This document provides an overview of process control systems in the food industry. It defines process and control, and describes open and closed loop control systems. It outlines several sensor types used in food processing like proximity, temperature, humidity, biosensors, and electronic nose and tongue. Process control is important in modern food manufacturing to automate operations, maximize profits, and ensure quality and safety. Careful sensor selection is needed to effectively automate food processing.

1. A
Presentation
on
Process Control
System in Food
Industry.

2. OUTLINE
1. What is Process & Control.?
2. Process Control System (PCS)
3. Types of PCS :- Open-loop Control System
Closed-loop Control System
4. Sensors :- Proximity Sensors
Temperature Sensors
Humidity Detector
Bio-Sensors
E-tongue & E-Nose
5. Process Control in Modern Food Processing.
6. Conclusion
7. References

3. What is Process and
Control…?
Process :- A Process denotes an operation or series of operations on fluid
or solid materials during which are placed in a more useful state.
Control :- is a function of management which
helps to check errors in order to take
corrective actions. This is done to minimize
deviation from standards and ensure that the
stated goals of the organization are achieved
in a desired manner.

4. Process Control System (PCS)
Process control systems (PCS),also called
industrial control systems (ICS)
Function as pieces of equipment along the
production line during manufacturing that test
the process in a variety of ways, and return
data for monitoring and troubleshooting.
 Many types of process control systems exist,
including:-
• supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA),
• programmable logic controllers (PLC)
• distributed control systems (DCS)
• they work to gather and transmit data obtained
during the manufacturing process.

5. 1. Open-loop control system
2. Closed loop control system
TYPES OF PROCESS CONTROL
SYSTEM
1. Open-loop control system
A control action is applied on the output
of the system
It does not receive any feedback signal to
control or alter the output status
• Set Point
• Controller
• Actuators
• Process
• Disturbance

6. 2. Closed loop system
the output of the process affects the input control signal.
 The system measures the actual output of the process and compares it to the
desired output.
• Comparator
• Error Amplifier
• Controller
• Output attenuator
• Sensor Feedback

7. Sensors
 The PCS can be a relatively simple item with a sensor, often called a primary transducer, that
receives an input, along with a controller that processes the input, and a receiver that
processes an output.
 There are different types of sensors use:-
• Proximity sensors.
• Temperature sensor.
• Humidity Detector.
• Bio-sensor.
• E-Nose AND E-Tongue.

8.  A proximity sensor is an electronic device used to indicate the presence of an object without
making physical contact.
 The proximity sensor is a very useful device in hazardous areas such as oil refineries.
 Proximity sensors do not use any type of physical moving parts instead they allow signals to
transmit through them when something that is being monitored comes in close proximity of
the sensing area. Despite the process, they are still referred to as proximity switches.
 Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because lack of physical
contact between the sensor and the sensed object.
Proximity sensor

9. There are different types of proximity sensors:-
1) Inductive sensor
2) Capacitive sensor
3)Ultrasonic sensor

10. Temperature sensor
 Temperature is an important parameter in many
control systems.
 A temperature sensor is an electronic device that
measures the temperature of its environment and
converts the input data into electronic data to
record, monitor or signal temperature changes.
 Several different transduction mechanisms are
employed these include non electrical as well as
electrical methods.
 A thermometer is the most common non electrical
sensor.
 Common electrical sensors include thermocouples,
thermistors and resistance thermometers.

11. Four different types of temperature sensors are there:
1) Resistance Temperature Detector(RTD)
2) Thermocouple
3) Thermistor
4) Semiconductor.

12.  A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of an analytic, that combines a
biological component with a physicochemical detector.
 It is an analytical device which converts a biological response into an electrical signal.
 It detects, records, and transmits information regarding a physiological change or process.
 It determines the presence and concentration of a specific substance in any test solution
BIO-SENSOR

13. Applications in Food Industry
 Detection of heavy metals
 Detection of residual agrochemicals
 Detection of toxic metabolites
 Food borne pathogen detection
 Assure food safety
 As indicators of product acceptability
 Detection of unpermitted chemicals
 Sensory analysis.

14. Humidity Detector
 Water and water vapour can be found everywhere.
 Humidity and Moisture have great economic importance-
• Storage of food and raw material.
• Optimum manufacturing conditions.
 Humidity measurement determines the amount of water vapour present in a gas, that can be
a mixture such as air or a pure gas, such as nitrogen or argon.
 The presence of water vapour also influences various physical, chemical, and biological
food processes.
 Its measurement in industries is critical because it may affect the business cost of the
product, the health and safety of the personnel.
 Humidity sensing is very important, especially in the control systems for industrial food
processes.

15. E-NOSE AND E-TONGUE
The Electronic Tongue (E- Tongue )
 An instrument that measures and compares tastes. In the biological mechanism, taste signals
are transduced by nerves in the brain into electric signals
 E- Tongue Application:-
• Analyse flavour ageing in beverages (for instance fruit juice, alcoholic or non alcoholic drinks,
flavoured milks)
• Quantify bitterness or “spicy level” of drinks or
dissolved compounds (e.g. bitterness
measurement and prediction of teas)
• To discriminate and recognize among red
wines based on denomination, origin, grape
variety and vintage.
• To differentiate between tea samples from
different geographic regions and quality
grades.

16.  The name E-nose comes from the expression E-sensing.
 Electronic Nose is a device intended to detect odours or flavour's
 It is a modular system comprising a set of sensors which detect odours & transduce the chemical quantity into
electrical signals, followed by appropriate signal conditioning and processing to classify known odours.
 Working principle of an e-nose include three major parts:
I. A sample delivery system.
II. A detection system.
III. A computing system.
ELECTRONIC NOSE ( E – Nose)

17. Process Control in Modern Food Processing:-
Control applications in food processing, three categories of products:
(1)bulk commodity processing,
• E.g. grain milling, milk, edible oil, sugar and starch production, where control is arguably most
advanced.
(2) manufactured products,
• E.g. pasta, cheese, in-container and aseptically processed products.
(3) products which have been subjected to processing methods,
• E.g. meat, fish, fruits and vegetables.
Process control in food processing, that just attempting to control single variables,
• e.g. level, temperature, flow, etc.,
- To systems which ensure smooth plant operation with timely signalling of alarms.

18. PCS leads to automation in field of food industry. It also provides
more reliability and improvement in product. Lots of work can be
done in single minute of time which reduces more time required
for that work. It enables manufacturers to keep their operations
running within specified limits and to set more precise limits to
maximize profitability, ensure quality and safety. This can be
overcome by using the sensor automation technique in the food
processing industries. Proper selection of the sensors requires
careful consideration of the sensor’s capabilities, limitations, and
suitability for the intended application.
CONCLUSION

19.  www.electroniceforyou.com
 www.http.//.nibusinessinfo.com
 www.IEEE.org
 www.wikipedia.org
REFERENCES