This document summarizes a study on the incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates of various diseases. It finds that disease incidence and prevalence are generally higher among males than females, with male to female ratios of 1.35 for prevalence and 1.31 for incidence. It also finds that Americans in age groups 55-64 and 70-80 have higher disease rates, indicating higher cumulative exposure over their lifetimes. The study aims to quantify disease burdens in populations and compare disease rates while acknowledging challenges in obtaining fully representative data.

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INCIDENCE, PREVALENCE AND MORTALITY
IN VARIOUS DISEASES
ABSTRACT
The majority of studies support an excess of male to female cases. The average ratio of male
to female standardised rates is 1.35 from prevalence studies and 1.31 from incidence studies,
but the range of values is wide. This excess is seen for both multi-source and population-
based studies, but the male excess appears smaller in population-based studies. The
possibility that relative reduction of risk seen in women may be a role biological effect is
supported by data from a large cohort study of women who had their ovaries removed
surgically for gynaecological reasons.
We find disease incidence and prevalence are both higher among Americans in age groups
55-64 and 70-80 indicating that Americans suffer from higher past cumulative

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
CH. NO. CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 19
3 QUANTIFYING DISEASE IN POPULATIONS 27
4 COMPARING DISEASE RATES 33
5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 39
6 ANALYSIS 45
7 FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION 53
REFERENCES 59
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Statement:
More problematic are the errors that arise from the method by which the sample is chosen. A
gastroenterologist who has a special interest in various diseases may be referred patients
whose cases are unusual or difficult, the clinical course and complications of which are
atypical of the disease more generally. Such systematic errors cannot usually be measured,
and assessment therefore becomes a matter for subjective judgement.
1.2 Scope of the study
Incidence and prevalence of diseases are seen as distinct from treatment, but complementary
in a common goal of reducing the burden of mental, emotional, and behavioural disorders on
the healthy development of

3. Table 1.2 Mensurviving to 65, by occupation
Farmers (self employed) 82%
Professionals 77%
Skilled manual workers 69%
Labourers 63%
Armed forces 42%
These differences look important and challenging. However
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