Definition and Classification Of Problem Solving.
well defined vs. ill defined- Routine vs. Non Routine -Adversary vs. Non adversary - Knowledge Rich vs. Knowledge Lean Problems.
Linear Programming Problems {Operation Research}FellowBuddy.com
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Nonlinear Programming: Theories and Algorithms of Some Unconstrained Optimiza...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Nonlinear programming problem (NPP) had become an important branch of operations research, and it was the mathematical programming with the objective function or constraints being nonlinear functions. There were a variety of traditional methods to solve nonlinear programming problems such as bisection method, gradient projection method, the penalty function method, feasible direction method, the multiplier method. But these methods had their specific scope and limitations, the objective function and constraint conditions generally had continuous and differentiable request. The traditional optimization methods were difficult to adopt as the optimized object being more complicated. However, in this paper, mathematical programming techniques that are commonly used to extremize nonlinear functions of single and multiple (n) design variables subject to no constraints are been used to overcome the above challenge. Although most structural optimization problems involve constraints that bound the design space, study of the methods of unconstrained optimization is important for several reasons. Steepest Descent and Newton’s methods are employed in this paper to solve an optimization problem.
This presentation teaches the concept of Statistical Decision Theory.
Details of this is given here: http://kindsonthegenius.blogspot.hu/2017/12/basics-of-decision-theory.html
Watch the Video here: https://youtu.be/HSc31v67590
Table of Content
What is decision theory?
Application of Decision Theory – Cancer Diagnosis
Formal definition
False positives/False negatives
Minimizing misclassification
Reducing Expected Loss
Introduction to ROC
Linear Programming Problems {Operation Research}FellowBuddy.com
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Nonlinear Programming: Theories and Algorithms of Some Unconstrained Optimiza...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Nonlinear programming problem (NPP) had become an important branch of operations research, and it was the mathematical programming with the objective function or constraints being nonlinear functions. There were a variety of traditional methods to solve nonlinear programming problems such as bisection method, gradient projection method, the penalty function method, feasible direction method, the multiplier method. But these methods had their specific scope and limitations, the objective function and constraint conditions generally had continuous and differentiable request. The traditional optimization methods were difficult to adopt as the optimized object being more complicated. However, in this paper, mathematical programming techniques that are commonly used to extremize nonlinear functions of single and multiple (n) design variables subject to no constraints are been used to overcome the above challenge. Although most structural optimization problems involve constraints that bound the design space, study of the methods of unconstrained optimization is important for several reasons. Steepest Descent and Newton’s methods are employed in this paper to solve an optimization problem.
This presentation teaches the concept of Statistical Decision Theory.
Details of this is given here: http://kindsonthegenius.blogspot.hu/2017/12/basics-of-decision-theory.html
Watch the Video here: https://youtu.be/HSc31v67590
Table of Content
What is decision theory?
Application of Decision Theory – Cancer Diagnosis
Formal definition
False positives/False negatives
Minimizing misclassification
Reducing Expected Loss
Introduction to ROC
LINEAR PROGRAMMING Assignment help services at Globalwebtutors are available 24/ by online LINEAR PROGRAMMING experts , LINEAR PROGRAMMING tutors are available for instant LINEAR PROGRAMMING questions help , LINEAR PROGRAMMING writers can help you with complex LINEAR PROGRAMMING dissertation requirements.
This Lecture/Presentation About Means-End Analysis (MEA), and is for the students of BS Computer Science, there may be mistakes and errors, therefore suggestions and corrections are warmly welcome.
Linear programming
Application Of Linear Programming
Advantages Of L.P.
Limitation Of L.P.
Slack variables
Surplus variables
Artificial variables
Duality
Quantitative Analysis For Management 13th Edition Render Test BankJescieer
Full download : http://alibabadownload.com/product/quantitative-analysis-for-management-13th-edition-render-test-bank/ Quantitative Analysis For Management 13th Edition Render Test Bank
AHP technique a way to show preferences amongst alternativesijsrd.com
This article presents a review of the applications of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP is a multiple criteria decision-making tool that has been used in almost all the applications related with decision-making. Decisions involve many intangibles that need to be traded off. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a theory of measurement through pairwise comparisons and relies on the judgements of experts to derive priority scales. It is these scales that measure intangibles in relative terms. The comparisons are made using a scale of absolute judgements that represents how much more; one element dominates another with respect to a given attribute. The judgements may be inconsistent, and how to measure inconsistency and improve the judgements, when possible to obtain better consistency is a concern of the AHP. The derived priority scales are synthesised by multiplying them by the priority of their parent nodes and adding for all such nodes. An illustration is also included.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING Assignment help services at Globalwebtutors are available 24/ by online LINEAR PROGRAMMING experts , LINEAR PROGRAMMING tutors are available for instant LINEAR PROGRAMMING questions help , LINEAR PROGRAMMING writers can help you with complex LINEAR PROGRAMMING dissertation requirements.
This Lecture/Presentation About Means-End Analysis (MEA), and is for the students of BS Computer Science, there may be mistakes and errors, therefore suggestions and corrections are warmly welcome.
Linear programming
Application Of Linear Programming
Advantages Of L.P.
Limitation Of L.P.
Slack variables
Surplus variables
Artificial variables
Duality
Quantitative Analysis For Management 13th Edition Render Test BankJescieer
Full download : http://alibabadownload.com/product/quantitative-analysis-for-management-13th-edition-render-test-bank/ Quantitative Analysis For Management 13th Edition Render Test Bank
AHP technique a way to show preferences amongst alternativesijsrd.com
This article presents a review of the applications of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP is a multiple criteria decision-making tool that has been used in almost all the applications related with decision-making. Decisions involve many intangibles that need to be traded off. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a theory of measurement through pairwise comparisons and relies on the judgements of experts to derive priority scales. It is these scales that measure intangibles in relative terms. The comparisons are made using a scale of absolute judgements that represents how much more; one element dominates another with respect to a given attribute. The judgements may be inconsistent, and how to measure inconsistency and improve the judgements, when possible to obtain better consistency is a concern of the AHP. The derived priority scales are synthesised by multiplying them by the priority of their parent nodes and adding for all such nodes. An illustration is also included.
Presented at NDC 2011 in Oslo (9th June 2011)
Video available via http://www.softdevtube.com/2011/11/01/framing-the-problem/
The focus of software development and technology tends to be very solution–centric, often at the expense or in the absence of a proper understanding of what problem is to be solved. Without necessarily intending to, developers, architects and other technical roles often try to force the problem domain into code–based thinking. Business analyst says number, developer hears int, double or decimal. Customer says stock data, architect hears database. The problem domain and motivation are often abstracted away altogether or too early in the technical solution process.
This session takes a look at ways of characterising system types and organising problems, so that problem domains are understood on their own terms. In addition to classic analysis techniques, problem frames are examined as a tool for structuring the phenomena that technical solutions need to express.
This Presentation discusses he following topics:
Introduction
Need for Problem formulation
Problem Solving Components
Definition of Problem
Problem Limitation
Goal or Solution
Solution Space
Operators
Examples of Problem Formulation
Well-defined Problems and Solution
Examples of Well-Defined Problems
Constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs)
Examples of constraint satisfaction problem
Decision problem
State Space Search and Control Strategies in Artificial Intelligence.pptxRSAISHANKAR
In here, I gave PowerPoint Presentation on State Space Search and Control Strategies in Artificial Intelligence.
For More Videos Please Like Share Subscribe to my Youtube Channel
https://www.youtube.com/@learnaiwithshankar
For More PowerPoint Presentations, Please Follow Me.
https://www.slideshare.net/RSAISHANKAR?from_search=0
Thank you
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. “ A Problem exists when a
living organism has a goal
but does not know how
this goal is to be reached”
Karl Duncker,1945
3. ‘ Problem solving is an
active process where
the person accesses
stored knowledge and
manipulates
information in order to
achieve a solution ’
4. Current approaches to
understanding problem solving
behavior use a common frame
work for describing problems.
This framework is based on
Newell and Simon’s
(1972) View of problem
solving.
Here problems are described in
terms of their problem space,
initial state, goal state, and
operators.
5. The problem space is the problem
solver’s internal or mental representation of
the problem. it can include the initial,
current, and goal states as well as operators
that change the problem from one state to
another.
The initial state described the problem as
it is presented to the problem solver at the
beginning.
For example: the initial state of a
cryptarithmetic problem would include a
series of letters arranged in a particular
sequence such as,
DONALD+
GERALD
ROBERT
And, perhaps some starting information (D=5)
6. The goal state describes the solution or
final state of the problem.
in the case of this problem, goal is to
substitute a different single digit (from 0 to
9) for each of the ten distinct letters in the
problem so that the digits add up properly.
At the end the solution will show two rows of
five digit numbers that add together to form
another five digit number.
the problem solver uses operators to move
from the initial state to the goal state.
Operators that modify Problem states.
in the case of the cryptarithmetic problem,
one class of operators involve substitution .
for instance, 5 would be substituted for D
and 0(zero) would be substituted for T. other
operators would be based on the problem
solvers knowledge of addition and
arithmetic.
As operators are applied , the problem state
changes.
7. The Current state of a refers to the
intermediate state of a problem that is
currently being used by the problem
solver.
based on the operations discussed so
far, the current state of the
cryptarithmetic problem would be,
5ONALD
GERAL5
ROBER0
the application of operators will changes
the current state of the problem and this
procedure should eventually result in the
goal state being achieved.
8.
9. A Well-defined problem is one for
which the initial and goal states as well
as the operators and actions needed to
move from one state to another can be
specified.
A correct answer exist for a well defined
problem.
An anagram is a good example of a
well –defined problem. the anagram
“CLEPOMX” Is the initial state. By
applying operators that rearrange the
letters, the goal state, a
word(COMPLEX), is achieved.
it is of three types:
Problem of inducing Structure
Problem of transformation
Problem of arrangement.
10. Problem of inducing
structure.
the classic example of it involves
the use of analogies. For example ,
Up is to Down as Black is to…….?
In problem solving notation,
this problem is represented as
up: down::black: ? The relationship
for the first pair is one of opposites.
Therefore, the correct response
to maintain that structure (and
relationship)is white, the opposite of
black.
11. Problem of transformation
it requires the problem solver to apply a
sequence of operations or moves that
will transform an initial state into the
goal.
Puzzles such as the Cryptarithmetic
problem described earlier are a good
example of problems of transformation.
Problem of arrangement
such as the anagram problem involves
taking the elements of the problem and
rearranging them until some criterion is
achieved. the elements are not
transformed into another form but are
rearranged.
12. An Ill- defined problem has
components of the problem space that
are not specified(either initial or goal
states or operators or some
combinations).
There may also be no one “correct”
answer.
(Buying an automobile or renting an
apartment are two good examples of
ill- defined problem.
in both cases, the goal state, the car
purchased or apartment that is rented,
is not always known at the beginning
of the problem. while the person have
a ideal car or apartment in mind. often
the one purchased or rented is not the
ideal, but rather a compromise based
on a number of factors.)
Many of problems studied in laboratory
are Well- defined, many of problems
faced in life are ill defined.
13. Routine problems
it involves application of operators in a
predictable, systematic manner known
to the problemsolver.Multi plying two
four-digit number is a routine problem.
the solver need only follow the rules for
multiplying the digits to arrive at the
solution.
• Non- routine problems
it requires the problem solver to apply
operators in a novel fashion or use a
procedure that is not well known to the
user. Most of the psychological research in
problem solving is based on no routine
problems. Our insight into the problem
solving process devoleps from studies
involving nonroutine applications to
problems.
14. In an Adversary Problem ,
the problem involves competition
between two or more players. Chess is
one example of an Adversary problem
that has been studied extensively in
problem- solving research.
the opportunity for a competitor to
change the problem space and to counter
or alter changes made by the problem
solver can make the problem space much
more complex than in a nonadversary
problem.
The problem solver does not face a
competitor in solving a nonadversary
problem. There has been considerable
research in some domains of adversary
problems, example: chess playing;
however the majority of problem solving
research has focused on nonadversary
problems.
The amount of control a researcher
can exert over the problem space is much
greater for nonadversary problems than
for adversary problems.
15. There is a further important
distinction between knowledge-
rich and knowledge-lean
problems. Knowledge-rich
problems can only be solved by
individuals possessing a
considerable amount of specific
knowledge, whereas knowledge-
lean problems do not require the
possession of such knowledge. In
approximate terms, most
traditional research on problem
solving has involved the use of
knowledge-lean problems,
whereas research on expertise
(e.g., chess grandmasters) has
involved knowledge-rich
problems