The document summarizes a student project that designed and built a dual-axis solar tracker and compared its energy production to a flat solar panel using power meters. The solar tracker used an Arduino microcontroller and four light sensors to control two servo motors and keep the solar panel perpendicular to the sun throughout the day, following the principle of Lambert's cosine law to maximize power generation. Testing found the solar tracker produced more energy than the flat panel over a three hour period, showing the benefits of solar tracking for electricity production. The project provided an introduction to solar energy technology and its wide range of applications.

1.  Abstract:
In our project we made a dual axis solar tracker and for to
measure how much energy it can create we made a power
meter.We also include a flat solar panel and measure its
created energy.Our aim was to show that the solar tracker
can create more energy than flat solar panel as it follow the
brightest sunlight source.This is done by comparing the value
obtained from respective power meters of flar panel and tracker
panel.The goal was to develop a laboratory prototype of a solar
tracking system to keep the photovoltaic modules constantly
aligned with the sunbeams to produce more output.
The work included hardware design and implementation together
With software programming for the microcontroller unit of solar
Tracker.To control the rotation of panel by two servo motors
we used Arduino uno.This is based on input from four photo-
resistor located above the solar panel.
As solar tracking and solar panels have a wide range
of application we choose this project to get idea and knowledge
about this field.
 Acknowledgement:

2. When the time for project choosing came,in that time we studied
about radiation heat transfer from sunlight in our theory course of
mass and heat transfer and felt interested to work with this
concept in our project.In the mean time one of our group
members read a research paper published by engpaper.com
from where we get knowledge about various types of solar tracker
and decided to work with the concept of solar tracking and thus
we move forward with this project.We express our sincere thanks
and deepest sense of gratitude to our course teachers Mr.Mantaka
Taimullah and Mr.Mohammad Jane Alam Khan to guide us during
doing the project and for their valuable supervision.
 Introduction:
As we mentioned earlier, our aim is to prove that a solar tracker
can convert more solar energy than a flat solar panel.So broadly
our aim was to find a beneficial way to move our solar tracker by
following brightest light source.So the main goal of us was to keep
our panel perpendicular with the sunlight throughout the day.So
by LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW ,we can ensure maximum power
generation.
Scope of the project:
This project has a wide range of scope to work with as solar energy
is renewable,if we can use this energy in a beneficial way it will be

3. helpful to meet our requirement of energy in household and
industrial works.We did this project in small scale but it can be
done in larger scale as per requirements.Also a lot of improvement
can be made in our proposed design (for example,MPPT-maximum
power point tracker can be included to increase efficiency in sun
tracking and etc).
Limitations:
This system can not withstand rainy weather.Also we did this
experiment for short period of time(approximately for 3 hours).
Also success from this project is dependent on the place’s
exposure to sunlight.That means some places may be slightly
disadvantaged.Also solar tracker installation is more costly than
flat solar panel concept.
Approaches used to carry out the project:
Resistance of LDR depends on the intensity of light.So if
the intensity is low ,resistance will be high and and higher
output voltage will be obtained.
A potential divider circuit is used to get the output voltage
From the sensors.
Now this will give information to Arduino-Uno
microcontroller.
By uploading code to Arduino we can control two servo
motors to move our panel accordingly and tracker can sense
maximum intensity of light.
Important outcomes:
Once it is installed,energy is produced at reduced costs.

4. It is noise free and pollution free.
On average it is possible to have a high return on
investments because of the free energy of solar panels
produce.
This project can be used in very remote area where
extension of the electricity power grid is costly.
Applications of solar tracking system:
Solar water heating
Solar heating of buildings
Solar distillations
Solar pumping
Solar drying of agricultural and animal products.
Solar furnace
Solar electric power generation
Solar thermal power generation.
So despite of some limitations,we saw that it has a lot of
applications,important outcome and benefits and there is
scope for improved design.So this topic is very interesting to
study and this project is useful to gain basic knowledge about this
solar tracking concept which can be very advantageous for us.