Abstract
In this work, the process design features of a seven stage pilot extraction plant for use in vegetable oil extraction are presented. Three
local oils were used in the study. They were Palm oil, Palm Kernel oil and Soy-bean oil. However PKO was used as a case study in
the design because it is a simple oil with properties falling between those of palm oil and Soyabean oil. Material and Energy balance
calculations were established for the oil as a base of mechanical design of part II. N- hexane was used as a leaching solvent. The
efficiency of the plant was found to be 0.70. Process design calculations gave 23.17Kj as the energy requirement of the extractor
based on a capacity of approximately 1 Kg of oil extract. The diffusivity of the oils in the solvent averaged 4.0 x 10-9 m2/s, while the
rate of mass transfer into the solvent was 6.47 x 10-7 Kmole/m2. s, resulting in a mass transfer coefficient of 3.2 x 10-5Kmole/m2. s.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Enhancement of biogas plants efficiency by the improvement of hydraulic mixingIrseen
ENHANCEMENT OF BIOGAS PLANTS EFFICIENCY BY THE IMPROVEMENT OF HYDRAULIC MIXING
Mixing appears to be necessary for effective operation of biogas plants and consistency of feedstock fermentation inside the reactor. Mixing plays an important role as it leads to more close connection between microorganism and a substrate, even distribution of рН and temperature, and furthermore, prevents stratification of the sediment and crust formation and helps to release biogas bubbles.
Within the scope of this work the study of hydraulic mixing for a tank with two input pipes was carried out (pic.1). The substrate stream from the side input pipe ensures sediment mixing at the bottom of the tank. The substrate stream from the upper input pipe prevents crust build up on the surface of the liquid. At a certain distance from the input pipe there is a reflecting partition to reduce the opportunity for crust formation.
Assessment of mixing quality was carried out taking into account the intensity of biogas formation. Dependencies of mixing quality change on time and substrate input were received. Numerical investigations of organic substrate circulation in tanks with different location of input and output pipes show that the given location of the pipes provides better mixing (mixing rate increases by 3 times). Reflecting partition prevents from crust formation and influences mixing quality. In this case mixing improves with the increase of distance from upper input and of reflecting partition radius.
Efficiency of anaerobic digestion process improves at the expense of homogeneous fermentable organic matter maintenance that is achieved by modification of the reactor components.
The Helix Nebula initiative was presented at EGU 2013 and has continued to expand with more research organisations, providers and services. The hybrid cloud model deployed by Helix Nebula has grown to become a viable approach for provisioning ICT services for research communities from both public and commercial service providers (http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16001).
The relevance of this approach for all those communities facing societal challenges in explained in a recent EIROforum publication https://zenodo.org/record/34264#.V2ub4jXFn9g. This presentation, given at EGU2016, summarizes the progress of Helix Nebula and explores the essential characteristics of a European Open Science Cloud.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Enhancement of biogas plants efficiency by the improvement of hydraulic mixingIrseen
ENHANCEMENT OF BIOGAS PLANTS EFFICIENCY BY THE IMPROVEMENT OF HYDRAULIC MIXING
Mixing appears to be necessary for effective operation of biogas plants and consistency of feedstock fermentation inside the reactor. Mixing plays an important role as it leads to more close connection between microorganism and a substrate, even distribution of рН and temperature, and furthermore, prevents stratification of the sediment and crust formation and helps to release biogas bubbles.
Within the scope of this work the study of hydraulic mixing for a tank with two input pipes was carried out (pic.1). The substrate stream from the side input pipe ensures sediment mixing at the bottom of the tank. The substrate stream from the upper input pipe prevents crust build up on the surface of the liquid. At a certain distance from the input pipe there is a reflecting partition to reduce the opportunity for crust formation.
Assessment of mixing quality was carried out taking into account the intensity of biogas formation. Dependencies of mixing quality change on time and substrate input were received. Numerical investigations of organic substrate circulation in tanks with different location of input and output pipes show that the given location of the pipes provides better mixing (mixing rate increases by 3 times). Reflecting partition prevents from crust formation and influences mixing quality. In this case mixing improves with the increase of distance from upper input and of reflecting partition radius.
Efficiency of anaerobic digestion process improves at the expense of homogeneous fermentable organic matter maintenance that is achieved by modification of the reactor components.
The Helix Nebula initiative was presented at EGU 2013 and has continued to expand with more research organisations, providers and services. The hybrid cloud model deployed by Helix Nebula has grown to become a viable approach for provisioning ICT services for research communities from both public and commercial service providers (http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16001).
The relevance of this approach for all those communities facing societal challenges in explained in a recent EIROforum publication https://zenodo.org/record/34264#.V2ub4jXFn9g. This presentation, given at EGU2016, summarizes the progress of Helix Nebula and explores the essential characteristics of a European Open Science Cloud.
This file contains data on the air-tightness, energy usage (gas and electricity) and carbon emissions of domestic properties that were refurbished and retrofitted with technologies as part of the Retrofit for the Future programme.
european open science cloud (EOSC). visions and impact on DARIAH roadmapeveline wandl-vogt
lightning talk @ open science retreat @ NIKHEF, science park campus, amsterdam (22.2.2016); european open science cloud visions from DARIAH point of view.
Design features of a 5 tonne day multi – stage, intermittent drainage, cont...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this work, the mechanical design calculations of the vegetable oil extraction plant presented in part I were show cased. Process
description and flow sheet of the plant have been given in the design features in part I, and the mechanical design calculations are
here based upon the figures obtained at various stages downstream in the process design. In fact, design stress due to load on hopper,
agitated vessel, launder, sumps and down-comers, as well as extractor accessories of pipes, pumps, conveyor belts and screw, and
miscella drainage, were also presented. Design was based on KPO as in Part I for the obvious reason that it is a simple oil which
takes into consideration the properties of soyabean and palm oil, with an over design tolerance of plus/minus 10%. It was established
from the mechanical design calculations that the volume of the extractor is 2.17m3 . Cost estimation of the designed extractor was
carried out to also establish the cost of one unit to about three and a half million Naira (N3.5M), ($20,588.64). The design may be
scaled up to any capacity for big industrial out-fit, and when fully developed and constructed, will serve the rural dwellers of the
globe.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Diffusion rate analysis in palm kernel oil extraction using different extrac...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This study investigated the rate of diffusion on the extraction of palm kernel oil using various solvents, namely, n-hexane, Benzene,
Trichloroethylene, and Carbondisulfide. The solvents and the extracted palm kernel oil were characterized using the AOCS standard
methods, and the results are shown in tables 1 and 2. The palm kernel used in the study was obtained from Akpugo in Nkanu West
local Government Area of Enugu State. The effects of extraction time and temperature as well as quantity and nature of solvent were
investigated as reported in figures 1-3. The characterized PKO was used to determine parameters used in establishing the Diffusivity
(6.47 x 10-9m2/s), which in turn was used to calculate the rate of diffusion,(4.00 x 107kmole/m2.s), and the coefficient of mass transfer,
(3.2 x 10-5kmloe/m2.s), all of which conformed to the standard values, [12]..
Keywords: Diffusivity, Diffusionrate, Mass transfer Coeff, Extraction, Palm kernel oil, solvents, characterization
Stabilization and characterization of heavy crude oil in-watereSAT Journals
Abstract There has been much interest in alternative to transport viscous crude oil from reservoir which is much more abundant than conventional oil. There are many authors hard to find the stable of oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion condition which has been considered as critical analysis. In order to reduce the viscosity, the heavy oil is required to modify for reducing their viscosity. Applying diluent and forming o/w emulsion are the selected as alternative for reducing viscosity. The purpose for this investigation is to study factors that influencing stability and viscosity of o/w emulsion. From the observation, o/w emulsions reduced almost six (6) times less than original heavy oil. However, the addition of 40% of light oil reduced oil viscosity from 478.10 mPa.sto 113.40 mPa.s. Thus, the knowledge and understanding factors that influencing the stability and viscosity of o/w emulsion is important due to avoiding of occurring phase inversion phenomena. Keywords: Crude oil, Stability, Heavy oil, Viscosity, Emulsion, Shear Rate, Shear Stress.
A brief study on synthesis of surfactants and the mechanism of oil mobilizationIOSR Journals
Surfactants finds application in almost every industry of which the detergents, paints, dye-stuffs cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, plastics, food, agriculture, asphalt, fuel etc are worth mentioning. Moreover surfactants play a vital role in the oil industry. An important and interesting aspect of the chemistry of surfactants which has not been systematically investigated hitherto, in the utilization of so prepared surfactants as emulsifiers with special reference to the study of interfacial tension, surface tension, viscosity, particle size and conductance and their use in the field of enhanced oil recovery .Oil\Water emulsions have been prepared by taking two immiscible liquids as internal and external phases using surface active agents. The present paper deals with the studies on the synthesis of surfactants. Three surfactants viz- RL-1, RL-2 and RL-3 have been synthesized by using cetyl palmate, acyl alcohol, vinyl acetate, cetyl behenate, cetyl stearate, benzene and benzoyl peroxide. From the analysis it is found that above prepared surfactants are ester copolymers
An experimental study on the absorption capacity & reusability of cotton & th...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Modeling a well stimulation process using the meor techniqueeSAT Journals
Abstract Microbial enhanced oil recovery remains the most environmental friendly, cost effective recovery technique in oil production, particularly for wellbore stimulation. This research investigates the effects of microbial growth rate, microbial and nutrient concentrations for well stimulation purposes. A representative model incorporating microbial concentration, its growth rate and skin factor is developed, validated and discussed. An explicit formulation which poses a solution to the equation for the model is used to describe the reservoir pressure responses. It is observed through plots of reservoir pressure against reference distances that flow and production rates improved as a result of an improved BHP when the microbial parameters were incorporated to the fluid transport equation at same injection rates and same reservoir parameters. The trend followed by the pressure profile plots correlates with that expected of a well stimulation pressure profile. Keywords: Well Stimulation, MEOR, Permeability, MEOR stimulation
Acetylation of Corn Cobs Using Iodine Catalyst, For Oil Spills Remediationtheijes
This study investigated the process of cleaning oil spills using both raw corn cobs (RCC) and acetylated corn cobs (ACC). The corn cobs were acetylated in a solvent free system using acetic anhydride, in the presence of Iodine, under mild reaction conditions. The acetylation was carried out at 100oC for 2 hours using 1% iodine. The system conditions played significant roles on the extent of acetylation expressed as Weight Percent Gain (WPG). The weight percent gain (WPG) due to acetylation was found to be 17.6%. Sorption studies were also carried out on both RCC and ACC. The result of the analysis showed higher values of oil sorption capacities (g/g) for ACC than RCC. This goes to prove that acetylation increased the oil sorption capacity of the corn cobs. It was found that particle size, sorption time, sorbent dosage and temperature has very significant effects on the oil sorption capacities of the modified corn cobs. To investigate the acetylation reaction, functional analysis of the RCC and ACC were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The FTIR data showed a clear evidence of successful acetylation. ACC are therefore recommended for oil spillage clean up, as well as for further development.
Analysis of IFT (Interfacial Tension) and Viscosity of Various Polymer Based ...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: - The purpose of this experiment is to determine IFT and viscosity of various polymer based fluid in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Viscosity is a property of a liquid and it is defined as the resistance of a liquid to flow. Interfacial tension is the force that holds the surface of a particular phase together. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is the implementation of various techniques for increasing the amount of crude oil that can extracted from a well. One of the main techniques in EOR is by pushing crude oil by some fluids. Each fluid has different viscosity and IFT. A correct knowledge of IFT and viscosity of fluids using in EOR gives petroleum engineering tool of efficiently manage the production process of field. This study aimed to experimentally investigate the effect of different concentration Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH) & Xanthangum on fluids using EOR. Four samples of fluids with different concentration of NaOH, KOH & Xanthangum which is mixed with water and carbonated water were used in this study.
This file contains data on the air-tightness, energy usage (gas and electricity) and carbon emissions of domestic properties that were refurbished and retrofitted with technologies as part of the Retrofit for the Future programme.
european open science cloud (EOSC). visions and impact on DARIAH roadmapeveline wandl-vogt
lightning talk @ open science retreat @ NIKHEF, science park campus, amsterdam (22.2.2016); european open science cloud visions from DARIAH point of view.
Similar to Process design features of a 5 tonnes day multi – stage, intermittent drainage, continuous full immersion, vegetable oil solvent extraction plant
Design features of a 5 tonne day multi – stage, intermittent drainage, cont...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this work, the mechanical design calculations of the vegetable oil extraction plant presented in part I were show cased. Process
description and flow sheet of the plant have been given in the design features in part I, and the mechanical design calculations are
here based upon the figures obtained at various stages downstream in the process design. In fact, design stress due to load on hopper,
agitated vessel, launder, sumps and down-comers, as well as extractor accessories of pipes, pumps, conveyor belts and screw, and
miscella drainage, were also presented. Design was based on KPO as in Part I for the obvious reason that it is a simple oil which
takes into consideration the properties of soyabean and palm oil, with an over design tolerance of plus/minus 10%. It was established
from the mechanical design calculations that the volume of the extractor is 2.17m3 . Cost estimation of the designed extractor was
carried out to also establish the cost of one unit to about three and a half million Naira (N3.5M), ($20,588.64). The design may be
scaled up to any capacity for big industrial out-fit, and when fully developed and constructed, will serve the rural dwellers of the
globe.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Diffusion rate analysis in palm kernel oil extraction using different extrac...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This study investigated the rate of diffusion on the extraction of palm kernel oil using various solvents, namely, n-hexane, Benzene,
Trichloroethylene, and Carbondisulfide. The solvents and the extracted palm kernel oil were characterized using the AOCS standard
methods, and the results are shown in tables 1 and 2. The palm kernel used in the study was obtained from Akpugo in Nkanu West
local Government Area of Enugu State. The effects of extraction time and temperature as well as quantity and nature of solvent were
investigated as reported in figures 1-3. The characterized PKO was used to determine parameters used in establishing the Diffusivity
(6.47 x 10-9m2/s), which in turn was used to calculate the rate of diffusion,(4.00 x 107kmole/m2.s), and the coefficient of mass transfer,
(3.2 x 10-5kmloe/m2.s), all of which conformed to the standard values, [12]..
Keywords: Diffusivity, Diffusionrate, Mass transfer Coeff, Extraction, Palm kernel oil, solvents, characterization
Stabilization and characterization of heavy crude oil in-watereSAT Journals
Abstract There has been much interest in alternative to transport viscous crude oil from reservoir which is much more abundant than conventional oil. There are many authors hard to find the stable of oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion condition which has been considered as critical analysis. In order to reduce the viscosity, the heavy oil is required to modify for reducing their viscosity. Applying diluent and forming o/w emulsion are the selected as alternative for reducing viscosity. The purpose for this investigation is to study factors that influencing stability and viscosity of o/w emulsion. From the observation, o/w emulsions reduced almost six (6) times less than original heavy oil. However, the addition of 40% of light oil reduced oil viscosity from 478.10 mPa.sto 113.40 mPa.s. Thus, the knowledge and understanding factors that influencing the stability and viscosity of o/w emulsion is important due to avoiding of occurring phase inversion phenomena. Keywords: Crude oil, Stability, Heavy oil, Viscosity, Emulsion, Shear Rate, Shear Stress.
A brief study on synthesis of surfactants and the mechanism of oil mobilizationIOSR Journals
Surfactants finds application in almost every industry of which the detergents, paints, dye-stuffs cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, plastics, food, agriculture, asphalt, fuel etc are worth mentioning. Moreover surfactants play a vital role in the oil industry. An important and interesting aspect of the chemistry of surfactants which has not been systematically investigated hitherto, in the utilization of so prepared surfactants as emulsifiers with special reference to the study of interfacial tension, surface tension, viscosity, particle size and conductance and their use in the field of enhanced oil recovery .Oil\Water emulsions have been prepared by taking two immiscible liquids as internal and external phases using surface active agents. The present paper deals with the studies on the synthesis of surfactants. Three surfactants viz- RL-1, RL-2 and RL-3 have been synthesized by using cetyl palmate, acyl alcohol, vinyl acetate, cetyl behenate, cetyl stearate, benzene and benzoyl peroxide. From the analysis it is found that above prepared surfactants are ester copolymers
An experimental study on the absorption capacity & reusability of cotton & th...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Modeling a well stimulation process using the meor techniqueeSAT Journals
Abstract Microbial enhanced oil recovery remains the most environmental friendly, cost effective recovery technique in oil production, particularly for wellbore stimulation. This research investigates the effects of microbial growth rate, microbial and nutrient concentrations for well stimulation purposes. A representative model incorporating microbial concentration, its growth rate and skin factor is developed, validated and discussed. An explicit formulation which poses a solution to the equation for the model is used to describe the reservoir pressure responses. It is observed through plots of reservoir pressure against reference distances that flow and production rates improved as a result of an improved BHP when the microbial parameters were incorporated to the fluid transport equation at same injection rates and same reservoir parameters. The trend followed by the pressure profile plots correlates with that expected of a well stimulation pressure profile. Keywords: Well Stimulation, MEOR, Permeability, MEOR stimulation
Acetylation of Corn Cobs Using Iodine Catalyst, For Oil Spills Remediationtheijes
This study investigated the process of cleaning oil spills using both raw corn cobs (RCC) and acetylated corn cobs (ACC). The corn cobs were acetylated in a solvent free system using acetic anhydride, in the presence of Iodine, under mild reaction conditions. The acetylation was carried out at 100oC for 2 hours using 1% iodine. The system conditions played significant roles on the extent of acetylation expressed as Weight Percent Gain (WPG). The weight percent gain (WPG) due to acetylation was found to be 17.6%. Sorption studies were also carried out on both RCC and ACC. The result of the analysis showed higher values of oil sorption capacities (g/g) for ACC than RCC. This goes to prove that acetylation increased the oil sorption capacity of the corn cobs. It was found that particle size, sorption time, sorbent dosage and temperature has very significant effects on the oil sorption capacities of the modified corn cobs. To investigate the acetylation reaction, functional analysis of the RCC and ACC were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The FTIR data showed a clear evidence of successful acetylation. ACC are therefore recommended for oil spillage clean up, as well as for further development.
Analysis of IFT (Interfacial Tension) and Viscosity of Various Polymer Based ...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: - The purpose of this experiment is to determine IFT and viscosity of various polymer based fluid in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Viscosity is a property of a liquid and it is defined as the resistance of a liquid to flow. Interfacial tension is the force that holds the surface of a particular phase together. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is the implementation of various techniques for increasing the amount of crude oil that can extracted from a well. One of the main techniques in EOR is by pushing crude oil by some fluids. Each fluid has different viscosity and IFT. A correct knowledge of IFT and viscosity of fluids using in EOR gives petroleum engineering tool of efficiently manage the production process of field. This study aimed to experimentally investigate the effect of different concentration Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH) & Xanthangum on fluids using EOR. Four samples of fluids with different concentration of NaOH, KOH & Xanthangum which is mixed with water and carbonated water were used in this study.
Evaluation of a systematic approach to matrix acidizing on an oil producing welleSAT Journals
Abstract All wells are susceptible to formation damage to some degree, ranging from relatively minor loss of productivity to plugging of specific zones. Formation damage could simply be referred to as a term used to emphasize reduced current production. Acidizing is a well stimulate technique where acids are primarily used to remove or cure damage around wellbore caused by drilling, completion, production and work over operations in order to improve production. In matrix acidizing, acid is used to remove the damage near the wellbore. This removal of severe plugging in sandstone, limestone or dolomite by matrix acidizing process can lead to large increase in well productivity. It is expected that matrix acid treatment should remove flow restrictions near the wellbore and allow the well to produce at an undamaged rate. However, the production rate after treatment is sometimes lower than predicted or in extreme cases without any improvement at all. This study evaluates matrix acidizing operations in oil producing wells with a view to identifying causes of acidizing failures and developed a systematic approach to matrix acidizing that will eliminate failures and greatly enhance the performance of acidized oil wells. Discussions have been centered on the fundamentals of formation damage and acidizing, review of existing literature on the subject and matrix models. In treated wells studied, stimulation ratios from productivity indices were almost equal to or greater than 2 (≥ 2) and always greater than stimulations ratios from production rates, showing that the treatments were positive in reducing or curing damage around the wellbore but the stimulation ratios from the two parameters (productivity index and production rate) were not the same as a result of flow restrictions. Since all treated intervals in the different wells studied showed positive response to damage reduction, it could be concluded that acidizing if properly executed will reduce or cure damage around the wellbore and improve productivity. Key Words: formation damage, matrix acidizing, stimulation, and productivity, stimulation ratio, etc…
Quantitative Modeling Of Formation Damage On The Reservoir During Microbial E...IJERA Editor
Microbial enhanced oil recovery is an inexpensive, environmentally friendly method of oil recovery, utilizing the potentials of certain microbes to significantly influence oil productionwith wide range of oil recovery mechanisms including oil mobilization, reservoir re-pressurization, permeability alteration, mobility control and a range of other exploitable recovery techniques. This study presents an investigation on the degree of damage to the reservoir as a result of microbial injection. Results from this analysis shows that for a continuous microbial injection process, the pore area of the formation reduces equivalently due to microbial plugging and or as a result of biomass accumulation in the reservoir. The prevailing effects of formation damage (skin) due to these microbes are also presented. Residual fluid flow rates and corresponding velocities were found to reduce in magnitude with deducing pore area after several days of injection.
Reservoir engineering is the field to evaluate field performance by performing reservoir modeling studies and explore opportunities to maximize the value of both exploration and production properties to enhance hydrocarbon production.
Similar to Process design features of a 5 tonnes day multi – stage, intermittent drainage, continuous full immersion, vegetable oil solvent extraction plant (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Process design features of a 5 tonnes day multi – stage, intermittent drainage, continuous full immersion, vegetable oil solvent extraction plant
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 71
PROCESS DESIGN FEATURES OF A 5 TONNES/DAY MULTI – STAGE,
INTERMITTENT DRAINAGE, CONTINUOUS FULL IMMERSION,
VEGETABLE OIL SOLVENT EXTRACTION PLANT
Egbuna S.O1
, Umeh J.I2
, Eze Kenneth3
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu
Abstract
In this work, the process design features of a seven stage pilot extraction plant for use in vegetable oil extraction are presented. Three
local oils were used in the study. They were Palm oil, Palm Kernel oil and Soy-bean oil. However PKO was used as a case study in
the design because it is a simple oil with properties falling between those of palm oil and Soyabean oil. Material and Energy balance
calculations were established for the oil as a base of mechanical design of part II. N- hexane was used as a leaching solvent. The
efficiency of the plant was found to be 0.70. Process design calculations gave 23.17Kj as the energy requirement of the extractor
based on a capacity of approximately 1 Kg of oil extract. The diffusivity of the oils in the solvent averaged 4.0 x 10-9
m2
/s, while the
rate of mass transfer into the solvent was 6.47 x 10-7
Kmole/m2
. s, resulting in a mass transfer coefficient of 3.2 x 10-5
Kmole/m2
. s.
----------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Vegetable oils are compounds of glycerol and other organic
acids extracted from plants. They are water insoluble
substances consisting of glycerol ester of fatty acid or
triglycerides, (Anderson [1] and Hoffmann, [2]. Demand for
vegetable oils, either in their refined or raw states, has
increased world wide in the past few years due to increasing
population, Ige, et al[3], and Van Oss [4], rising standard of
living, and consumer preference, Akubugwo, et al [5],
Odoemelam, [6] and Kyari, [7]. In the energy sector, vegetable
oil will provide the source of bio-energy and renewable energy
requirements of the world, Pahl [8] and [4].
Since ancient times, human beings have known how to extract
the oils from their various sources and make them fit for their
own use. The natives of the tropical regions of the world have
long extracted these oils after drying the nuts and seeds under
the sun. 4000 years [9]. These oils were consumed raw, since
very little or no treatment was made order than filtration and
decantation. Mahatta, [10] observed that Olive oil was
extracted as far back as 3000BC in ancient Egypt.
Review of related literatures, revealed that much articles have
been published on extraction of oils from their mother seeds
and nuts using various method, and characterization of the
extracted oils. The method by which a particular oil seed is
extracted depends on the type of analyzed material(seed), the
oil content of the seed and the nature of the subsequent
analytical problem, Yeshajahn and Clifton [11], Iwe [12], FAO
[13] and Lawson et al, [14]. Harvesting of crop at the right time
is necessary if maximum yield is to be obtained, Vas Oss [4].
Mechanical expression , according to Janet, [15] and Kalu,
[16] offer advantage in terms of purity over the solvent
extraction, but there is a major draw back when the yield
from the method is considered, as yield is almost always
barely 65 per cent. According to Othmer and Agrawal [17],
mechanical press method is very effective for seeds
containing 30 – 70%, oil.
Vidke and Souslski, [18], and Swetman and Head, [19],
carried out mechanical expression of oil using different
presses; lever and box, hydraulic, Ram, Bridge and
Continuous Screw press. Gurnham, and Masson, [20] have
studied the equilibrium condition of expression after a
constant pressure has been applied and maintained until no
further flow of oil occurred. They considered the quantity of
oil expressed as the difference between the quantity
originally present and that which remained in the cake after
expression.. Accordingly, they noted that an increase in
pressure on a system of expressible material considered as a
fractional increase over the previous pressure causes a
proportional increase in the bulk of the solid portion of the
system, and hence,
V
kdKd
P
dP
s
1
1
Or Pk
Vd
dP
)/1(
2
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 72
Intergration of equation 2 gives
V
k
KLogP
3
Where K, k and k΄ are constants, depending on the nature of
material, and on the expression conditions, ρs is the bulk density
of the solid portion of the system, P and V , the pressure and
specific volume of the system respectively.
The oil seeds have to be decorticated, cleaned to remove sand,
dirt and stones prior to mechanical expression, according to
Gurnham and Masson[20]. Kurki [21] observed that chaff in
the seeds during expression will absorb some of the oil and
keep it from being squeezed out of the expeller.
Waiter and James ,[22], opined that solvent extraction is a solid
– liquid operation called leaching concerned with extraction of
a soluble constituent from a solid by means of a solvent. Perry
and Green, [23],called the stream which contains the leached
solute the overflow (miscella). [22], had observed that
equilibrium is reached when the concentration of oil in the
miscella within the pores of the solid is equal to the
concentration of oil in the free miscella outside the solid.
Coulson and Richardson, [24], concluded that solvent
extraction is affected by particle size distribution, temperature,
porous structure of the solid, nature of solvent and agitation.
Mass transfer in solvent extraction was also studied by [24],
using the concept of thin film as providing the resistance to
transfer. They observed that;
bvCCAk
dt
dm
s /)( 4
Where A is area of solid – liquid interphase, b effective
thickness of liquid film surrounding the particles, C
concentration of solute (oil) in th bulk of the solution (miscella)
at time t, Cs concentration of saturated solution in contact with
the particle, m mass of solute transferred in time t, and k΄,
diffusion constant. For a batch process in which V, the total
volume of the solution is assumed constant,
VdCdm 5
bv
CC
Ak
dt
dC s 6
The time taken for concentration of the solution to rise from its
initial volume Co to a value C, is found by integration. If it is
assumed that A and b remain constant, we have;
dt
vb
Ak
CC
dC
C
C
s
o
7
And t
vb
Ak
CC
CC
s
os
ln 8
Which, for pure solvent , in which Co = o, becomes
tvbAk
s
e
C
C )/(1
9
tvbAk
s eCC )/1 10
Equation 10, shows that the solution approaches a saturation
condition.
A succinct review of published literatures on liquid-liquid
extraction was presented, which clearly explained the
important influence of solvent nature on the extent of
extraction. Davie and Vincent [25], observed that direct
solvent extraction is used for low oil content (< 20% oil),
seed such as Soya bean, rice bran and dry milled corn germ.
Tray and Bilbe [26], experimented on a homogenous oil
impregnated material consisting of thin platelets of uniform
thickness with the two phases as the total surface area based
on simple diffusion and observed that the theoretical rate of
extraction in given by;
θn
0n
2
π/21)(2n
22
4R
Dθ
e
1)(2n
1
π
8
E
2
11
Where E is the fractional total oil unextracted at the end of
time, Ө; R is one-half of the plate thickness (ft); and D the
diffusion coefficient in (ft2
/hr). For n = o, eqn. 11, will reduce
to;
2
/2
2
4R
Dθ
e
n
8
E
12
Or
13
R
D
1.070.091Elog
2
010
Treybal [27], gave an expression to be used to determine the
diffusivity of a liquid in another, considered to be stagnant
as;
0.6
B
0.5
B
18
A
μV
T)(M)ψ10x(117.3
D
14
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The rate at which the glyceride of fatty acid diffuses into
hexane is given by Bird, [28] as;
NA =
A2A1
avLmB12
AB
xx
M
ρ
xzz
D
15
The mass transfer coefficient is given by Perry and Chilton,
[29] as;
NA = Kx(xA1 - xA2) 16
Fan and co-workers [30], observed two solvent extraction
methods, namely:
Solution extraction, in which oil is extracted from
ruptured cells, and
Diffusion extraction, in which the oil is extracted from
unruptured cells.
This gives reason for the variation of diffusion coefficient with
time. They noted that prepress, followed by solvent extraction
is, however, used for high oil content (>20%oil) seeds such as
Palm oil, Palm kernel oil, Cotton seed oil and Groundnut oil.
The use of solvent extractors, in our local mills, will therefore,
greatly stabilize the processing activities, generate employment
and increase the daily throughput.
In the design calculations for an extractor to handle the
extraction of the oil from its source, the number of theoretical
stages required to ensure effective extraction was calculated
from an expression, given by Coulson, and Richardson, [31],
as;
am
=
1
1
m
o
W
S
1
S
S
17
Treybal, [27], also gave an expression from which efficiency
can be estimated, namely;
hTρ
KM
)3.7(101
1
E
4
o
18
The oil, as extracted, contains a considerable amount of water,
as well as some particles, fiber and cell debris, which are
responsible for the cloudy nature of the oil, and which must be
removed by screening, semi-continuous clarification, or by high
speed centrifugation. It also contains carotenoid pigments,
phosphotides (gum), odour and oxidation products of
Aldehydes and ketones, to the extent of about 0.2%. The
average content of free fatty acid (FFA) of vegetable oils is 4%,
and hence the need for refining.
In this work, the process design features of an Intermittent
Drainage, Continuous Full Immersion, vegetable oil
extraction plant is presented, with a view to providing the
rural communities of the glob with opportunity of processing
their oil seeds and nuts with a cost effective and affordable
plant.
2. PROCESS DESIGN
2.1 Process Description
Flaked oil seed (S1) is transferred to the feed hopper (E1) by
means of a belt conveyor. Solvent (S2), is also pumped into
the same hopper tank. The two components are well mixed to
ensure homogeneous mixture, and easy contact of solvent
with the flake to leach out the oil. Extraction takes place by
the diffusion of the oil into the solvent. The meal (S3), is then
transferred to the Launder (E6), for leaching with recycle
miscella (S4). The leached meal is then transferred to the
next hopper for further extraction of the oil content by means
of screw conveyor (E2).
Miscella is transferred through percolation filter (E3), to each
of eight (8), miscella sumps. With the miscella transfer pump
(E5), the miscella is transferred to the next Launder through
valve, (E7), to leach out more oil from the meal. The miscella
from the last sump (E8), is pumped to the distillation unit,
(E11), for separation, and the distilled solvent (S7), is
recycled to the first hopper. The still bottom (S6), is
discharged into a decanter (E12), where water (S13), is
separated and sent to the sundry water (S14). Steam (S11) is
used for distillation and the condensate (S12), goes to the
sundry water also. The heat exchanger (E14), is used to heat
up the bottom product so as to facilitate separation of
water/oil mixture (S9) in the decanter. The cake (S10), with
less than 4% oil content is discharged to the desolventizer,
(not shown), and the oil extract (S8), is sent to storage. The
miscella recycle pump (E9), is now used to recycle the
miscella to the first launder, through the control valve, (E10).
2.2 Design Procedure
The procedure assumes that the flow rates, as well as the
process steam temperature are known. In addition, the
following geometrical data of an extractor are specified:
extractor height and diameter, number of stages, hopper and
launder dimensions. The physical properties are either
specified or are estimated using some correlations and
empirical expressions as shown in the report. The steps
followed in the design include;
i) Calculate the flow rates of flakes and solvent, as well
as the miscella
ii) Use the values obtained in i) above to calculate the
number of theoretical stages
iii) Determine the efficiency of the process
iv) Use ii) and iii) to determine the number of actual
stages desired for the extraction
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v) Determine the heat capacities of the steams to be used
in energy balance calculations
vi) Perform the process design (material and Energy
balance) calculations
In performing the material balance of the process, the streams
of importance are the solid, liquid, and mixtures of materials
that enter and leave each stage in the cascade of extractors.
These include, the prepared palm kernel grits, solvent,
extracted oil and solvent mixture, extracted solid material,
cooling water and steam.
The generalized law of conservation of mass was expressed
as a material balance in order to account for the flow of
material into and out of the system, [31], [32], [33], and [ 34],
and for a steady state operation without reaction, we have;
Fig. 1 Flow diagram of a multi – stage intermittent drainage, continuous full immersion, vegetable oil solvent extraction plant.
LEGEND
E1 – Feed Hopper
E2 – Screw conveyor
E3 – Percolation filter
E4 – (A–H) Miscella sump
E5 –(A–F) Miscella Transfer Pump
E6 – Launder
E7 – Valve
E8 – Distiller feed pump
E9 – Miscella recycle pump
E10 – Miscella recycle valve
E11– Distillation column
E12– Decanter
E13– Condenser
E14– Heat exchanger
E15– Solvent condenser
S1– Seed flakes to hopper
S2– Solvent
S3– Meal (seed cake)
S4– Miscella recycle
S5– Miscella to still
S6– Oil and water mixture
S7– Solvent recycle
S8– Oil to storage
S9– Oil/water from H/E to decanter
S10– Cake discharge to Desolventizer
S11– Steam
S12–Water condenser
S13– Waste water
S14– Sundary water to treatment
Input through system boundary = Output through system
boundary 19
The process design for palm kernel oil extraction was
performed for extractor, distillation unit, desolventizer,
stripper, and all auxiliary equipment, such as condenser and
heat exchange, while, the mechanical design calculations for
launder, hopper and sump, and other accessories were done
in part II
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Design Assumption:
Annual operating time - 300days.
2.3 Data Generation
Palm Kernel Oil – Free Grit Heat Capacity.
Mass of Water = 100g = 0.10Kg
Initial Temperature of water To = 298K
Final Temperature of water Tf = 373K
Heat Capacity of water = 4.187 KJ/Kg. K
Equilibrium Temperature = 340K
Mass of Palm Kernel Grit = 0.150Kg
Initial Temperature of Grit = 298K
Heat lost by grit = heat gained by water
0.1 x 4.187 (383 – 340) = 0.15 x CpGrit (340 -298)
42x0.15
43x4.187x0.100
(KJ/Kg.KCpGrit
= 2.85 ≈ 2.9 KJ/Kg. K
2.4 Heat Capacity of Palm Kernel Oil
Perry and Green, [23], gave a relationship to be used to obtain
the heat capacity of PKO as;
Cp ( Cal / g. o
C) = 15tB
d
A
15
20
Where
t – Reference temperature 25o
C (298K) [10]
d, –Specific gravity of Palm Kernel Oil = 0.9420 ZZ
A and B are constants given by 0.44 and 0.0007, respectively
Cp = 0.8869 ( Cal / g. o
C) =
C
o
Kg.
3.71KJ
The Heat capacity of Hexane was taken from [23], and shown
in table 1
Table 1 Heat capacity of different substances
Streams Cp KJ/Kg.K
Palm Kernel Grit 2.9
Hexane 2.0
PKO 3.7
Soybean oil 3.6
Soy Flake 0.705
Water 4.187
Steam 4.187
2.5 Number of Stages for Extraction
The results obtained from extraction experiment are;
Weight of PKO used =1000g
Amount of oil in grit = 270g
Amount of drained solution before distillation = 1194.2g
Weight of discharged solid before desolventization = 1123g
Weight of solvent, oil – free solid = 740g
Weight of drained solution Wm, ;
Wm = Weight of discharged solid with solution - Weight of
solvent oil – free solid
= 1123 - 740 = 383g
Percent weight of entrained solution,
= 34.1%100x
1123
383
Weight of oil obtained after distillation of extract liquid
= 260g
Percent weight of oil in miscella
= .77%12100x
1194.2
260
Percent weight of oil in Palm Kernel seed
= %72100x
1000
270
2.6 Number of Theoretical Stages for Extraction
Definitions:
m - Number of stages
So - Extracted Oil
S1 - Oil in extract solution
Sm - Residual oil in solid feed
SF - Weight of out flowing solute
Wo - Extracted solution
W1 - Weight of miscella
Wm - Weight of entrained solution
WF - Weight of out flowing solution
a - A characteristic factor for equilibrium stages
Coulson and Richardson, [35], gave the equation for
calculating theoretical stages, as;
am
=
1
1
m
o
W
S
1
S
S
(17)
Where;
Moisture content = 8.5%
Extractable oil = 27%
Percent oil in solution = 21.77%
Percent weight of entrained solution = 34.1%
From the data obtained;
On solute; SF + So = S1 + Sm
On solution; WF + Wo = W1 + Wm
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From the overall material balance, SF = 0
Basis: 1000g oil – free Grit
oilextracted364.86g
740
270000
260-1000
270x1000
So
Similarly; solidinresidueoilextractedg1.0S m
Hence,
solutioninoil364.760.1g-364.86SSS mo1
For 21.77% oil concentration in the solution, weight becomes
1675.52g
0.2177
364.76
1W
For 1000g grit on oil-free basis, and 34% solution in the solid,
entrained solution weight, Wm becomes;
Wm = g15.515
66.0
340
But a, is given by, a = 54.3
515.15
1825.81
]35[
W
W
F
m
Then, from equation 3
1675.52
364.76
1
0.1
364.84
am
= 2854.14
Therefore 3.5m
= 2854.14
m log 3.54 = log 2854
Number of theoretical stages, m
m = 76.29
3.54log
2854.14log
mW
FW
2.7 Estimation of Efficiency and Actual Number of
Stages for Extraction:
Efficiency, according to [31], can be estimated from the
expression;
hTρ
KM
)
4
3.7(101
1
oE
(18)
Where K - Vapour – Liquid equilibrium ratio, y/x; y - Gas
phase concentration at equilibrium, (mole fraction); x -
Liquid phase concentration at equilibrium, (mole fraction); M
- Molecular mass of the substance, Kg/Kmole; h - Effective
liquid depth, mm; ρ - Liquid density, Kg/m3
;T - Absolute
temperature, K
N-haxane is assumed to be the vapour since it is the more
volatile component, (MVC).
The amount of hexane used in the extraction = 0.171Kg
The molecular mass of hexane is 206Kg/Kmole
The number of moles of hexane will therefore be equal to
= 0.00083Kmoles
Similarly, the number of moles of oil with the molecular
mass of 241Kg/Kmole
= 0.00042Kmoles
Mole fraction of hexane
=
00083.000042.0
0.00083
= 0.664
Mole fraction of oil =
00083.000042.0
0.00042
= 0.336
K = y/x = 976.1
336.0
0.664
From the extractor cross – sectional area, calculations
r = 0.18m, D = 0.36m
If it is assumed that the space above the material on the screw
conveyor is 10% of sectional area, then the space that will be
created above the conveyor will be;
0.1 x 0.36m = 0.036m
Therefore, height of material in the launder
h = 0.36 - 0.036m = 0.324m
Temperature T = 333.13K
Now from the calculation of the diffusion,
3
av
Kmole/m4.8459
M
ρ
/Kmole
3
0.2064m
av
ρ
M
Then efficiency, Eo =
333.15x324
0.2064x1.976
)
4
3.7(101
1
= 0.88
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Actual Number of Stages;
Actual number of stages is given by;
Efficiency
stagesltheoreticaofNumber
21
The number of theoretical stages was found to be 7
The actual number of stages 95.7
0.88
7
. ≈ 8 stages
3. SUMMARY OF PROCESS DESIGN
CALCULATIONS
3.1 Material Balance
3.1.1 Material balance over Extractor
Basis: 1 second operation
Table 2 Summary of balance over Extractor
Streams Input (Kg) Output (Kg)
PK Grit 0.001
PK Oil 0.00035
Oil in Raffinate 0.000014
PK Inert solid 0.00064
Hexane 0.0017 0.00125
Hexane in Raffinate 0.00045
Total 0.0027Kg 0.0027Kg
3.1.2 Material Balance over Still Column
Basis: 1second operation
Table 3 Summary of balance over Still
Streams Input (Kg) Output (Kg)
Miscella 0.0016
Distillate 0.00125
Hexane 0.0000625
Oil in Bottom WB 0.00029
Total 0.0016Kg 0.0016Kg
The hexane and the oil form the miscella.
3.1.3 Material Balance over Desolventizer
Basis: 1 second operation
Table 4 Summary of balance over Desolventizer
Streams Input (Kg) Output (Kg)
Raffinate 0.0011
Inert solid 0.00064
Oil in raffinate 0.000014
C6H14 0 00045
Total 0.0011Kg 0.0011Kg
3.1.4 Material Balance over Stripper
Basis: 1 Second operation
Table5 Summary of balance over Stripper
Streams Input (Kg) Output (Kg)
Oil/Hexane feed 0.00029
Steam 0.0021
Hexane vapour 0.000064
Water 0.0021
Bottom oil 0.00023
Total 0.0024 0.0024
Table 6 Material balance Process sheet, (Scale up factor = 100.65); Basis: 1 Sec.
Streams Input (Kg/s) Scaled up
value(Kg/s)
Output (Kg/s Scaled up
value(Kg/s)
Extractor
PK Grit 0.0010 0.101
Hexane 0.0017 0.171 0.00125 0.1260
Miscella 0.0016 0.161 0.00160 0.1610
PK Oil 0.00035 0.0352
Raffinate 0.0011 0.111 0.00110 0.1110
Oil in Raffinate 0.000014 0.0014
Hexane in Raff 0.000450 0.0453
Inert Solid 0.000640 0.0644
Still
Miscella 0.0016 0.161
Hexane vapor 0.0012500 0.1260
Hexane in bottom 0.0000625 0.00625
Oil in bottom 0.0002900 0.02900
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Desolventizer
Raffinate 0.0011 0.1110
Hexane in vapour 0.000450 0.04500
Oil in Raffinate 0.000014 0.00141
Inert in Solid 0.000640 0.06440
Stripper
Oil-Hexane mixture 0.00029 0.029
Steam 0.00210 0.211
Hexane in vapour 0.000064 0.00644
Water 0.002100 0.21100
Oil in bottom 0.000230 0.02320
Total 0.0105Kg 1.0568Kg 0.0105Kg 1.0568Kg
4. ENERGY BALANCE
The scaled up balance sheet of table 6 is used as the basis of
energy balance calculation of this section.
4.1 Energy Balance around Extractor
Basis: 1 Second operation
Input and output temperature = 308.15.K and 340.15K,
respectively, with 273.15K, as reference temperature.
Table 7 Summary of Energy balance over Extractor
Liquid oil 3.256
Inert solid 4.669
Hexane 8.550 8.750
Oil in miscella 4.533
Oil in Raffinate 0.1813
Hexane in Raffinate 3.171
Steam 6.6973
Total 23.1723 23.1723
4.2 Energy Balance around Still
Basis: 1 Second operation
Feed temperature = 333.15.K, top and bottom temperature =
343.15K and 340.15K, respectively, with 273.15K as
reference temperature.
Table 8 Summary of energy balance over Still
Stream Input (KJ) Output (KJ)
Miscella 13.283
Steam 34.775
Oil 1.073
Hexane 46.86 + 0.125
Total 48.058KJ 48.058KJ
4.3 Energy Balance over Desolventizer
In this column, indirect steam is used to heat up the meal to
evaporate the traces of hexane found therein.
Basis: 1 Sec operation
Feed temperature = 333.15.K, top and bottom temperature =
343.15K and 342K, respectively, with 273.15K as reference
temperature.
Table 9 Summary of energy balance over Desolventizer
4.4 Energy Balance over Stripper
The oil leaving the distillation unit as bottom product contains
traces of hexane liquid which must be recovered using direct
superheated steam.
Basis: 1 Second operation
Material temperature = 340.15K, Steam temp. = 474.15K, top
and bottom temperature = 404.15K, with 273.15K as reference
temperature.
Table 10 Summary of Energy balance over stripper
Streams Input (KJ) Output (KJ)
Hexane / Oil .035 2.904
Steam 608.832
Water 600.38
Oil 6.744
Total 608.867KJ 610.028KJ
Difference in energy of the input from those of the output is
1.131KJ, which is less than 0.2%.
Stream Input (KJ) Output (KJ)
Raffinate 9.8893
Steam 8.1127
Hexane 16.082
Inert solid 1.920
Residual oil 0.0522
Total 18.002KJ 18.064KJ
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5.0 COMBINED MATERIAL AND ENERGY
BALANCE CALCULATIONS
5.1 Introduction:
The hexane from the distillation column and stripper has to be
condensed to obtain liquid hexane, which is recycled, while
the oil and desolventised inert solid (meal) from the stripper
and desolventizer (bottom product) will be cooled by means of
heat exchangers using water as cooling medium before
discharge.
5.2 Combined Material and Energy Balance over
Condenser
Basis: 1 Second operation
Heat Lost by C6H14 = Heat gained by circulating water
m Cp ΔT (v) = m′ Cp ΔT (l)
Where m - mass of hexane vapour, and m′ mass of condensed
hexane
Now ΔH C6H14 =
298.15
343.15
2KJ/KgdTn = - 11.34KJ
ΔHH2O =
288.15
298.15
4.2KJ/KgdTn = -42n KJ
-42n KJ/Kg = -1134KJ
n = 2.7Kg
Therefore mass of cooling water n is 2.7KJ
Energy change in product stream
Total energy Output = Total energy Input
ΔHDistillate + 11.34 = 46 86
ΔHDistillate = 46.86 - 11 34
= 35 52KJ
Condensation of Hexane and water vapour
This includes the hexane from the desolventizer and stripper,
as well as the water vapour from the stripper
Basis: 1 Sec. operation
Heat lost by entering streams is equal to that gained by cooling
water.
Enthalpy change in exit stream:
1. Desolventizer Product Stream
ΔHC6H14(v) =
298.15
343.15
2KJ/KgdTn = -4.077KJ
2. Stripper Product Steam
ΔHH2O(v) =
298.15
404.98
4.2KJ/KgdTn = -94.85KJ
ΔHC6H14(v) =
298.15
343.15
2KJ/KgdTn = - 1.38KJ
Total change in exit stream ;
-4.077 - 94.85 - 1.38 = -100.307KJ
Heat lose to the cooling water:
Total heat Input = total heat lose in exit stream
= 16.092 + 600.38 + 2.904 + (-100.307)KJ
= 619.376 - 100.307KJ = 519.069KJ
Mass of water flowing into the condenser
Heat gained by water = Heat lost by condenser
Assumptions:
Let mass flow of water = mKg
Water inlet temperature = 293.15K
Water exit temperature = 399.98K
Now heat gained by water = 519.069KJ,
Heat equation is mCpΔT
Then, mCpΔT(cond) = mCpΔT(water)
= m x 4.2 (399.98 - 293.15) 519.069
Mass of cooling water,
293.15)4.2(399.98
519.069
m
= 1.16Kg
5.3 Cooling of oil from stripper
The finished oil product coming from stripper is first cooled to
70o
C (347.15K), before being pumped to storage. The cooling
of the oil is done by means of cooling water in the heat
exchanger.
Basis: 1 Sec operation
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Table 11 Summary of combined material and energy balance
over condenser
Streams Input (KJ) Output (KJ)
Stripper Steam 600.380
Oil/Hexane 2.904
H2O/Hexane 100.307
Condenser 519.069
Desolventizer 16.092
Total 619.376KJ 619.376KJ
Change in Enthalpy of Exit Oil Stream
ΔHOil =
343.15
404.98
3.7KJ/KgdTn
= 0.029 x 3.7 ( 343.15 - 404.98)K
= -6.634KJ
Heat on cooling water used
Input of energy = Output of energy
6.744 = Heat lose to H2O + 6.634
Heat lose to H2O = 6.744 - 6.634 = 0.11KJ
Table 12 Summary of combined material and energy balance
over heat exchanger
Streams Input (KJ) Output (KJ)
Oil from stripper 6.744
Oil from exchanger 6.634
Water from exchanger 0.110
Total 6.744KJ 6.744KJ
Mass of Water through the Exchanger
Entry temperature = 293.15K
Exit temperature = 354.98K
Heat gained by water = 6.634KJ
Heat gained by water is given by mCpΔT
Then mCpΔT = 6.634
m x 4.2 (354.98 - 293.15) = 6.634
m = 0.026Kg
5.4 Energy and mass of water required to cool the
desolventizer meal.
The desolventized palm kernel grit is cooled in a heat
exchanger before discharge.
Basis: 1 Second operation
ΔHOil =
334.15
340.15
3.7KJ/KgdTn = -0.0313KJ
ΔHInert =
334.15
340.15
2.9KJ/KgdTn = -1.12056KJ
Total exit energy = -0.0313 - 1.12056 = -1.1513KJ
Table 13 Summary of combined material and energy balance
over desolventizer meal cooler
Streams Input (KJ) Output (KJ)
Energy in heat exchanger 1.8676
Heat exchanger oil 0.0313
Heat exchanger Inert 1.1206
Water 0.7163
Total 1.8676KJ 1.8676KJ
Let mass of water into the heat exchanger = m
Input Temperature = 293.15K
Output temperature = 298.15K
Heat lose to water from heat exchanger = 1.8676 - 1.1206
= 0.747KJ
Now heat gained by water = mCpΔT = 0.747KJ
m x 4.2 x 5 = 0.747
m = 0.0356Kg
6. CONCLUSION
A multi stage, intermittent drainage, continuous full
immersion, vegetable oil, solvent extraction plant for use in
vegetable oil extraction has been designed has been designed
in this work. PKO was used as a case study because it is a
simple oil with attributes of those properties of both palm oil
and soyabean oil. However the designed extractor is capable
of extracting oils from various other oil seeds and nuts. The
design is suitable for small scale vegetable oil industries,
especially in those sited in the remote and rural areas of the
globe, when scaled up. The process design was made on the
basis of 1.0Kg of material (PKO). However, with suitable
scale-up factor, it can be adapted for a large industrial out-fit.
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11. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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