The low integral finned tube with (19 mm) inner diameter, (21 mm) root diameter and (24 mm) outer diameter. The fin height is (1.5 mm), thickness (1 mm) and the pitch is (2 mm). Air was used as a cooling fluid passing across the test tube with a range of velocities (1, 2, 3 and 4) m/sec. The inner side flow rates with a range of (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) L/min. for water and for nanofluid.
EFFECT OF (MGO) NANOFLUID ON HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS FOR INTEGRAL FINNE...IAEME Publication
Experimental investigations have been carried out in this paper to study the enhancement of heat transfer characteristics for cross flow low integral finned tube heat exchanger with using of (MgO) nanofluid. The study includes designing and manufacturing of test section from Pyrex glass with dimensions (2505001200) mm width, height and length, respectively. has a single copper tube with eight passes.. The low integral finned tube with (19 mm) inner diameter, (21 mm) root diameter and (24 mm) outer diameter. The fin height is (1.5 mm), thickness (1 mm) and the pitch is (2 mm). Air was used as a cooling fluid passing across the test tube with a range of velocities (1, 2, 3 and 4) m/sec. The inner side flow rates with a range of (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) L/min. for water and for nanofluid.
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal published Quarterly offers fast publication schedule whilst maintaining rigorous peer review. The use of recommended electronic formats for article delivery expedites the process of All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate rapid screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field of appropriate to ensure that they are likely to be the level of interest and importance of appropriate for the journal.
international research journal of engineering and technology 3 nov.pdfnareshkotra
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal in English published Quarterly offers a fast publication schedule whilst maintaining a proper peer review and the use of recommended electronic formats for an article delivery expedites the process of All submitted research articles are subjected to an immediate rapid screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field as assure that they are likely to be the level of interest and importance of appropriate for the journal.
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal in English published Quarterly offers a fast publication schedule with whilst maintaining a rigorous peer review and the use of recommended electronic formats for article delivery expedites the process of All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate rapid screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field as appropriate to ensure they are likely to be the level of interest and importance appropriate for the journal.
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal in English published Quarterly offers a fast publication schedule whilst maintaining rigorous peer review the use of recommended electronic formats for article delivery expedites the process All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate rapid screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field as appropriate to ensure they are likely to be the level of interest and importance appropriate for the journal.
Great news for Emmishield!
First test from the European Commission Improof Project shows that great benefits as energy savings, protection increase, cleaner air emissions.
Conclusions:
more uniform heat transfer,
increased run lenghts,
improved product selectivities,
longer lifetime of the furnace,
big energy savings,
production increase.
Emmishield works!!!!
1. A Numerical Model of Template based
Chemical Vapor Deposition Process for
Carbon Nanotube Manufacturing
1
Thesis Proposal
Thursday, July 31th, 2014
Yashar Seyed Vahedein
Thesis Committee Members:
Michael G. Schrlau, PhD;
Mechanical Engineering (Advisor)
Robert Parody, PhD; Statistician
Steven Day; PhD;
Mechanical Engineering
Patricia Taboada-Serrano, PhD;
Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
Agamemnon Crassidis, PhD;
Mechanical Engineering
2. Nano-Bio Convergence
Molecular Switch
DNA barcode
Molecular Imaging
Biochip / Biosensor
Nano-therapy /
Delivery
Bio-TechnologyNano-Technology
Bionano-machine /
Nano-Robot
Bio-inspired device and system
Development of tools and
methods
• More sensitive
• More specific
• Multiplexed
• More efficient and economic
Implementation:
Diagnosis and treatment of diseases
• Rapid and sensitive detection
(Biomarkers, Imaging)
• Targeted delivery of therapeutics
Drug development
• Understanding of life science
3. Analytical tools : Atomic force microscopy(AFM), Electron microscopy (EM)
Nano-sized materials
– Magnetic nanoparticles (Ferromagnetic, super paramagnetic)
– Gold or Carbon nanotubes
– Quantum dots (Semiconductor nanocrystals)
Carbon nanotubes:
– Properties:
High Thermal conductivity(3500
𝑊
𝑚𝐾
> diamond), strength(>100 Gpa), durability relative to
their small size, one dimensional transport.
– Applications in nanobiotechnology:
Intracellular electrochemistry, drug delivery and fluid injection (single cell analysis) and etc.
– Ideal for single cell analysis. Useful in many different fields, e.g electronics, optics and etc.
Example of Tools in Nano-biotechnology
4. Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTs) Development
Research groups What they did Impact
(L. V.Radushkevich, V.
M. Lukyanovich 1952)
Multiwall nano tubes First to find imperfect
CNTs
(Iijima 1991) Highly perfect
multiwall carbon nano
tubes,
used arc discharge
And (Thess et al. 1996)
used Laser ablation to
manufacture CNTs
(Iijima and Ichihashi
1993)
Single Wall CNTs Dragged attention of
Researchers
(Zhang and Li 2009) Review of some other
types
Bent, waved, helically
coiled, branched and
beaded CNTs
(Choy 2003) Review on those Used
Chemical Vapor
Deposition
Introduced as most
efficient way of making
CNTs
(Kyotani, Tsai, and
Tomita 1995), (Martin
1994), (Schrlau et al.
2008)
Template Based-CVD
(TB-CVD)
Can produce perfectly
aligned amorphous
CNTs
(Sarno et al. 2012)
(Ciambelli et al. 2011)
Structural analysis of
CNTs made by TB-CVD
Effect of deposition
time, temperature, gas
mixture on CNT
synthesis 4(M. Golshadi, J. Maita, D. Lanza, M.
Zeiger, V. Presser, M. G. Schrlau)
2.5 µm
Study effect of gas flow rate,
temperature of furnace and time
of process on CNT synthesis using
TB-CVD
5. Schematics of the TB-CVD Setup in NBIL1
1. NBIL: Nano Bio Interface Laboratory
5
Exhaust
Heated region - causing
deposition
Heater
Heater
Flow
meter
Precursorgas
Carriergas
Temperature knobs
Position of the
templates
Carbon
deposited in
a template
6. Template based
manufacturing
CVD Experiment
CVD Simulation
fabricating
CNTs
Need for template
based manufacturing
of CNTs
Output of the
processNBIL
Single
cell
analysis
Electrical,Bio
,nano,
Mechanical
app.
High
conductivity
& strength
Inlet
Gasses
AAO
Template
Furnace
Dimensions
Temperature
and Flow
rate
NBIL
6
Motivations:
• Control the process and the effect of the
parameters on deposition.
• save time and resources by simulating the
process
• Create a universal method to be used by
others for TB-CVD (not currently available in
literature)
Diagram of the Driving
Needs, Process and
Outcome of TB-CVD
7. Research Questions and Plan
7
How can temperature profile and
flow characteristics near the
templates be identified?
Is it possible to simulate the
deposition due to CVD process for
a single (>50nm) nano-pore in a
template and to predict the
deposition rate of carbon for
different flow rates and
temperatures?
Is it possible to create a more
flexible and comprehensive model
that can predict deposition in
different flow, temperature and
furnace conditions? Schematics of the CVD 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐥 2
2. Model by Spear 1982
8. 8
Research groups What they did Impact
(Oberlin, Endo, and
Koyama 1976b),(Tibbetts,
Devour, and Rodda 1987),
(T. Kato, K. Haruta 1992)
& etc.
Understanding reactor
operation and product
morphology
Illustrated importance of
CFD on vapor grown
carbon fibers (VGCFs)
(Endo et al. 2004a),
(Kazunori Kuwana and
Saito 2005), (Kazunori
Kuwana, Li, and Saito
2006)
Predicted Carbon deposition
rate for catalytic
decomposition of xylene
Modeled catalytic CVD
process including
reactions using CFD
(He, Li, and Bai 2011)-
with 3 stage heating tube
furnace
Investigated non-uniform
nanotube growth in
horizontal CVD reactor and
suggested changes for
experimental setup
accordingly
2D model and Experiment
on space dependent
growth rate, temperature
and flow structure coupled
with pyrolysis kinetics for
samples
(Mishra and Verma 2012) 2D, CFD simulation on the
vertical furnace
Made modifications on
the CFD code to raise the
accuracy of the model
(Ibrahim and Paolucci
2011b), (Zhou and
Wolden 2003), (Cheng, Li,
and Huang 2008) & etc.
Information on mass,
momentum, concentration
and energy conservation in
porous media
Provided information on
how to model reactions in
porous media
Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) on
CVD Simulation
9. The Gap in Simulations Conducted so Far and
Significance of This Work
• CNT synthesis using TB-CVD is controlled by parameters such as:
Temperature of the furnace, Flow rate and Time of the process. <resulted
from empirical study in NBIL>
• No simulations have been found on TB-CVD processes without catalyst
and using only temperature as the reaction activator (Raji and Sobhan
2013).
• Numerical models provided useful information about similar experimental
setups.
• Therefore a CFD simulation is suggested to provide insight on the
fundamentals of the TB-CVD process being run in NBIL and to predict the
carbon deposition rate.
9
10. 10
Schematics of The Problem
Pore size bigger than 50nm = continuum regime
Inlet flow
rates=20 to
300 sccm
11. Heated Walls
𝑇1
= 668.160
𝑐
Mass Flow Inlet =
3.93𝑒 − 07 to
5.9𝑒 − 06
𝑘𝑔
𝑠
Static pressure
𝑝𝑠 = 0
D=3.88 mm and
4.88 mm above
the bottom wall
𝑇1
= 688.160
𝑐
𝑇1
= 668.160
𝑐
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥
= 0
5 × 304.8 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑄
𝑑𝑥
= 0 𝑑𝑄
𝑑𝑥
= 0
No slip condition on tube wall:
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
= 0
Boundary Conditions of the Furnace
11
12. Velocity and
temperature
profiles or
Deposition
rate as
Output
3D Steady
state
and/or
transient
Simulation
of the
Processes
Iterating
continuity,
momentum,
energy and
species
conservation eq.
Defining Species
Transport Model With
Reactions for gas
decomposition and
deposition of
substances
Initial Velocity,
Species
Concentration
Creating the
Meshed
Model
UDF 3
Development
Creating a
Numerical
Model for
Reactions
and/or velocity
in the model to
be able to code
them
Defining
Boundary
Conditions
Velocity,
Temperature,
Concentration
Field and
Reaction Rates
3. UDF: User Defined Function for implementing in FLUENT code
Repeating the process for different conditions of the furnace and parameters
Simulation Steps
12
13. Trend of the Model Development
13
v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 v6 v7 v8 v9 v10 v11 v12
2D
3D
Coarse mesh
Fine mesh
Adapted Mesh
Residuals 10e-3
Residuals 10e-4
Residuals 10e-6
SIMPLE Solver
SIMPLEC Solver
PISO Solver
COUPLED Solver
COUPLED Solver - Psuedo Transient
Laminar
Turbulent - standard k-epsilon
Constant Fluid Properties
Energy equation on
Ideal gas-temp dep Cp
Temp dep Visc, Thermal cond.
Shell Conduction
Tube Furnace
Just 60 SCCM
20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 150, 300 SCCM Flow Rate
20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 200, 300 Flow Rate
axisymmetric
scaling fixed
Temp fixed based on exp data
fixed inlet Diameter
Sample
Boat 2D
Boat 3D
VERSION
SPECS
talkabout whythis
semi-transientsolver
has beenusedand
whyit isnot needed
in 2D
meshstudy,
meshadaption
Solversettings
ResidualStudy
Odd V#
Even V#
Tried
parameters
Semi-
transient
solver is
needed for 3D
but not in 2D
Mesh study,
mesh
adaption
dimensionality
Mesh quality and
adaption
Residual
study
Solver study
for best
convergence
Flow regime
Properties,
Equations,
boundary
conditions
Different Flow
rates
Modification
on model
Sample and
boat model
14. Expected Flow Conditions Inside the Tube
14
(Fotiadis and Jensen 1990) - Smoke-test - Interference holography(Giling 1982)
• 𝑹𝒆 =
𝜌𝑉𝐷
𝜇
= 3968.4063 (In 60 sccm 4000>Reynolds at inlet>2300, therefore Laminar )
• Re inside tube =
𝜌𝑉𝐷
𝜇
= 220 States Laminar flow inside the tube
• 𝑮𝒓 =
𝑔𝛽 𝑇𝑠−𝑇∝ 𝐷3
𝜈2 = 1.212980888 𝑒8, 𝛽 = 0.00113, 𝑹𝒂 = 𝐺𝑟. 𝑃𝑟 = 4.75 × 106
> 3 × 105
Turbulent
(Chiu et al. 2000)
What we
would
expect to
see in
simulation
Cross
Flows
Recirculation
15. 2D Vs. 3D
15
Boltzmann number =16.875 so Radiation
is neglected
2D does not capture the
uniform Temperature region
correctly
3D model is able to
capture the cross
flows in YZ plane
16. Comparing Mesh and Geometry of Two
Modelled Cases w and w/out Boat (Holder)
16
Mesh Report - CASE 2 : BOAT AND TEMPLATES
Mesh Information
Domain Nodes Elements
gas 1711039 1367244
Mesh Report - CASE 1 : ONLY TEMPLATES
Mesh Information
Domain Nodes Elements
gas 516040 498575
Boat
Two solid circles
as templates
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000
Velocitymagnitude(m/s)
Number of mesh elements
Finding Mesh Independent Solution
Boundary layer
meshing
17. 17
Temperature Data from Simulation showing
the same trend with Experimental Results
645
650
655
660
665
670
675
680
685
690
695
2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3
Temperature(C)
Length (ft)
Temperature vs Length (Flow Rate = 500 sccm experiment and simulation)
Radial Position = 0 (inch) Data from simulation 500 SCCM near wall
Radial Position = 1 (inch) Data from simulation 500 SCCM 1 Inch
Radial Position = 1.5 (inch) Data from simulation 500 SCCM 1.5 inch
Boat
0.47582 ft
Potential reasons for data disagreement
• piece-wise linear temperature dependent properties.
• Tube considered to be isolated from outside(in simulation).
• Thermal resistivity of the tube has been neglected and temperature considered to be uniform on each zone.
• Accuracy of the sensors may create mistakes.
• Shape of the sensor which will affect the flow has not been considered in the CFD model
18. Properties on cross-section along longitude:20 and
300sccm
• Recirculation is the main
cause for having a curve
shaped temperature
distribution along the
tube.
Recirculation
regions
Recirculation
regions
20. Temperature distribution on middle-cross section
961.550961.547961.544961.541961.538961.535961.532
Median
Mean
961.54300961.54275961.54250961.54225961.54200961.54175961.54150
1st Q uartile 961.54
Median 961.54
3rd Q uartile 961.55
Maximum 961.55
961.54 961.54
961.54 961.54
0.01 0.01
A -Squared 36.97
P-V alue < 0.005
Mean 961.54
StDev 0.01
V ariance 0.00
Skewness -0.32227
Kurtosis -1.06591
N 2327
Minimum 961.53
A nderson-Darling Normality Test
95% C onfidence Interv al for Mean
95% C onfidence Interv al for Median
95% C onfidence Interv al for StDev
95% Confidence Intervals
Summary for Temperature [K]-80sccm
21. Temperature distribution on middle-cross section
• Linear increase in
temperature range in
Laminar phase.
• Temperature range
change is (0.025 K)
and can be
considered constant
for CVD
• By getting to
turbulent phase,
Temperature range
becomes narrower in
200 sccm
22. Contours of Velocity Components (u[x],v[y],w[z])
20 sccm 300 sccm200 sccm100 sccm
∆𝑈=0.0089𝑚/𝑠
TurbulentLaminar
∆𝑉=0.0356𝑚/𝑠
velocity>00 velocity
∆𝑊=0.0247𝑚/𝑠
0.025m
scale
Highest velocity value
between 3 components
but not near the Templates
23. U-velocity distribution on middle-cross section
• Linear increase in
range and mean
velocity with
increasing flow rate.
• Does not depend on
change from Laminar
to turbulent.
• Compared to v and w
component, u
velocity has the
highest change by
increasing flow rate
(∆𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
0.001156 𝑚/𝑠)
24. V-velocity distribution on middle-cross section
• Change in mean value is
in scale of 0.000001 m/s
in Laminar phase.
• Outliers in box plot and
std of .004854 are the
outcome of cross flows
due to natural convection
& buoyancy effects
(sudden changes in
density)
• ∆𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛=.000615 m/s
between laminar and
turbulent
• This drop is due to
having more disturbed
flow
25. W-velocity distribution on middle-cross section
• Very small decrease in
mean velocity by
changing from Laminar
phase to turbulent.
∆𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = .000004 m/s
• Outliers in the boxplot,
demonstrate the
disturbance which exist
here duo to buoyancy
driven flow.
• By contour plots and
statistical data, flow
conditions around
sample can be extracted
26. Conclusions from preliminary work
• Buoyancy and flow regime v and w vel.
• Threshold of change to turbulent ≤ 200 sccm and the
deposition change observed in experiments can be caused
by this.
• Symmetric and nearly constant temperature.
• Tube furnace model with boat and template as final model.
• Using Peclet number, effect of small changes in velocity
components on diffusion and reaction can be tested.
• A statistical method for relating the data in different cross
sections, flow conditions and furnace temperatures is
required.
26
Diffusion
Characteristic
length
Characteristic
velocity
27. Research Questions and Plan
27
How can temperature profile and flow characteristics near the templates be
identified?
Is it possible to simulate the deposition due to CVD process for a single (>50nm)
nano-pore in a template and to predict the deposition rate of carbon for different
flow rates and temperatures?
Study reaction kinetics and reaction-diffusion systems
Study how to simulate species transport, reaction and porous media
Develop the user defined functions (UDF) for reactions
Create model for carbon deposition in one pore
Compare carbon deposition rate with experiment to modify the model
Is it possible to create a more flexible and comprehensive model that can predict
deposition in different flow, temperature and furnace conditions?
Check requirements to achieve a general model applicable to different furnaces
Modify the numerical model to match requirements
28. Introducing diffusion-reaction system to
FLUENT
28
Generalized Source term
(constant and linear)
Generalized diffusion
coefficient
Generalized
transport variable
By taking divergence 𝛻 of these
two, they can be transformed into
volume integrals.
𝜕𝑐 𝐴
𝜕𝑡
+ 𝛻. 𝑐 𝐴 𝑉∗
= −𝑐𝛻. 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝛻𝑥 𝐴 + 𝑛 𝐴
Rate of increase of
mole of the species 𝑖
Net rate of additions of
mole of the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ
species per
unit volume by convection
Molar-averaged
velocity
Net rate of mole of the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ
species per unit
volume by diffusion in a binary system of
components, otherwise 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝛻xa is replaced by 𝑗𝑖
∗
The molar rate of production
of species 𝑖 by chemical
reaction. 𝑛
𝑛𝑖 = 𝑚𝑖 =
𝑗=1
𝑁 𝑐
𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑀𝑖 𝑅𝑗
If the number of chemical reactions
taking place in the system is 𝑁𝑐, the
mass production rate is:
stoichiometric coefficient
Difference between the forward and backward reactions
29. Diffusion
AAO
Membrane
Deposited
carbon
Outlet boundary
condition from
macro-scale model
and gas spectrometry
Reaction zone
Diffusion of
remaining gas
and by-
products of
reactions
Control Volume for model
Schematics of the Micro-Scale Model
29
Inlet boundary
condition from
Macro-scale
model
• Dehydrogenization
or Coking?
By trying both and
comparing the results
with experimental data
for carbon deposition
We anticipate the
results to be presented
1. Concentration [vol
ppm] plot for each
substance versus
position along axis
of Tube
2. Carbon deposition
rate[mgc m-2h-1]
plot for different
flow rates versus
position[X]
After conducting gas
chromatography, the
substances that exist here will
be revealed
31. Required Facilities
31
• High-end computer with these specs is required for decreasing the
simulation time:
Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2620 v2 @ 2.10GHz (2 processors)
Enabled Processor Count: 12
Total Memory: 16 GB
Local Storage: 931.51 GB (1 drives)
Graphics Card & Driver: FirePro W7000
• 3 stage ZTF CARBOLITE furnace. - Already Exist.
• AAO membranes (Whatman Anodisc 13, nominal pore diameter: 200 nm,
nominal thickness: 60 µm), Ethylene-helium gas mixture and Argon, in
already set CVD setup. - Already Exist.
• Gas chromatography - Cooperating with chemical engineering department
of RIT
• High performance research computing – Cooperating with research
computing Section of RIT
32. Acknowledgments
• I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Michael G. Schrlau and
PHD candidate Masoud Golshadi,, Dr. Taboada-Serrano, Dr. Robert
Parody Dr. Steven Day and Dr. Agamemnon Crassidis for their valued
advice and support of this work at Rochester Institute of
Technology.
• Furthermore, I would like to thank Ms. Brenda Mastrangelo and Mr.
Thomas Allston for their helps on conducting gas chromatography
and Mr. William Finch for his kind cooperation in the process of
buying the required hardware.
• Ayomipo Ayowosola, Ryan Dunn Karen De Souza Martins and all the
other lab members who helped and supported my work.
32
My noite: Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) involves the dissociation and/or chemical
reactions of gaseous reactants in a activated (heat, light, plasma) environment, followed
by the formation of a stable solid product. The deposition involves homogeneous
gas phase reactions, which occur in the gas phase, and/or heterogeneous
chemical reactions which occur on/near the vicinity of a heated surface leading to
the formation of powders or films, respectively.
V and w velocity are governed by buoyancy effects and flow being laminar or turbulent