The document discusses primary health care (PHC) in India. It defines PHC as essential health care that is universally accessible and affordable. The ultimate goal of PHC is better health services for all through equitable distribution and community participation. The key principles of PHC outlined in the Alma-Ata Declaration include intersectoral coordination using appropriate technology. Approaches to PHC include selective PHC, which focuses on combating major diseases, and programs like GOBI-FFF that target growth monitoring, oral rehydration, breastfeeding, immunization, and other interventions. Services provided through PHC in India include maternal and child health care, immunization, disease prevention and control, and essential drug provision. PHC
The course offers an opportunity to develop a holistic understanding of Primary Health Care, its functions, and scope. The course attendants will learn the principles of Primary Health Care, the course is expected to help the students to understand and internalize international health and public health transition facilitating the integration of health sector with other sectors.
The course offers an opportunity to develop a holistic understanding of Primary Health Care, its functions, and scope. The course attendants will learn the principles of Primary Health Care, the course is expected to help the students to understand and internalize international health and public health transition facilitating the integration of health sector with other sectors.
This is just a short & simplified slide made easy for undergraduate level . Important things have been highlighted. Before classifying system,I felt that few terms have to be described, so I have put few extra slides in the beginning.
in this presentation there are the classification of International health agencies in to four groups Multilateral, Bilateral, Nongovernmental, Other, year of establishment, roles in health sectors described in details.
New Organogram of Nepalese Health System (Please check the updated slides on ...Prabesh Ghimire
This slide has been updated to accommodate the recent changes. Please check the following link for the updated presentation:
https://www.slideshare.net/PrabeshGhimire/organogram-organization-structure-of-nepalese-health-system-updated-nov-2021
In this presentation you will get the knowledge about changing concepts of health.
the changing concepts of health has been categorised as follows:
1.Biomedical concept
2.Ecological concept
3.Psychological concept
4.Holistic concept
Health for all- primary health care- millennium development goalsAhmed-Refat Refat
PHC is the essential care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable method and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost they and the country can afford to maintain in the spirit of self reliance and self determination.
Al
Primary Health Care is an essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and acceptable to them through their full participation and at the cost the community and country can afford.
This is just a short & simplified slide made easy for undergraduate level . Important things have been highlighted. Before classifying system,I felt that few terms have to be described, so I have put few extra slides in the beginning.
in this presentation there are the classification of International health agencies in to four groups Multilateral, Bilateral, Nongovernmental, Other, year of establishment, roles in health sectors described in details.
New Organogram of Nepalese Health System (Please check the updated slides on ...Prabesh Ghimire
This slide has been updated to accommodate the recent changes. Please check the following link for the updated presentation:
https://www.slideshare.net/PrabeshGhimire/organogram-organization-structure-of-nepalese-health-system-updated-nov-2021
In this presentation you will get the knowledge about changing concepts of health.
the changing concepts of health has been categorised as follows:
1.Biomedical concept
2.Ecological concept
3.Psychological concept
4.Holistic concept
Health for all- primary health care- millennium development goalsAhmed-Refat Refat
PHC is the essential care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable method and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost they and the country can afford to maintain in the spirit of self reliance and self determination.
Al
Primary Health Care is an essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and acceptable to them through their full participation and at the cost the community and country can afford.
PUBLIC HEALTHPromoting Public health. Introducti.docxamrit47
PUBLIC HEALTH
Promoting Public health.
Introduction:
In order to understand what public health means we need to begin with what health means.
We will use the definition of health that was adopted by the World Health organization (WHO).
The definition of health originated in the Alma Ata Declaration which was signed by participants at a WHO international conference in 1978 on Primary Health Care.
By defining what health means, we will be able to get a firm foundation for then by identifying what differentiate public health from other arenas.
2
Health
Definition of health
According to Alma Ata Declaration, it states that health is a state of complete physical, social and mental wellbeing and not just the absence of disease or infirmity.
Apart from providing the definition of health, The Alma-Ata Declaration also said some important things about health that PHANZ also endorses.
Health is characterized as a fundamental human right as well as attaining the highest possible level of health that is an important social goal worldwide.
3
Continuation:
Alma-Ata Declaration also said some important things about health that PHANZ also endorses.
Apart from providing the definition of health, health is characterized as a fundamental human right as well as attaining the highest possible level of health that is an important social goal worldwide.
The Alma-Ata Declaration recognizes that by realizing the goal, it also required the actions of other social and economic sectors apart from the health sectors.
Continuation
Our own Public Health Advisory Committee further emphasized the importance of recognizing the breadth of the determinants of health. According to the research of the committee, they revealed that the strongest influences on the health of individuals normally comes from the factors that are outside the health system.
They includes the social, physical, cultural and economic environment in which we live
Public Health
It is a science and art of promoting health preventing disease as well as prolonging life through education, research as well as promotion of healthy lifestyle.
Public health focuses on health promotion as well as disease or injury prevention which contrast to the medical model of care.
Medical model of care focuses more on diagnosis and treating illnesses as well as conditions after they occur.
How to differentiate Public health from other health care?
Based on the definition of public health, there are a number of key things that differentiate it from personal health and public health interventions from person health services. These include;
Public health is all about keeping people well instead of treating their diseases, disorders as well as disabilities after they emerged hence this is why the definition of public health emphasizes more on promoting health, prolonging life as well as preventing disease.
Public health focuses more on populations and not individuals hence it is oft ...
Oral health promotion is a comprehensive approach to enhancing the oral health of
families, communities and populations which both
complements and challenges the approach on which formal
health care systems are based.
STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF GOVERNMENT PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS REGARDING...Kailash Nagar
STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF GOVERNMENT PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS REGARDING ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPER ACTIVITY DISORDER IN SELECTED GOVERNMENT PRIMARY SCHOOL OF NADIAD CITY”
Comparative Study of Teaching Approach Nursing Simulation Vs Group Discussion...Kailash Nagar
Comparative Study of Teaching Approach Nursing Simulation Vs Group Discussion on Respiratory Assessment in Terms of Knowledge and Critical Thinking Abilities Among Nursing Students
Perception and Behavioural Outcome towards COVID-19 Vaccine among Students an...Kailash Nagar
ntroduction: Perception and behaviour towards corona vaccine among peoples in India was poor due to some side effects and negative media publicity in primary phases of vaccination. India has developed two types of vaccine (Covaxin and Covishield). During primary phase of corona vaccine we don’t have appropriate research and literature, about side effects and how far vaccine is reliable that why due so some minor side effect and negative media publicity peoples are very scared to take vaccine. So few peoples were started denial get vaccinated. The researcher wan to explore the positivity through the research result to reduce the negative mindset of the peoples toward corona vaccine, Because in India few peoples has fear to take vaccine against corona due to negative media publicity and scared of side effect.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
1. 1
SMCH/HCDS/10: Primary Health Care in India
Quadrant-I
Personal Details
Role Name Affiliation
Principal Investigator Prof. CP Mishra Department of Community Medicine,
Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi
Paper Coordinator Prof. Najam Khalique Department of Community Medicine,
J N Medical College, AMU, Aligarh
Content Writer Dr. M. Salman Shah Assistant Professor
Department of Community Medicine,
J N Medical College, AMU, Aligarh
Content Reviewer
Dr. Anees Ahmad Associate Professor
Department of Community Medicine,
J N Medical College, AMU, Aligarh
Description of Module
Items Description of Module
Subject name Social Medicine & Community Health
Paper name Health Care Delivery System
Module name/Title Primary Health Care in India
Module Id SMCH/HCDS/10
Pre-requisites Knowledge health systems
Objectives To know principles and approaches to primary health care
Keywords Barefoot doctors, Principles of Primary Health Care, GOBI-FFP
2. 2
Introduction
Primary health care as an ideal model of health care was adopted in the declaration of the International
Conference on Primary Health Care held in Alma Ata, Kazakhstan in 1978 (known as the "Alma Ata
Declaration"), and became a core concept of the World Health Organization's goal of Health for all.[6]
The
Alma-Ata Conference mobilized a "Primary Health Care movement" of professionals and institutions,
governments and civil society organizations, researchers and grassroots organizations that undertook to
tackle the "politically, socially and economically unacceptable" health inequalities in all countries. There
were many factors that inspired PHC; a prominent example is the barefoot doctors of China.
Learning outcomes
Upon completion this module, the reader should be able to:
Define Primary health care.
Enumerate Goals and Principles of Primary Health Care
Describe approaches to Primary Health Care
Mention health services in India and Provisions of Primary Health Care
Mention Services provided through Primary Health Care
Main Text
1. Primary Health Care(PHC)
Primary Health Care(PHC) refers to "essential health care" that is based on scientifically sound and
socially acceptable methods and technology, which make universal health care universally accessible to
individuals and families in a community. It is through their full participation and at a cost that the
community and the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-
reliance and self-determination".[1]
In other words, PHC is an approach to health beyond the
traditional health care system that focuses on health equity-producing social policy.[2][3]
PHC includes all
areas that play a role in health, such as access to health services, environment and lifestyle.[4]
Thus,
primary health care and public health measures, taken together, may be considered as the cornerstones of
universal health systems.[5]
2. Goals and principles of Primary Health Care(PHC)
The ultimate goal of primary health care is the attainment of better health services for all. It is for this
reason that World Health Organization (WHO), has identified five key elements to achieving this goal:[9]
reducing exclusion and social disparities in health (universal coverage reforms);
organizing health services around people's needs and expectations (service delivery reforms);
integrating health into all sectors (public policy reforms);
3. 3
pursuing collaborative models of policy dialogue (leadership reforms); and
increasing stakeholder participation.
Behind these elements lies a series of basic principles identified in the Alma Ata Declaration that should
be formulated in national policies in order to launch and sustain PHC as part of a comprehensive health
system and in coordination with other sectors:[1]
Equitable distribution of health care – according to this principle, primary care and other services to meet
the main health problems in a community must be provided equally to all individuals irrespective of their
gender, age, caste, color, urban/rural location and social class.
Community participation – in order to make the fullest use of local, national and other available
resources. Community participation was considered sustainable due to its grass roots nature and emphasis
on self-sufficiency, as opposed to targeted (or vertical) approaches dependent on international
development assistance.[4]
Health workforce development – comprehensive health care relies on adequate number and distribution of
trained physicians, nurses, allied health professions, community health workers and others working as a
health team and supported at the local and referral levels.
Use of appropriate technology – medical technology should be provided that is accessible, affordable,
feasible and culturally acceptable to the community. Examples of appropriate technology include
refrigerators for vaccine cold storage. Less appropriate could include, in many settings, body scanners or
heart-lung machines, which benefit only a small minority concentrated in urban areas. They are generally
not accessible to the poor, but draw a large share of resources.[4]
Multi-sectional approach – recognition that health cannot be improved by intervention within just the
formal health sector; other sectors are equally important in promoting the health and self-reliance of
communities. These sectors include, at least: agriculture (e.g. food security); education; communication
(e.g. concerning prevailing health problems and the methods of preventing and controlling them);
housing; public works (e.g. ensuring an adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation); rural
development; industry; community organizations (including Panchayats or local governments, voluntary
organizations, etc.).
In sum, PHC recognizes that health care is not a short-lived intervention, but an ongoing process of
improving people's lives and alleviating the underlying socioeconomic conditions that contribute to poor
health. The principles link health and development, advocating political interventions, rather than passive
acceptance of economic conditions.[4]
3.Approaches of Primary health care
The primary health care approach has seen significant gains in health were applied even when adverse
economic and political conditions prevail.[10]
Although the declaration made at the Alma-Ata conference deemed to be convincing and plausible in
specifying goals to PHC and achieving more effective strategies, it generated numerous criticisms and
reactions worldwide. Many argued the declaration did not have clear targets, was too broad, and was not
attainable because of the costs and aid needed. As a result, PHC approaches have evolved in different
contexts to account for disparities in resources and local priority health problems; this is alternatively
called the Selective Primary Health Care (SPHC) approach.
4. 4
3.1. Selective PHC
After the year 1978 Alta Alma Conference, the Rockefeller Foundation held a conference in 1979 at its
Bellagio conference center in Italy to address several concerns. Here, the idea of Selective Primary Health
Care was introduced as a strategy to complement comprehensive PHC. It was based on a paper by Julia
Walsh and Kenneth S. Warren entitled “Selective Primary Health Care, an Interim Strategy for Disease
Control in Developing Countries”.[11]
This new framework advocated a more economical feasible
approach to PHC by only targeting specific areas of health, and choosing the most effective treatment
plan in terms of cost and effectiveness. One of the foremost examples of SPHC is "GOBI" (growth
monitoring, oral rehydration, breastfeeding, and immunization),[4]
focusing on combating the main
diseases in developing nations.
3.2.GOBI-FFF
Selective PHC approach consists of techniques known collectively under the acronym "GOBI-FFF". It
focuses on severe population health problems in certain developing countries, where a few diseases are
responsible for high rates of infant and child mortality. Health care planning is employed to see which
diseases require most attention and, subsequently, which intervention can be most effectively applied as
part of primary care in a least-cost method. The targets and effects of Selective PHC are specific and
measurable. The approach aims to prevent most health and nutrition problems before they begin:[12][13]
Growth monitoring: the monitoring of how much infants grow within a period, with the goal to
understand needs for better early nutrition.[4]
Oral rehydration therapy: to combat dehydration associated with diarrhea
Breastfeeding
Immunization
Family planning (birth spacing)
Female education
Food supplementation: for example, iron and folic acid fortification/supplementation to prevent
deficiencies in pregnant women
3.3.PHC and population ageing
Given global demographic trends, with the numbers of people aged 60 and over expected to double by
2025, PHC approaches have taken into account the need for countries to address the consequences
of population ageing. In particular, in the future the majority of older people will be living in developing
countries that are often the least prepared to confront the challenges of rapidly ageing societies, including
high risk of having at least one chronic non-communicable disease, such as diabetes and osteoporosis.[14]
According to WHO, dealing with this increasing burden requires health promotion and disease prevention
intervention at community level as well as disease management strategies within health care systems.
3.4.PHC and mental health
5. 5
Some jurisdictions apply PHC principles in planning and managing their health care services for the
detection, diagnosis and treatment of common mental health conditions at local clinics, and organizing the
referral of more complicated mental health problems to more appropriate levels of mental health care.[15]
3.5.Barefoot Doctors
The "Barefoot doctors" of China were an important inspiration for PHC because they illustrated the
effectiveness of having a health care professional at the community level with community ties. Barefoot
doctors were a diverse array of village health workers who lived in rural areas and received basic health
care training. They stressed rural rather than urban health care, and preventive rather than curative
services. They also provided a combination of western and traditional medicines. They had close
community ties, were relatively low-cost, and perhaps most importantly they encouraged self-reliance
through advocating prevention and hygiene practices.[4]
The program experienced a massive expansion of
rural medical services in China, with the number of barefoot doctors increasing dramatically between the
early 1960s and the Cultural Revolution (1964-1976).
3.6. Criticisms
Although many countries were keen on the idea of primary health care after the Alma Ata conference, the
declaration itself was criticized for being too “idealistic” and “having an unrealistic time table”.[4]
More
specific approaches to prevent and control diseases - based on evidence of prevalence, morbidity,
mortality and feasibility of control (cost-effectiveness) - were subsequently proposed. The best known
model was the Selective PHC approach (described above). Selective PHC favoured short-term goals and
targeted health investment, but it did not address the social causes of disease. As such, the SPHC
approach has been criticized as not following Alma Ata's core principle of everyone's entitlement to
health care and health system development.[4]
In Africa, the PHC system has been extended into isolated rural areas through construction of health posts
and centers that offer basic maternal-child health, immunization, nutrition, first aid, and referral
services.[16]
Implementation of PHC is said to be affected after the introduction of structural
adjustment programs by the World Bank.[16]
4. Health services in India and Provisions of Primary Health Care
4.1.Public health sector
Primary health care
Primary health center
Sub center
Hospital health center
CHC
Rural hospital
District hospital
Specialist hospital
Training hospital
Health insurance scheme
ESI
CGHS
Other
6. 6
Railway
Defence
4.2. Private health sector
Private hospitals, polyclinics, nursing homes and dispensaries
General practitioners and clinics
4.3. Indigenous system of medicine
Ayurveda and Siddha
Unani and Tibbi
Homeopathy
Unregistered practitioners
4.4. Voluntary health agencies
4.5. National health programme
5. Services provided through PHC
Octagon of PHC
Education of the people about prevailing health problems and methods of preventing and
controlling them.
7. 7
Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition.
Adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation.
Maternal and child health care and family planning.
Immunization against major infectious diseases.
Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases.
Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries.
Provision of essential drugs.
5.1.Village level
ASHA
Local resident.
Preferable Age -25-45 yrs
Formal education up to 8th
class.
Communication & leadership qualities
Adequate representation from disadvantaged population
Ensured to serve such groups better.
8. 8
ANM
AWW & ANM –resource person for ASHA.
Organizing Health day.
Mobilizing beneficiaries
Survey of eligible couples & children < 1 Yr
Weekly/fortnightly meeting of ASHAs by ANM.
Preparation of Village Health plan
Composition of VHSNC
50% members should be women.
Every hamlet should have adequate representation along with representative from weaker sections.
30% representation for non government sectors.
Representation to women’s self help group.
Village Health Sanitation & Nutrition Committee (VHSNC)
Create awareness about nutritional issues
Carry out survey on nutritional status and nutritional deficiencies in the village
Identify locally available food stuffs of high nutrient value as well as disseminate and promote best
practices (traditional wisdom) congruent with local culture, capabilities and physical environment
through a process of community consultation.
Inclusion of nutritional needs in the village health plan and facilitate its working in improving
9. 9
nutritional status of women and children. .
Monitoring and supervision of village health and nutrition day to ensure that it is organized every
month in the village with the active participation of the whole village.
Facilitate early detection of malnourished children in the community, tie up referral to the
nearest nutritional rehabilitation centre (NRC) as well as follow up for sustained outcome.
Supervise the functioning of anganwadi centre (AWC) in the village
Act as a grievances redressal forum on health and nutrition issues
5.2.Sub centre level
One per 5000 population in general & one for every 3000 population in hilly region.
As of 2007, total sub centers in our country –1,45,272, as 2011 1,48,124.
Approved staff – One ANM + One MPW.
One Health Assistant (Male) & One Health Assistant (Female –Lady Health Visitors) – located at PHC
level are entrusted with task of supervision of six Sub Centers under a PHCs.
Rogi Kalyan Samiti (Patient Welfare Committee)
Simple yet effective management structure
A registered society, acts as a group of trustees for the hospitals to manage the affairs of the hospital.
It consists of members from
Local Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs),
NGOs,
Local elected representatives and
Officials from government sector who are responsible for proper functioning and management
of the hospital / Community Health Centre / FRUs.
RKS / HMS is free to prescribe, generate and use the funds with it as per its best judgment for smooth
functioning and maintaining the quality of services.
10. 10
Summary
PHC includes all areas that play a role in health, such as access to health services, environment and
lifestyle. Primary health care and public health measures, taken together, may be considered as the
cornerstones of universal health systems. The ultimate goal of primary health care is the attainment of
better health services for all through equitable distribution, community participation, intersectoral
coordination, using appropriate technology.
References:
1. World Health Organization. Declaration of Alma-Ata. Adopted at the International Conference
on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, USSR, 6–12 September 1978.
2. Starfield, Barbara. "Politics, primary healthcare and health." J Epidemiol Community
Health 2011;65:653–655 doi:10.1136/jech.2009.102780
3. Public Health Agency of Canada. About Primary Health Care. Accessed 12 July 2011.
4. Marcos, Cueto (2004). "The Origins of Primary Health Care and Selective Primary Health Care."
Am J Public Health. 22 94: 1864–1874.doi:10.2105/ajph.94.11.1864.
5. White F. Primary health care and public health: foundations of universal health systems. Med
Princ Pract 2015 doi:10.1159/000370197
6. Secretariat, WHO. "International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata: twenty-fifth
anniversary" (PDF). Report by the Secretariat. WHO. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
7. Bulletin of the World Health Organization (October 2008). "Consensus during the Cold War:
back to Alma-Ata". World Health Organization.
8. Bulletin of the World Health Organization (December 2008). "China’s village doctors take great
strides". World Health Organization.
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11. 11
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