The document provides an overview of computers, including their definition, history, characteristics, hardware, software, types, and applications. It explains the internet, its uses, important concepts like networks, clients, servers, and protocols, as well as problem-solving techniques in computer programming, including algorithms. Key features of algorithms are also outlined, emphasizing their role in systematic problem-solving.

1. Fundamentals for Better Communication
Through Computer
By
G. Lakshmana Rao
Assistant Professor
Computer Science and Engineering

8. What is Computer ?
 Computer is an electronic device.
 Can store large amounts of data.
 Can performing operations on data.
 Performing given function on the data & displays the result
as output.
 Process data whenever needed.
 Known from ‘to compute’

9. What is Process?
 Computer works on data as per programme is called process.
 Processing means operations like…..
 Calculations,
 Logical decision making,
 Outputting data,
 Communicating with others computer etc.

10. History of Computers
 First(1945-1955): Used vacuum tubes. Were very large. Generated
immense heat. Very expensive.
 Second(1955-1965): Used transistors. Continued to be large and
expensive.
 Third(1965-1975): Used integrated circuits. Significant reduction in
size and cost
 Fourth(1975-1995): Uses Very Large Scale Integration. Desktop
computers would not have been possible without
VLSI. It used Microprocessor minimizing the size
of P.C.
 Fifth (in progress): Will provide us with Artificial intelligence. Also
called knowledge information processing system

11. Characteristics of Computer
 Speed
 Arithmetical and Logical
Operations
 Accuracy
 Reliability
 Storage
 Retrieving Data and
Programme
 Automation
 Versatility (Flexible)
 Consistency
 Communications

13. Hardware/Software
• Computer Hardware
Parts of computer, which can be touch is called hardware.
(Physical Parts)
 Monitor
 CPU
 Key Board
 Mouse
 Speaker
• Computer Software
Parts of computer, which can not be touch is called software.
• Operating System Software : Windows, MAC, Linux
• Application Software : MS Office, Photoshop, Media Player
• Internet Browser Software : Internet Explorer, Google Chrome,
Mozilla Firefox, etc.

14. Classification of Computers
 Personal computer :
 A single-user computer
 Can be useful at School, Home, etc.
 Known as Micro Computer
 Laptop, Desktop
 Workstation :
 A powerful, single-user computer.
 A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful
microprocessor
 higher-quality monitor.
 Can be found in companies etc.

15.  Minicomputer
 A multi-user computer
 Capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.
 Can be found in banks, government departments etc.
 Mainframe
 A powerful multi-user computer
 Capable of supporting hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.
 Supercomputer
 An extremely fast computer
 Can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second
 Weather, scientific research can be done by these types of computer.

16. Applications of Computer
• Science research
• Education
• Business applications
• Banking
• Office Automation
• Desktop publishing
• Management aids
• Engineering designing
• Road traffic control
• Railway
• Medicine
• Information services

17. What is Internet
 Inter connection of many computers via network.
 Global connected through network (through LAN or WAN)
 To provide the various application services i.e. E-Mail, Usenet (News),
WWW, Telnet, FTP, etc
 At any time millions user connected to the internet from many countries.

18. Uses of Internet
 Searching
 E-mail service
 Commercial Services
 Electronic books & Publication
 Video Conferencing
 Sharing data and results quickly
 Retrieving files & Program of all types
 Find information databases and tutorials
 News paper columns
 Banking
 Downloading / Uploading any information
 News, sports, stocks, music etc.
 Use of internet in various fields like education, Business, governance, etc.
 And many more ………………..

19. Useful Keys Internet
• Network: Connecting computers with each other For exchanging
information
• Client : It is a programme or computer for getting special
information from another compute.
• Server: It is a programme or computer, which gives information
to the client computer.
• Protocol: It’s a rules for connecting to the internet. (TCP/IP)
• Portal: It is a website. Known as a gateway of internet.
(Search engine)
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20. Router: It is a device, which decides where data will be send
(Network point)
www : World Wide Web
Browser: It is a programme which helps us to use internet
Website: Group of different web pages.
URL : Universal Resource Locator

21. .com : Commercial organization
.net : Large Networks
.gov : Government organization
.org : non-profit making organization
.edu : educational organization
.mil : military organization
.in : India
.au : Australia
.us : United States
.uk : United Kingdom
Types of Website (Domain No.)

22. Problem Solving
Computers play an important role in problem solving. We
communicate with a computer through some programming
language. But before we start the programming, the problem
to be solved requires some analysis.
Steps in Problem Solving:
1. Studying the problem in detail.
2. Understand carefully the given input and what input and
what output is required. Also identify the conditions and
constraints to be used.
3. Generating various methods of solution of the given
problem.
4. Selecting the method which is considered to be best.
5. Preparing sequential steps for determining the solution.
6. Write a program to compute the results as using a computer
and get the results.

23. Algorithms
• An Algorithm is a finite sequence of well defined steps for solving
a problem.
• The most fundamental concept in computer science is the
algorithm. An algorithm is a step-by- step procedure for solving a
problem.
An algorithm has five important features:
1. Inputs: An algorithm may specify the quantities which are to be
read.
2. Outputs: An algorithm must specify the quantities which are to
be displayed or printed.
3. Definiteness: Each instruction must be clear and unambiguous.
4. Finiteness: An algorithm should be terminated after finite
number of steps.
5. Effectiveness: An algorithm must be effective which means that
all operations are executable.

25. Thank You