SlideShare a Scribd company logo
The Emergency Project
David Rudawitz PMP
[sound of Plectron1
signals coming over the intercom] [loud klaxon sound] “Stations 18, 21, 51, 116, Hazmat 10,
Deluge 127 and Battalion 7; explosion and fire at Circle X refinery 19600 nineteen thousand six hundred Carson
Blvd. Carson, time out 10:46”. Paramedics Gage and Desoto get into Rescue 51 and proceed out of the station ….
“LA, Battalion 7 at scene with a fully involved cracking tower, workers trapped on adjacent structures and several
gasoline storage tanks threatened. Request a second alarm, Battalion 7 is assuming command as Circle X
Command.”
So about now you are probably wondering what the start of the old TV show “Emergency” has to do with project
management. What this story line is portraying, if it were in real life, is the start of a project. Incident
Management, which is the overall term used to describe the management of emergency situations, is a very
specialized version of project management. The “incident” is the project whether it is putting out a fire, rescuing
occupants of a crashed aircraft, capturing a sniper, locating a missing hiker or cleaning up a hazardous material
spill.
Remember that the definition of a project is “a temporary group activity designed to produce a unique product,
service or result.” Putting out a fire, rescuing a hiker, capturing a sniper, cleaning up a hazardous material spill,
etc. all fit this definition. This is true even if the emergency is as small as burning dinner on the stove to the
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill of 2010.
There are standards and an entire body of knowledge that is the analogy to the PMBOKTM
. Called the Incident
Command System, or ICS, it provides a full range of guidance, job aids and best practice that is universally followed
within the emergency management community in the United States. In fact, the use of ICS is required2
if a
jurisdiction desires to be reimbursed by FEMA for extraordinary disaster expenses. Also, as an accepted best
practice, failure to use (or properly use) ICS during the management of an emergency, may expose the offending
agency (or company) to liability for injuries and other damages resulting from, or not mitigated by, their
emergency response.
ICS3
resulted from the obvious need for a new approach to the problem of managing rapidly moving wildfires in
the early 1970s. At that time, emergency managers faced a number of problems.
• Too many people reporting to one supervisor.
• Different emergency response organizational structures.
• Lack of reliable incident information.
• Inadequate and incompatible communications.
• Lack of a structure for coordinated planning between agencies.
• Unclear lines of authority.
• Terminology differences between agencies.
• Unclear or unspecified incident objectives.
1
A Plectron is a specialized VHF/UHF single-channel, emergency alerting radio receiver, used to activate emergency response
personnel, and disaster warning systems. The tones transmitted by this system are very distinctive and indicative of fire
dispatch systems.
2
National Incident Management System, December 2008, US Department of Homeland Security (see
http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/ for more details and information.
3
History of ICS, October 1994, Incident Command System National Training Curriculum
(http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/forms/compan/history.pdf)
The Emergency Project
Designing a standardized emergency management system to remedy the challenges listed above took several
years and extensive field testing. The Incident Command System was developed by an interagency task force
working in a cooperative local, state, and federal interagency effort called FIRESCOPE (Firefighting Resources of
California Organized for Potential Emergencies). Compare this list of challenges to those you may face as a project
manager on a large complex project; look familiar?
In ICS, the Incident Commander (in our example Battalion 7) is the project manager. He/she has a project team
(call the Incident Management Team (IMT) that is organized functionally and hierarchically. A major tenant of ICS
is span of control, something we often lose sight of in project management. Span of control is to be limited to five
to seven direct reports. ICS also supports tailoring and scalability. So the Incident Commander (PM) tailors the
project team organization to fit the incident (project) and arranges the team in a functional and hierarchical
organization.
The standardized organization includes a command staff (public affairs, safety and liaison) and a general staff
(operations, planning, logistics and finance/administration). Within each of the general staff sections there are
additional IMT (project team) members and the actual workers in the incident (fire fighters, paramedics,
equipment operators, police officers, technical specialists, etc.). In the analogy with the kind of projects we
typically think about for project management, these would be the various project teams and subteams as well as
the programmers, engineers, construction workers, etc. depending on the type of project.
Figure 1- ICS Basic Organization Chart
Inter and intra project team and customer communications is a major concern for project managers and is often at
the root cause of project issues and failures. ICS recognizes this as a critical issue and addresses it with the
imposition of standardized terms, structured team meetings, common terminology and use of plain language. Just
as a PM on a programming project would request three Java programmers and not just three programmers
(assuming he needs Java programmers of course); if an IC wants three aerial water dropping tankers, he wants to
be sure that he does not get three truck tankers.
Just as PM’s use the project plan to manage their projects, in ICS, the project plan, known as the Incident Action
Plan (IAP) is the analogy. However, here is where there is quite a difference with “mainstream” project
management. A PM’s project plan usually cover time spans of weeks to months or years while the IAP covers a
single operational period (work shift). For a two shift per day incident, this means that the IMT is turning out an
IAP twice a day! And you thought you had it hard just getting one version done! Emergency incidents operate
The Emergency Project
within a framework of significant changes of conditions, resources and situation necessitating the review and
revision of the IAP every shift. In fact, there is provision to make “pen and ink” changes during the work shift if
conditions warrant.
The ICS methodology contains a very detailed and documented process for the development, approval and
implementation of the IAP. There are a series of meetings with specific attendees from the IMT and specific
deliverables from the meetings that all come together into the IAP. This includes a number of job aids and forms
to both organize and facilitate this process. The IAP that the current shift of IMT personnel are preparing will be
executed by the next shift, and so forth. And remember, that the IMT members are doing this planning all the
while executing the IAP that was prepared the previous shift.
Figure 2 - "Planning P" depicting the IAP development and execution process
Use of the ICS methodology is not limited to emergencies. This methodology can and is used to manage public
events from picnics to major sporting events including activities associated with the Winter Olympic games (in the
US). Remember that the IC can tailor the organization of the IMT to manage the activity and supervise the
resources performing the work effort. These can be car parking attendants, food service works and sanitation
technicians just as well as fire fighters and police officers.
So the next time your volunteer group turns to you and says, “Jim, you are a project manager, why don’t you be in
charge of the annual festival?” you might want to look at ICS to help jumpstart your organization and management
instead of having to start from scratch.
Preparing for
the Planning
Meeting
Planning
Meeting
IAP
Prep &
Approval
Operations
Briefing
New Start Ops
Period Begins
Execute Plan
&
Assess Progress
IC/UC Sets
Objectives
Tactics
Meeting
Initial IC/UC
Meeting
Incident Briefing
ICS 201
Initial Response
& Assessment
Notification
Incident/Threat
InitialResponse
Operational
Period Planning
Cycle

More Related Content

What's hot

Emergency Preparedness - Implementing an Incident Command System within a Mul...
Emergency Preparedness - Implementing an Incident Command System within a Mul...Emergency Preparedness - Implementing an Incident Command System within a Mul...
Emergency Preparedness - Implementing an Incident Command System within a Mul...
Rochester Gas and Electric
 
Incident Command System in the Private Sector - An Overview
Incident Command System in the Private Sector - An OverviewIncident Command System in the Private Sector - An Overview
Incident Command System in the Private Sector - An Overview
ReginaPhelps
 
Ics plain & simple
Ics plain & simpleIcs plain & simple
Ics plain & simple
Herbert Cole
 
Challenging Environment In Asia Requires Emergency Response
Challenging Environment In Asia Requires Emergency ResponseChallenging Environment In Asia Requires Emergency Response
Challenging Environment In Asia Requires Emergency Response
Enterprise Security Risk Management
 
Command systems
Command systemsCommand systems
DR luncheon presentation
DR luncheon presentationDR luncheon presentation
DR luncheon presentation
seishi1
 
Practical_Guide_for_Disaster_Avoidance
Practical_Guide_for_Disaster_AvoidancePractical_Guide_for_Disaster_Avoidance
Practical_Guide_for_Disaster_Avoidance
Joe Soroka
 
The National Incident Management System: Rethinking Command and Control
The National Incident Management System: Rethinking Command and ControlThe National Incident Management System: Rethinking Command and Control
The National Incident Management System: Rethinking Command and Control
Hi Tech Criminal Justice
 
Business continuity at_northrop_grumman
Business continuity at_northrop_grummanBusiness continuity at_northrop_grumman
Business continuity at_northrop_grumman
Anshuman Jaiswal
 
National Incident Management System Update
National Incident Management  System UpdateNational Incident Management  System Update
National Incident Management System Update
Partners in Emergency Preparedness Conference
 
Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities
Disaster Resilience Scorecard for CitiesDisaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities
Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities
IBM Government
 
Crisis communication
Crisis communicationCrisis communication
Crisis communication
Dr.Arivalan Ramaiyah
 
Gold Silver Bronze Command By J Mc Cann
Gold Silver Bronze Command By J Mc CannGold Silver Bronze Command By J Mc Cann
Gold Silver Bronze Command By J Mc Cann
James McCann
 
SHEL Model
SHEL ModelSHEL Model
SHEL Model
guest4f592b
 
Pre loss interactive
Pre loss interactivePre loss interactive
Pre loss interactive
servicemastervero
 
Bringing order to chaos ahmp conf sept12 - rd
Bringing order to chaos   ahmp conf sept12 - rdBringing order to chaos   ahmp conf sept12 - rd
Bringing order to chaos ahmp conf sept12 - rd
Gail Kulisch
 
Example Crisis Action Plan (1)
Example Crisis Action Plan (1)Example Crisis Action Plan (1)
Example Crisis Action Plan (1)
Herschel Campbell
 
Contingency action plan in disaster managment
Contingency action plan in disaster managmentContingency action plan in disaster managment
Contingency action plan in disaster managment
Samraiz Tejani
 
Ccg 5 april 2014
Ccg 5 april 2014Ccg 5 april 2014
Ccg 5 april 2014
Domenic
 

What's hot (19)

Emergency Preparedness - Implementing an Incident Command System within a Mul...
Emergency Preparedness - Implementing an Incident Command System within a Mul...Emergency Preparedness - Implementing an Incident Command System within a Mul...
Emergency Preparedness - Implementing an Incident Command System within a Mul...
 
Incident Command System in the Private Sector - An Overview
Incident Command System in the Private Sector - An OverviewIncident Command System in the Private Sector - An Overview
Incident Command System in the Private Sector - An Overview
 
Ics plain & simple
Ics plain & simpleIcs plain & simple
Ics plain & simple
 
Challenging Environment In Asia Requires Emergency Response
Challenging Environment In Asia Requires Emergency ResponseChallenging Environment In Asia Requires Emergency Response
Challenging Environment In Asia Requires Emergency Response
 
Command systems
Command systemsCommand systems
Command systems
 
DR luncheon presentation
DR luncheon presentationDR luncheon presentation
DR luncheon presentation
 
Practical_Guide_for_Disaster_Avoidance
Practical_Guide_for_Disaster_AvoidancePractical_Guide_for_Disaster_Avoidance
Practical_Guide_for_Disaster_Avoidance
 
The National Incident Management System: Rethinking Command and Control
The National Incident Management System: Rethinking Command and ControlThe National Incident Management System: Rethinking Command and Control
The National Incident Management System: Rethinking Command and Control
 
Business continuity at_northrop_grumman
Business continuity at_northrop_grummanBusiness continuity at_northrop_grumman
Business continuity at_northrop_grumman
 
National Incident Management System Update
National Incident Management  System UpdateNational Incident Management  System Update
National Incident Management System Update
 
Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities
Disaster Resilience Scorecard for CitiesDisaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities
Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities
 
Crisis communication
Crisis communicationCrisis communication
Crisis communication
 
Gold Silver Bronze Command By J Mc Cann
Gold Silver Bronze Command By J Mc CannGold Silver Bronze Command By J Mc Cann
Gold Silver Bronze Command By J Mc Cann
 
SHEL Model
SHEL ModelSHEL Model
SHEL Model
 
Pre loss interactive
Pre loss interactivePre loss interactive
Pre loss interactive
 
Bringing order to chaos ahmp conf sept12 - rd
Bringing order to chaos   ahmp conf sept12 - rdBringing order to chaos   ahmp conf sept12 - rd
Bringing order to chaos ahmp conf sept12 - rd
 
Example Crisis Action Plan (1)
Example Crisis Action Plan (1)Example Crisis Action Plan (1)
Example Crisis Action Plan (1)
 
Contingency action plan in disaster managment
Contingency action plan in disaster managmentContingency action plan in disaster managment
Contingency action plan in disaster managment
 
Ccg 5 april 2014
Ccg 5 april 2014Ccg 5 april 2014
Ccg 5 april 2014
 

Similar to Project Management and ICS article

Contingency Plan WAK BANKS ATM
Contingency Plan WAK BANKS ATMContingency Plan WAK BANKS ATM
Contingency Plan WAK BANKS ATM
Wajahat Ali Khan
 
MIT BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN This is an external rele.docx
MIT BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN  This is an external rele.docxMIT BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN  This is an external rele.docx
MIT BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN This is an external rele.docx
annandleola
 
Individual Risk Management
Individual Risk ManagementIndividual Risk Management
Individual Risk Management
Laura Torres
 
Final Course Project - Crisis Communication PlanAssignment Instr.docx
Final Course Project - Crisis Communication PlanAssignment Instr.docxFinal Course Project - Crisis Communication PlanAssignment Instr.docx
Final Course Project - Crisis Communication PlanAssignment Instr.docx
ssuser454af01
 
RUNNING HEADER Disaster Recovery Plan Information and Documentat.docx
RUNNING HEADER Disaster Recovery Plan Information and Documentat.docxRUNNING HEADER Disaster Recovery Plan Information and Documentat.docx
RUNNING HEADER Disaster Recovery Plan Information and Documentat.docx
anhlodge
 
Planning for contingencies
Planning for contingenciesPlanning for contingencies
Planning for contingencies
Hassanein Alwan
 
Response and recovery are the final two phases of disaster ma.docx
Response and recovery are the final two phases of disaster ma.docxResponse and recovery are the final two phases of disaster ma.docx
Response and recovery are the final two phases of disaster ma.docx
wilfredoa1
 
The Network Enabled Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
The Network Enabled Emergency Operations Center (EOC)The Network Enabled Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
The Network Enabled Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
Cisco Crisis Response
 
Format Guide forWriting Hazard Specific Plan
Format Guide forWriting Hazard Specific PlanFormat Guide forWriting Hazard Specific Plan
Format Guide forWriting Hazard Specific Plan
JeanmarieColbert3
 
Business Continuity and Disaster Recover Week3Part4-ISr.docx
Business Continuity and Disaster Recover  Week3Part4-ISr.docxBusiness Continuity and Disaster Recover  Week3Part4-ISr.docx
Business Continuity and Disaster Recover Week3Part4-ISr.docx
humphrieskalyn
 
Severe Weather Preparedness and Resiliency
Severe Weather Preparedness and ResiliencySevere Weather Preparedness and Resiliency
Severe Weather Preparedness and Resiliency
MissionMode
 
The PCNet Project (B)Dynamically Managing ResidualRisk042.docx
The PCNet Project (B)Dynamically Managing ResidualRisk042.docxThe PCNet Project (B)Dynamically Managing ResidualRisk042.docx
The PCNet Project (B)Dynamically Managing ResidualRisk042.docx
oreo10
 
NFPA RequirementEvacuation PlanningThe fundamental prerequisit.docx
NFPA RequirementEvacuation PlanningThe fundamental prerequisit.docxNFPA RequirementEvacuation PlanningThe fundamental prerequisit.docx
NFPA RequirementEvacuation PlanningThe fundamental prerequisit.docx
curwenmichaela
 
Sheet1RISK RESPONSE MATRIXRisk EventReduce ProbabilityReduce Impac.docx
Sheet1RISK RESPONSE MATRIXRisk EventReduce ProbabilityReduce Impac.docxSheet1RISK RESPONSE MATRIXRisk EventReduce ProbabilityReduce Impac.docx
Sheet1RISK RESPONSE MATRIXRisk EventReduce ProbabilityReduce Impac.docx
lesleyryder69361
 
Coordinating Security Response and Crisis Management Planning
Coordinating Security Response and Crisis Management PlanningCoordinating Security Response and Crisis Management Planning
Coordinating Security Response and Crisis Management Planning
Cognizant
 
During week 6 we develop the theory and application of capital bud.docx
During week 6 we develop the theory and application of capital bud.docxDuring week 6 we develop the theory and application of capital bud.docx
During week 6 we develop the theory and application of capital bud.docx
jacksnathalie
 
Disaster management
Disaster managementDisaster management
Disaster management
Lenin Jeyakumar Devasahayam
 
Testing Your Own Emergency Plans
Testing Your Own Emergency PlansTesting Your Own Emergency Plans
Testing Your Own Emergency Plans
Gianmario Gnecchi
 
Disaster recovery
Disaster recoveryDisaster recovery
Disaster recovery
iban3x
 
Disaster Recovery and Administration Portal
Disaster Recovery and Administration PortalDisaster Recovery and Administration Portal
Disaster Recovery and Administration Portal
IRJET Journal
 

Similar to Project Management and ICS article (20)

Contingency Plan WAK BANKS ATM
Contingency Plan WAK BANKS ATMContingency Plan WAK BANKS ATM
Contingency Plan WAK BANKS ATM
 
MIT BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN This is an external rele.docx
MIT BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN  This is an external rele.docxMIT BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN  This is an external rele.docx
MIT BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN This is an external rele.docx
 
Individual Risk Management
Individual Risk ManagementIndividual Risk Management
Individual Risk Management
 
Final Course Project - Crisis Communication PlanAssignment Instr.docx
Final Course Project - Crisis Communication PlanAssignment Instr.docxFinal Course Project - Crisis Communication PlanAssignment Instr.docx
Final Course Project - Crisis Communication PlanAssignment Instr.docx
 
RUNNING HEADER Disaster Recovery Plan Information and Documentat.docx
RUNNING HEADER Disaster Recovery Plan Information and Documentat.docxRUNNING HEADER Disaster Recovery Plan Information and Documentat.docx
RUNNING HEADER Disaster Recovery Plan Information and Documentat.docx
 
Planning for contingencies
Planning for contingenciesPlanning for contingencies
Planning for contingencies
 
Response and recovery are the final two phases of disaster ma.docx
Response and recovery are the final two phases of disaster ma.docxResponse and recovery are the final two phases of disaster ma.docx
Response and recovery are the final two phases of disaster ma.docx
 
The Network Enabled Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
The Network Enabled Emergency Operations Center (EOC)The Network Enabled Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
The Network Enabled Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
 
Format Guide forWriting Hazard Specific Plan
Format Guide forWriting Hazard Specific PlanFormat Guide forWriting Hazard Specific Plan
Format Guide forWriting Hazard Specific Plan
 
Business Continuity and Disaster Recover Week3Part4-ISr.docx
Business Continuity and Disaster Recover  Week3Part4-ISr.docxBusiness Continuity and Disaster Recover  Week3Part4-ISr.docx
Business Continuity and Disaster Recover Week3Part4-ISr.docx
 
Severe Weather Preparedness and Resiliency
Severe Weather Preparedness and ResiliencySevere Weather Preparedness and Resiliency
Severe Weather Preparedness and Resiliency
 
The PCNet Project (B)Dynamically Managing ResidualRisk042.docx
The PCNet Project (B)Dynamically Managing ResidualRisk042.docxThe PCNet Project (B)Dynamically Managing ResidualRisk042.docx
The PCNet Project (B)Dynamically Managing ResidualRisk042.docx
 
NFPA RequirementEvacuation PlanningThe fundamental prerequisit.docx
NFPA RequirementEvacuation PlanningThe fundamental prerequisit.docxNFPA RequirementEvacuation PlanningThe fundamental prerequisit.docx
NFPA RequirementEvacuation PlanningThe fundamental prerequisit.docx
 
Sheet1RISK RESPONSE MATRIXRisk EventReduce ProbabilityReduce Impac.docx
Sheet1RISK RESPONSE MATRIXRisk EventReduce ProbabilityReduce Impac.docxSheet1RISK RESPONSE MATRIXRisk EventReduce ProbabilityReduce Impac.docx
Sheet1RISK RESPONSE MATRIXRisk EventReduce ProbabilityReduce Impac.docx
 
Coordinating Security Response and Crisis Management Planning
Coordinating Security Response and Crisis Management PlanningCoordinating Security Response and Crisis Management Planning
Coordinating Security Response and Crisis Management Planning
 
During week 6 we develop the theory and application of capital bud.docx
During week 6 we develop the theory and application of capital bud.docxDuring week 6 we develop the theory and application of capital bud.docx
During week 6 we develop the theory and application of capital bud.docx
 
Disaster management
Disaster managementDisaster management
Disaster management
 
Testing Your Own Emergency Plans
Testing Your Own Emergency PlansTesting Your Own Emergency Plans
Testing Your Own Emergency Plans
 
Disaster recovery
Disaster recoveryDisaster recovery
Disaster recovery
 
Disaster Recovery and Administration Portal
Disaster Recovery and Administration PortalDisaster Recovery and Administration Portal
Disaster Recovery and Administration Portal
 

More from David Rudawitz

Rudawitz JLCIMT Testimony Sep04 Slides
Rudawitz JLCIMT Testimony Sep04 SlidesRudawitz JLCIMT Testimony Sep04 Slides
Rudawitz JLCIMT Testimony Sep04 Slides
David Rudawitz
 
Collaborative Technology Procurement
Collaborative Technology ProcurementCollaborative Technology Procurement
Collaborative Technology Procurement
David Rudawitz
 
Enterprise_Architecture_and_Disaster_Recovery_Planning
Enterprise_Architecture_and_Disaster_Recovery_PlanningEnterprise_Architecture_and_Disaster_Recovery_Planning
Enterprise_Architecture_and_Disaster_Recovery_Planning
David Rudawitz
 
EA_More_Than_Just_Standards
EA_More_Than_Just_StandardsEA_More_Than_Just_Standards
EA_More_Than_Just_Standards
David Rudawitz
 
Taking_Enterprise_Architecture_to_the_Next_Level
Taking_Enterprise_Architecture_to_the_Next_LevelTaking_Enterprise_Architecture_to_the_Next_Level
Taking_Enterprise_Architecture_to_the_Next_Level
David Rudawitz
 
Why_Enterprise_Architecture_Efforts_Often_Fall_Short
Why_Enterprise_Architecture_Efforts_Often_Fall_ShortWhy_Enterprise_Architecture_Efforts_Often_Fall_Short
Why_Enterprise_Architecture_Efforts_Often_Fall_Short
David Rudawitz
 

More from David Rudawitz (6)

Rudawitz JLCIMT Testimony Sep04 Slides
Rudawitz JLCIMT Testimony Sep04 SlidesRudawitz JLCIMT Testimony Sep04 Slides
Rudawitz JLCIMT Testimony Sep04 Slides
 
Collaborative Technology Procurement
Collaborative Technology ProcurementCollaborative Technology Procurement
Collaborative Technology Procurement
 
Enterprise_Architecture_and_Disaster_Recovery_Planning
Enterprise_Architecture_and_Disaster_Recovery_PlanningEnterprise_Architecture_and_Disaster_Recovery_Planning
Enterprise_Architecture_and_Disaster_Recovery_Planning
 
EA_More_Than_Just_Standards
EA_More_Than_Just_StandardsEA_More_Than_Just_Standards
EA_More_Than_Just_Standards
 
Taking_Enterprise_Architecture_to_the_Next_Level
Taking_Enterprise_Architecture_to_the_Next_LevelTaking_Enterprise_Architecture_to_the_Next_Level
Taking_Enterprise_Architecture_to_the_Next_Level
 
Why_Enterprise_Architecture_Efforts_Often_Fall_Short
Why_Enterprise_Architecture_Efforts_Often_Fall_ShortWhy_Enterprise_Architecture_Efforts_Often_Fall_Short
Why_Enterprise_Architecture_Efforts_Often_Fall_Short
 

Project Management and ICS article

  • 1. The Emergency Project David Rudawitz PMP [sound of Plectron1 signals coming over the intercom] [loud klaxon sound] “Stations 18, 21, 51, 116, Hazmat 10, Deluge 127 and Battalion 7; explosion and fire at Circle X refinery 19600 nineteen thousand six hundred Carson Blvd. Carson, time out 10:46”. Paramedics Gage and Desoto get into Rescue 51 and proceed out of the station …. “LA, Battalion 7 at scene with a fully involved cracking tower, workers trapped on adjacent structures and several gasoline storage tanks threatened. Request a second alarm, Battalion 7 is assuming command as Circle X Command.” So about now you are probably wondering what the start of the old TV show “Emergency” has to do with project management. What this story line is portraying, if it were in real life, is the start of a project. Incident Management, which is the overall term used to describe the management of emergency situations, is a very specialized version of project management. The “incident” is the project whether it is putting out a fire, rescuing occupants of a crashed aircraft, capturing a sniper, locating a missing hiker or cleaning up a hazardous material spill. Remember that the definition of a project is “a temporary group activity designed to produce a unique product, service or result.” Putting out a fire, rescuing a hiker, capturing a sniper, cleaning up a hazardous material spill, etc. all fit this definition. This is true even if the emergency is as small as burning dinner on the stove to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill of 2010. There are standards and an entire body of knowledge that is the analogy to the PMBOKTM . Called the Incident Command System, or ICS, it provides a full range of guidance, job aids and best practice that is universally followed within the emergency management community in the United States. In fact, the use of ICS is required2 if a jurisdiction desires to be reimbursed by FEMA for extraordinary disaster expenses. Also, as an accepted best practice, failure to use (or properly use) ICS during the management of an emergency, may expose the offending agency (or company) to liability for injuries and other damages resulting from, or not mitigated by, their emergency response. ICS3 resulted from the obvious need for a new approach to the problem of managing rapidly moving wildfires in the early 1970s. At that time, emergency managers faced a number of problems. • Too many people reporting to one supervisor. • Different emergency response organizational structures. • Lack of reliable incident information. • Inadequate and incompatible communications. • Lack of a structure for coordinated planning between agencies. • Unclear lines of authority. • Terminology differences between agencies. • Unclear or unspecified incident objectives. 1 A Plectron is a specialized VHF/UHF single-channel, emergency alerting radio receiver, used to activate emergency response personnel, and disaster warning systems. The tones transmitted by this system are very distinctive and indicative of fire dispatch systems. 2 National Incident Management System, December 2008, US Department of Homeland Security (see http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/ for more details and information. 3 History of ICS, October 1994, Incident Command System National Training Curriculum (http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/forms/compan/history.pdf)
  • 2. The Emergency Project Designing a standardized emergency management system to remedy the challenges listed above took several years and extensive field testing. The Incident Command System was developed by an interagency task force working in a cooperative local, state, and federal interagency effort called FIRESCOPE (Firefighting Resources of California Organized for Potential Emergencies). Compare this list of challenges to those you may face as a project manager on a large complex project; look familiar? In ICS, the Incident Commander (in our example Battalion 7) is the project manager. He/she has a project team (call the Incident Management Team (IMT) that is organized functionally and hierarchically. A major tenant of ICS is span of control, something we often lose sight of in project management. Span of control is to be limited to five to seven direct reports. ICS also supports tailoring and scalability. So the Incident Commander (PM) tailors the project team organization to fit the incident (project) and arranges the team in a functional and hierarchical organization. The standardized organization includes a command staff (public affairs, safety and liaison) and a general staff (operations, planning, logistics and finance/administration). Within each of the general staff sections there are additional IMT (project team) members and the actual workers in the incident (fire fighters, paramedics, equipment operators, police officers, technical specialists, etc.). In the analogy with the kind of projects we typically think about for project management, these would be the various project teams and subteams as well as the programmers, engineers, construction workers, etc. depending on the type of project. Figure 1- ICS Basic Organization Chart Inter and intra project team and customer communications is a major concern for project managers and is often at the root cause of project issues and failures. ICS recognizes this as a critical issue and addresses it with the imposition of standardized terms, structured team meetings, common terminology and use of plain language. Just as a PM on a programming project would request three Java programmers and not just three programmers (assuming he needs Java programmers of course); if an IC wants three aerial water dropping tankers, he wants to be sure that he does not get three truck tankers. Just as PM’s use the project plan to manage their projects, in ICS, the project plan, known as the Incident Action Plan (IAP) is the analogy. However, here is where there is quite a difference with “mainstream” project management. A PM’s project plan usually cover time spans of weeks to months or years while the IAP covers a single operational period (work shift). For a two shift per day incident, this means that the IMT is turning out an IAP twice a day! And you thought you had it hard just getting one version done! Emergency incidents operate
  • 3. The Emergency Project within a framework of significant changes of conditions, resources and situation necessitating the review and revision of the IAP every shift. In fact, there is provision to make “pen and ink” changes during the work shift if conditions warrant. The ICS methodology contains a very detailed and documented process for the development, approval and implementation of the IAP. There are a series of meetings with specific attendees from the IMT and specific deliverables from the meetings that all come together into the IAP. This includes a number of job aids and forms to both organize and facilitate this process. The IAP that the current shift of IMT personnel are preparing will be executed by the next shift, and so forth. And remember, that the IMT members are doing this planning all the while executing the IAP that was prepared the previous shift. Figure 2 - "Planning P" depicting the IAP development and execution process Use of the ICS methodology is not limited to emergencies. This methodology can and is used to manage public events from picnics to major sporting events including activities associated with the Winter Olympic games (in the US). Remember that the IC can tailor the organization of the IMT to manage the activity and supervise the resources performing the work effort. These can be car parking attendants, food service works and sanitation technicians just as well as fire fighters and police officers. So the next time your volunteer group turns to you and says, “Jim, you are a project manager, why don’t you be in charge of the annual festival?” you might want to look at ICS to help jumpstart your organization and management instead of having to start from scratch. Preparing for the Planning Meeting Planning Meeting IAP Prep & Approval Operations Briefing New Start Ops Period Begins Execute Plan & Assess Progress IC/UC Sets Objectives Tactics Meeting Initial IC/UC Meeting Incident Briefing ICS 201 Initial Response & Assessment Notification Incident/Threat InitialResponse Operational Period Planning Cycle