80. Mouse; Handling for injection
Intraperitoneal injections can be
Made into the posterior quadrant
of the abdomen.
81. Mouse; Handling for injection
Subcutaneous injection can be made into the
scruff of the neck (ตนคอ ). Care must be taken to
direct the needle into the scruff and not into the
handlers finger or thumb.
Because the muscle masses of mice are so small,
care must be taken to use a small needle and a
small volume for injection.
Intramuscular injections can be made into the
quadriceps muscle groups on the anterior of the
thigh.
quadriceps muscle groups = กลุมกลาม นือขนาด หญรวมกันสีกลาม นือ อยูดานหนาของตนขา
91. Rat; Handling for injection
Subcutaneous injection
intraperitoneal injections may
be made into caudal half of
the abdomen with the needle
directed along the line of the hind limb.
97. Handling for injection
The hamster can be restrained by
the scruff for intraperitoneal
and subcutaneous injections.
Injection techniques for the hamster are similar to
those previously discussed for the gerbil
99. Guinea Pig; Handling and Restraint
• To initially restrain a guinea pig, the handler should be
rapid and smooth, to avoid frightening the animal.
100. • The handler’s thumb is placed beneath the jaw of the guinea pig.
The hindquarters of the guinea pig are supported by the handler’s
other hand.
Guinea Pig; Handling and Restraint
101. Guinea Pig; Handling for injection
• Intraperitoneal injections are made into the lower half of the abdomen.
102. Rabbit
• Rabbits are especially susceptible to the effects of stress and should
always be approached in a calm and confident manner.
นาหนักตัว Rabbit 2-5 กิ ลกรัม
103. • The handler is restraining the rabbit firmly by the scruff with the
other hand ready to support the animal’s hindquarters.
Handling and Restraint
104. Rabbit; Handling and Restraint
The rabbit should be held its head
tucked under the handler’s arm
and with the back and hindquarters
supported by the handler’s forearms
106. Rabbit; Handling for injection
Rabbits may also be restrained for injection by wrapping
the animal in a drape (ผาพับ) or towel (ผา ชดตัว).
If the rabbit is securely wrapped, it will not struggle.
Intravenous injections into the rabbit s marginal ear vein can
be readily made if the rabbit is restrained with a drape.
108. Ferret
Ferrets vary greatly in. temperament ( จาอารมณ)
Although some animals may be non-aggressive,
others may be aggressive (กาวราว).
นาหนักตัวหนู Ferret 0.7-2 กิ ลกรัม
109. Ferret; Handling and Restraint
Ferrets should be initially grasped
around the neck and shoulders.
The handler should hold the ferret
with one hand under the shoulders
with a thumb under the jaw and the
other hand supporting the animal’s
hindquarters.
110. Ferret; Handling for injection
• Intravenous injections can be made into cephalic vein
with the site for injection shaved for the procedure
122. Ferret sexing images: These are photos of two young ferrets. Their age is the same.
The male ferretis the larger animal (white fur) with the longer, wider body and bigger
head. The smaller, narrower ferret is the female (the animal with the brownish sable
"polecat" colouration).
Sexing Ferret
ฟอร รต (ferret)
ชือวิทยาศาสตร: Mustela putorius furo)
123. Ferret sexing - Male
Ferret sexing - male: These are photos of the head of a large entire male ferret. The first
photo is a front-on image showing the broad, round face (หนาผากกวาง ละ หนก กมสูง) of
the male ferret. The second photo shows the slightly arched, 'Roman nose (จมูก ดง) of
the male ferret.
124. Ferret sexing - Female
Ferret sexing - female: This is a photograph image of the head of an entire female
ferret. Her head is small and her nose appears 'pointy' and narrow ( หลม ละ คบ).
125. 3. Identification
• to identify individual animals in a study
• should ensure a permanent
137. 4. Drug Administration
1. Intragastic
2. Subcutaneous (sc) - - under the skin
3. Intradermal (id) - between layers of skin
4. Intramuscular (im) - - into a muscle
5. Intraperitoneal (ip) - - into the abdominal cavity
6. Intraveneous (iv) - - directly into the vascular system through a vein
7. Intra-arterial (ia) - - directly into the vascular system through an artery
138. Parenteral Administration: General
Considerations
• Intravenous (iv) - - directly into the vascular system through a vein
• Intra-arterial (ia) - - directly into the vascular system through an
artery
• Intraperitoneal (ip) - - into the abdominal cavity
• Subcutaneous (sc) - - under the skin
• Intramuscular (im) - - into a muscle
• Intradermal (id) - - between layers of skin
139. Table 1 Common Sites for Blood Collection
Species Site of collection and permitted conditions
Mouse Cardiac (terminal only), orbital sinus (anesthetized only), tail vein, saphenous vein,
facial vein.
Rat As with mouse, ละ หลอด ลือดดา ตกระดูก หปลารา (subclavian vein)
Guinea Pig Cardiac (anesthetized only), anterior vena cava/subclavian vein
Rabbit Cardiac (anesthetized only), marginal ear vein
Dog, Cat &
Nonhuman
Primate
Cephalic, saphenous, femoral and jugular veins
Ruminants Jugular vein
Swine Jugular vein, anterior vena cava, ear veins
Chicken Brachial wing vein, right jugular vein, cardiac (anesthetized only)
199. Temp., RH, day length, light intensity
Day length and light intensity; Effect on laboratory animal
1. Intensity (Brightness); retinal pathology in albino, estrous cycle length
etc.
2. Wavelength (color); age of sexual maturity in rats, relevant to wheel
running activity in mice
3. Photo-period; relevant to circadian and circannual rhythm, stimulating
and synchronising breeding cycle, gastointestinal function and motility of
rabbit
201. Air (O2, CO2, NH3, particle etc)
Air quality; Effect on laboratory animal
1. Aromatic substance; pesticide, herbicide, carcinogen, sawdust of bedding
can be affecting liver function
2. Microbe contamination; cause of disease
3. Positive and negative charged ion; affect survival of microbe and
activity/behaviors of some animals
4. Development of pathogenesis
214. Light intensities measured in animal rooms with
polypropylene (translucent) or polycarbonate (transparent) cages
215. Caging system Range of within-cage Variation
light intensity
Open shelves, polycarbonate
(transparent) cages 2-250 lux 125-fold
Open shelves, polypropylene
(translucent) cages 12-160 lux 13-fold
IVC rack, polycarbonate
(transparent) cages 20-62 lux 3-fold
Comparison of light intensity variation in
different caging systems
216. Known effects of light intensity on rats and mice
Lux EFFECT AND REFERENCE(S)
<5 Increases oestrous cycle length in LACA mice (Clough et al, 1983)
10-20 <5% pre-weaning mortality in LACG mice (Porter et al, 1963)
15-20 Shorter oestrous cycle length in pigmented mice (Donnelly et al, 1993)
20 No depression of productivity in wild mice (Bronson, 1979)
> ~25 Albino rats experience distress (Schlingmann et al, 1993)
Maximum true weight gain of pregnant albino rats (Weihe et al, 1969)
30
Maximum growth of albino rat litters (Weihe et al, 1969)
32
Retinal degeneration in albino rats exposed up to 3 years (Weisse et
al, 1974)
Highest number of young per litter born in albino rats (Weihe et al,
1969)
60
Retinal degeneration in albino rats after 13 weeks (Stotzer et al, 1970)
> ~60 Pigmented rats experience distress (Schlingmann et al, 1993)
85 Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 24 months (Greenman et al, 1982)
145
Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 18-24 months (Greenman et al,
1982)
155
Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 18-24 months (Greenman et al,
1982)
200 Increased vaginal cornification in LACA mice (Clough et al, 1983)
240 Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 18-24 months (Greenman et al,
1982)
220-290
Increased oestrous cycle length in pigmented mice (Donnelly et al,
1993)
250 Maximum number of litters born in albino rats (Weihe et al, 1969)
335
Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 18-24 months (Greenman et al,
1982)
500 >50% pre-weaning mortality in LACG mice (Porter et al, 1963)
1,000 Minimum growth rate in albino rat litters (Weihe et al, 1969)
1K to 2K Depressed productivity in wild mice (Bronson, 1979)
2,010 Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 12 months (Greenman et al, 1982)
20,000 Damage to albino rat eyes in a few hours (Gorn et al, 1967)
N.B. Range of lux levels - <5 to 20,000
217. Adverse effects of light intensity on rats and mice
Lux EFFECT AND REFERENCE(S)
<5 Increases oestrous cycle length in LACA mice (Clough et al, 1983)
10-20 <5% pre-weaning mortality in LACG mice (Porter et al, 1963)
15-20 Shorter oestrous cycle length in pigmented mice (Donnelly et al, 1993)
20 No depression of productivity in wild mice (Bronson, 1979)
> ~25 Albino rats experience distress (Schlingmann et al, 1993)
Maximum true weight gain of pregnant albino rats (Weihe et al, 1969)
30
Maximum growth of albino rat litters (Weihe et al, 1969)
32
Retinal degeneration in albino rats exposed up to 3 years (Weisse et
al, 1974)
60
Highest number of young per litter born in albino rats (Weihe et al,
1969)
60 Retinal degeneration in albino rats after 13 weeks (Stotzer et al, 1970)
> ~60 Pigmented rats experience distress (Schlingmann et al, 1993)
85 Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 24 months (Greenman et al, 1982)
145
Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 18-24 months (Greenman et al,
1982)
155
Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 18-24 months (Greenman et al,
1982)
200 Increased vaginal cornification in LACA mice (Clough et al, 1983)
240 Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 18-24 months (Greenman et al,
1982)
220-290
Increased oestrous cycle length in pigmented mice (Donnelly et al,
1993)
250 Maximum number of litters born in albino rats (Weihe et al, 1969)
335
Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 18-24 months (Greenman et al,
1982)
500 >50% pre-weaning mortality in LACG mice (Porter et al, 1963)
1,000 Minimum growth rate in albino rat litters (Weihe et al, 1969)
1K to 2K Depressed productivity in wild mice (Bronson, 1979)
2,010 Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 12 months (Greenman et al, 1982)
20,000 Damage to albino rat eyes in a few hours (Gorn et al, 1967)
218. Beneficial effects of light intensity on rats and mice
Lux EFFECT AND REFERENCE(S)
<5 Increases oestrous cycle length in LACA mice (Clough et al, 1983)
10-20 <5% pre-weaning mortality in LACG mice (Porter et al, 1963)
15-20 Shorter oestrous cycle length in pigmented mice (Donnelly et al, 1993)
20 No depression of productivity in wild mice (Bronson, 1979)
> ~25 Albino rats experience distress (Schlingmann et al, 1993)
Maximum true weight gain of pregnant albino rats (Weihe et al, 1969)
30
Maximum growth of albino rat litters (Weihe et al, 1969)
32
Retinal degeneration in albino rats exposed up to 3 years (Weisse et
al, 1974)
60
Highest number of young per litter born in albino rats (Weihe et al,
1969)
60 Retinal degeneration in albino rats after 13 weeks (Stotzer et al, 1970)
> ~60 Pigmented rats experience distress (Schlingmann et al, 1993)
85 Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 24 months (Greenman et al, 1982)
145
Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 18-24 months (Greenman et al,
1982)
155
Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 18-24 months (Greenman et al,
1982)
200 Increased vaginal cornification in LACA mice (Clough et al, 1983)
240 Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 18-24 months (Greenman et al,
1982)
220-290
Increased oestrous cycle length in pigmented mice (Donnelly et al,
1993)
250 Maximum number of litters born in albino rats (Weihe et al, 1969)
335
Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 18-24 months (Greenman et al,
1982)
500 >50% pre-weaning mortality in LACG mice (Porter et al, 1963)
1,000 Minimum growth rate in albino rat litters (Weihe et al, 1969)
1K to 2K Depressed productivity in wild mice (Bronson, 1979)
2,010 Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 12 months (Greenman et al, 1982)
20,000 Damage to albino rat eyes in a few hours (Gorn et al, 1967)
219. Light intensities measured in animal rooms with
polypropylene (translucent) or polycarbonate (transparent)
cages
220. Current recommendations for light intensity
v. its known effects on rats and mice
Lux EFFECT AND REFERENCE(S)
<5 Increases oestrous cycle length in LACA mice (Clough et al, 1983)
10-20 <5% pre-weaning mortality in LACG mice (Porter et al, 1963)
15-20 Shorter oestrous cycle length in pigmented mice (Donnelly et al, 1993)
20 No depression of productivity in wild mice (Bronson, 1979)
> ~25 Albino rats experience distress (Schlingmann et al, 1993)
Maximum true weight gain of pregnant albino rats (Weihe et al, 1969)
30
Maximum growth of albino rat litters (Weihe et al, 1969)
32
Retinal degeneration in albino rats exposed up to 3 years (Weisse et
al, 1974)
60
Highest number of young per litter born in albino rats (Weihe et al,
1969)
60 Retinal degeneration in albino rats after 13 weeks (Stotzer et al, 1970)
> ~60 Pigmented rats experience distress (Schlingmann et al, 1993)
85 Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 24 months (Greenman et al, 1982)
145
Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 18-24 months (Greenman et al,
1982)
155
Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 18-24 months (Greenman et al,
1982)
200 Increased vaginal cornification in LACA mice (Clough et al, 1983)
240 Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 18-24 months (Greenman et al,
1982)
220-290
Increased oestrous cycle length in pigmented mice (Donnelly et al,
1993)
250 Maximum number of litters born in albino rats (Weihe et al, 1969)
335
Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 18-24 months (Greenman et al,
1982)
500 >50% pre-weaning mortality in LACG mice (Porter et al, 1963)
1,000 Minimum growth rate in albino rat litters (Weihe et al, 1969)
1K to 2K Depressed productivity in wild mice (Bronson, 1979)
2,010 Retinal atrophy in albino mice after 12 months (Greenman et al, 1982)
20,000 Damage to albino rat eyes in a few hours (Gorn et al, 1967)
237. Air speed in animal rooms.
In air conditioning systems with rectangular ductwork,
duct velocity is usually < 10m/s [22mph]
In those with round ductwork, duct velocity is usually
from 15-25m/s [34-56mph]
Final velocity in the room depends on size and type of
diffuser
Convection currents between and around racks of cages
arising from the animal's body heat frequently reach
0.45m/s [1mph]
238. Recommendations for air speed
… The ventilation must be draught-free and the rate of air flow in
the room should therefore not exceed 0.3m/s [0.7mph],
measured at 22 C, 1.6m above the floor level in the aisle
between the shelves. … (GV-SOLAS
Publication on the Planning and Structure of Animal Facilities for
Institutes Performing Animal Experiments, 1989)
… Air speed should not exceed 0.15m/s [0.34mph] in the zone
in which the animals are placed …
(Byggnadsstyrelsens rapporter. F rs ksdjurslokaler [Swedish
Handbook, published in Swedish]1981
239. Effect of air velocity on food consumption of
hairless mice at constant Ta (22 1 C)
240.
241.
242.
243. Distance travelled by a spherical particle of density 2.1g/cm3 released
from a height of 1.5m into a 0.25m/s horizontal air stream
Height
(m)
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Distance travelled (m)
Air speed
0.25m/s
Particle sizes/
distance travelled
100µ ~0.75m
30µ ~8.0m
20µ ~15.0m
15µ>30.0m
10µ>75.0m
310. IV. Occupational Health and Safety of Personnel
1. Hazard Identification and risk Assessment
2. Personnel Training
3. Personal Hygiene
4. Personal Protection
5. Medical Evaluation and Preventive Medicine for
Personnel
311. 1. Hazard Identification and risk Assessment
Physical hazards include scratches, bites, injuries from lifting or carrying
heavy objects, needle-sticks or injuries from other sharp objects, and
falling injuries.
Chemical hazards include flammable agents, cleaning, disinfecting, and
sanitizing compounds, carcinogens, mutagens, teratogens, and radioactive
compounds.
Biological harzard
Zoonotic hazards include infectious agents (biohazards) individuals may
be exposed to when working with laboratory animals. Though fairly
uncommon, they represent potentially serious and fatal hazards to those
working with laboratory animals.
312. Zoonotic hazards include infectious agents (biohazards)
individuals may be exposed to when working with
laboratory animals. Though fairly uncommon, they
represent potentially serious and fatal hazards to those
working with laboratory animals.
Allergen
Rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and cats most important
inducers of allergies in laboratory animal workers.
Allergens present in : urine, saliva, fur, dander, bedding
and other unknown sources are aerosolized during
handling of the animals, clipping hair, cage changing,
dumping bedding and cleaning the animal rooms.
Most commonly manifested as rhinitis, itchy eyes, and
rashes
An estimated 10% of laboratory workers eventually
develop occupationally-related asthma (Occupational
Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Laboratory
Animals, 1997)
313. All personnel involed in animal care must be
trained regarding zoonosis,
handing of waste materials chemical
safety,microbiologic,anesthetic and
radiation harzards
2. Personnel Training
314.
315. 3. Personnel Hygine
•A hight standard of personal cleanliness
is essential for personnel involving in
animal care important that eating, drinking,
smoking or applying cosmetics not be
done in areas where animals are housed
or used.
• Frequent hand washing and daily
showers and/or baths are important
common sense ways for maintaining good
personal hygiene.
• Clean laboratory coats should be used
over street clothes, or work uniforms
should be provided.
316. 4. Personnel protection
• Wearing of gloves when handling animals and animal products.
• Wearing disposable dust mask when working closely around animals, either in
their colony rooms or in the research laboratory.
• Wear a full length laboratory coat, changed regularly, to prevent hair and
danders from being transferred to personal clothing
• Danders and hair from the animals that cling to your clothing have increased
chances of landing on mucous membranes from which they can be
absorbed.
• Wash hands frequently
• Avoid rubbing eyes or placing hands in or around the mouth unless the hands
have been thoroughly washed.
• Wear head covers. Dust from the animal room lodges in hair and acts as a 24-
hour allergic stimulus, even after you have left the animal facility
.• Work with animals in non-recirculating or hepa-filtered exhaust fume hood or
a biosafety cabinet when possible
318. Medical Evaluation and Preventive
Medicine for Personnel
• Every employee who is subject to risk animal
care and use program should undergo medical
evaluation
• It is of particular importance for animal research
workers to be protected against tetanus. A
tetanus booster is needed every ten years.
• Rabies, Vaccination for rabies is strongly
encouraged for animal facility workers who work
with cats and dogs.
• Hepatitis B may also be recommended for
unique research situations.
319. Zoonotic Diseases – Rodents
• The vast majority of mice and rats used in
research are bred in controlled environments
under exacting microbiologic controls with
frequent monitoring. These animals are
generally free of any diseases transmissible to
man. Wild caught rodents and rodents from
facilities lacking standard practices may
present a wide variety of zoonotic diseases
including:
• Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM)
• Hantavirus
• Plague (Yersinia pestis)
• Rat-Bite Fever (Streptobacillus moniliformis)
• Leptospirosis
• Salmonellosis
• Campylobacteriosis
• Dermatomycosis (Ring-Worm)
350. องคกรร หว งปร ทศ
CIOMS: Council for International Organizations for Medical Sciences
ICLAS: International Council for Laboratory Animal Sciences
OLAW: Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (USA)
FELESA: Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations