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"UH, OH. WE MIGHT BE IN TROUBLE" - An Emergency Message from History Is A Weapon (please click)
A PEOPLE'S HIST ORY OF T HE UNIT ED ST AT ES by Howard Zinn
Table of CONTENTS
Chapter 5: A KIND OF REVOLUTION
The American victory over the British army was made possible by the existence of an already- armed
people. Just about every white male had a gun, and could shoot. The Revolutionary leadership distrusted
the mobs of poor. But they knew the Revolution had no appeal to slaves and Indians. They would have to
woo the armed white population.
This was not easy. Yes, mechanics and sailors, some others, were incensed against the British. But
general enthusiasm for the war was not strong. While much of the white male population went into military
service at one time or another during the war, only a small fraction stayed. John Shy, in his study of the
Revolutionary army (A People Numerous and Armed), says they "grew weary of being bullied by local
committees of safety, by corrupt deputy assistant commissaries of supply, and by bands of ragged
strangers with guns in their hands calling themselves soldiers of the Revolution." Shy estimates that
perhaps a fifth of the population was actively treasonous. John Adams had estimated a third opposed, a
third in support, a third neutral.
Alexander Hamilton, an aide of George Washington and an up-and-coming member of the new elite,
wrote from his headquarters: ". . . our countrymen have all the folly of the ass and all the passiveness of
the sheep... . They are determined not to be free.. . . If we are saved, France and Spain must save us."
Slavery got in the way in the South. South Carolina, insecure since the slave uprising in Stono in 1739,
could hardly fight against the British; her militia had to be used to keep slaves under control.
The men who first joined the colonial militia were generally "hallmarks of respectability or at least of full
citizenship" in their communities, Shy says. Excluded from the militia were friendly Indians, free Negroes,
white servants, and free white men who had no stable home. But desperation led to the recruiting of the
less respectable whites. Massachusetts and Virginia provided for drafting "strollers" (vagrants) into the
militia. In fact, the military became a place of promise for the poor, who might rise in rank, acquire some
money, change their social status.
Here was the traditional device by which those in charge of any social order mobilize and discipline a
recalcitrant population-offering the adventure and rewards of military service to get poor people to fight
for a cause they may not see clearly as their own. A wounded American lieutenant at Bunker Hill,
interviewed by Peter Oliver, a Tory (who admittedly might have been looking for such a response), told
how he had joined the rebel forces:
I was a Shoemaker, & got my living by my Labor. When this Rebellion came on, I
saw some of my Neighbors got into Commission, who were no b.
Essay about Civil War
Civil War: A Short Story
Effects of Civil War Essay
Causes of the Civil War Essay
The English Civil War Essay
The Civil War Essay
Resisting the Professional MilitaryDuring the American Revol.docxronak56
Resisting the Professional Military
During the American Revolution
CLAUDIA MORELAND AND TOBY TERRAR
In recent times, many American National Guard troops have resisted
foreign deployment, including ten thousand who have deserted from
the Iraq War or committed suicide. Deserter Camilo Mejia tied
resistance to foreign war being ‘‘outside our normal duties, which [are]
to provide disaster relief at the state level.’’ Some have filed lawsuits
invoking the Nuremberg Principles, international law, and the principle
that disobedience is not reprehensible, criminal wars are. There was
similar resistance to Kosovo, the Persian Gulf War, and Afghanistan.
Starting in January 1985, the governors of California, Massachusetts,
Ohio, Vermont, Washington, and Maine attempted to exercise their
authority to prevent National Guard troops from deploying to
Honduras. Earlier, it was the public outcry resulting from the
Vietnam War and the deployment there of non-professional, high-
school-age youth that helped bring the abolition of the draft. Even with
the voluntary military, resistance continues with many youth refusing
recruitment despite promises of economic success, job training,
educational benefits, health care, travel, and adventure. Voters turn
out presidents and politicians for supporting the military.
R
esistance to foreign deployment is as ancient as foreign deploy-
ment itself. The challenge in studying it during the American
Revolutionary period is to overcome the tradition of writing from the
perspective of prominent figures such as George Washington. His views
and those of other elites were not necessarily those of the rank and file.
Even worse, as one scholar has noted, most studies dealing with the
militia are nothing but ‘‘ad hominem and from authority’’ attacks issued
by those beholden to the career military.
When history is written from the basic sources, a different story
emerges. The basic source here is the militia experience of two Fairfield
County South Carolina farmers, James Wilson (1752–1836) and
William Hogan (1760–1836). They are studied because there is extensive
Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 22:73–81
Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN 1040-2659 print; 1469-9982 online
DOI: 10.1080/10402650903539992
73
documentation about them and because they were representative in
being, like a majority of the population, subsistent producers and were
neither rich nor poor. It also happens that the authors grew up hearing
about them, as they were our ancestors.
From 1778 to 1782, Wilson and Hogan participated in eight
documented militia tours, each of which lasted from two weeks to three
months and spanned distances of 30 to 365 miles from their homes.
Their tours involved them in little-known operations and in well-known
events found in published histories, among which were the Third
Florida Expedition (June–August 1778), the Granby Campaign (May
1781), and the Moncks Corner and Quinby ...
This document provides a summary of African American participation and experiences in major American wars from the Revolutionary War through World War I. It describes how African Americans fought for both sides in early wars and sought freedom and to prove their humanity. It highlights individual freedom fighters and soldiers who distinguished themselves in battle. It also discusses the context of slavery and racial attitudes during each war period and how African American soldiers faced discrimination but continued serving to fight for their rights.
The Civil War in Nigeria was caused by ethnic and political tensions between the different peoples in Nigeria, which was formed as a colonial construct without regard for historical African boundaries. After a military coup in 1966 favored Igbos, a counter-coup led to massacres of Igbos in the North. This caused the Eastern region, dominated by Igbos, to secede as the republic of Biafra in 1967. The Nigerian government refused to accept secession and fought a brutal civil war from 1967-1970 to keep Nigeria unified, culminating in the defeat of Biafra.
Problem 1
Problem 2 (two screen shots)
Problem 3 (two screen shots)
Problem 4 (three screen shots)
Problem 5 (one screen shot)
Problem 6 (six screenshots plus a data table)
.
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entrie.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entries L.O. P1, P2, P3, P4
[The following information applies to the questions displayed below.]
Edison Company manufactures wool blankets and accounts for product costs using process costing. The following information is available regarding its May inventories.
Beginning
Inventory
Ending
Inventory
Raw materials inventory
$
60,000
$
41,000
Goods in process inventory
449,000
521,500
Finished goods inventory
610,000
342,001
The following additional information describes the company's production activities for May.
Raw materials purchases (on credit)
$
250,000
Factory payroll cost (paid in cash)
1,850,300
Other overhead cost (Other Accounts credited)
82,000
Materials used
Direct
$
200,500
Indirect
50,000
Labor used
Direct
$
1,060,300
Indirect
790,000
Overhead rate as a percent of direct labor
115
%
Sales (on credit)
$
3,000,000
The predetermined overhead rate was computed at the beginning of the year as 115% of direct labor cost.
\\\\\
rev: 11_02_2011
references
1.
value:
2.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 1
Required:
1(a)
Compute the cost of products transferred from production to finished goods. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of products transferred
$
1(b)
Compute the cost of goods sold. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of goods sold
$
rev: 10_31_2011
check my workeBook Links (4)references
2.
value:
5.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 2
2(a)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the raw materials purchases. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(b)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(c)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(d)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the payroll costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(e)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(f)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(g)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the other overhead costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(h)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the overhead applied. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(i)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the goods transferred from production to finished goods.(Omit the "$" sign in yo.
Problem 2 Obtain Io.Let x be the current through j2, ..docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 2: Obtain Io.
Let x be the current through j2, .
Let .
.
.
.
………..1.
…………2.
.
.
…………3.
……………….4.
Solving these 4 equations we can get .
.
Problem 1:Find currents I1, I2, and I3
Problem 2: Obtain Io
Problem 3:Obtain io
.
Problem 1On April 1, 20X4, Rojas purchased land by giving $100,000.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1On April 1, 20X4, Rojas purchased land by giving $100,000 in cash and executing a $400,000 note payable to the former owner. The note bears interest at 10% per annum, with interest being payable annually on March 31 of each year. Rojas is also required to make a $100,000 payment toward the note's principal on every March 31.(a)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the land purchase on April 1, 20X4.(b)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the year-end interest accrual on December 31, 20X4.(c)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the payment of interest and principal on March 31, 20X5.(d)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the year-end interest accrual on December 31, 20X5.(e)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the payment of interest and principal on March 31, 20X6.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.01
B-13.01
Worksheet 1(a), (b), (c), (d), (e)GENERAL JOURNALDateAccountsDebitCredit04-01-X412-31-X403-31-X512-31-X503-31-X6
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.01
B-13.01
Problem 2Ace Brick company issued $100,000 of 5-year bonds. The bonds were issued at par on January 1, 20X1, and bear interest at a rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the bond issue on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Ace would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Ace would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.06
B-13.06
Worksheet 2(a)(b)(c)GENERAL JOURNAL DateAccountsDebitCreditIssueInterestMaturity
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.06
B-13.06
Problem 3Erik Food Supply Company issued $100,000 of face amount of 4-year bonds on January 1, 20X1. The bonds were issued at 98, and bear interest at a stated rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually. The discount is amortized by the straight-line method.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the initial issuance on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Erik would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Erik would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.08
B-13.08
Worksheet 3(a)(b)(c)GENERAL JOURNAL DateAccountsDebitCreditIssueInterestMaturity
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.08
B-13.08
Problem 4Horton Micro Chip Company issued $100,000 of face amount of 6-year bonds on January 1, 20X1. The bonds were issed at 103, and bear interest at a stated rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually. The premium is amortized by the straight-line method.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the initial issue on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Horton would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Horton would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad We.
Essay about Civil War
Civil War: A Short Story
Effects of Civil War Essay
Causes of the Civil War Essay
The English Civil War Essay
The Civil War Essay
Resisting the Professional MilitaryDuring the American Revol.docxronak56
Resisting the Professional Military
During the American Revolution
CLAUDIA MORELAND AND TOBY TERRAR
In recent times, many American National Guard troops have resisted
foreign deployment, including ten thousand who have deserted from
the Iraq War or committed suicide. Deserter Camilo Mejia tied
resistance to foreign war being ‘‘outside our normal duties, which [are]
to provide disaster relief at the state level.’’ Some have filed lawsuits
invoking the Nuremberg Principles, international law, and the principle
that disobedience is not reprehensible, criminal wars are. There was
similar resistance to Kosovo, the Persian Gulf War, and Afghanistan.
Starting in January 1985, the governors of California, Massachusetts,
Ohio, Vermont, Washington, and Maine attempted to exercise their
authority to prevent National Guard troops from deploying to
Honduras. Earlier, it was the public outcry resulting from the
Vietnam War and the deployment there of non-professional, high-
school-age youth that helped bring the abolition of the draft. Even with
the voluntary military, resistance continues with many youth refusing
recruitment despite promises of economic success, job training,
educational benefits, health care, travel, and adventure. Voters turn
out presidents and politicians for supporting the military.
R
esistance to foreign deployment is as ancient as foreign deploy-
ment itself. The challenge in studying it during the American
Revolutionary period is to overcome the tradition of writing from the
perspective of prominent figures such as George Washington. His views
and those of other elites were not necessarily those of the rank and file.
Even worse, as one scholar has noted, most studies dealing with the
militia are nothing but ‘‘ad hominem and from authority’’ attacks issued
by those beholden to the career military.
When history is written from the basic sources, a different story
emerges. The basic source here is the militia experience of two Fairfield
County South Carolina farmers, James Wilson (1752–1836) and
William Hogan (1760–1836). They are studied because there is extensive
Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 22:73–81
Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN 1040-2659 print; 1469-9982 online
DOI: 10.1080/10402650903539992
73
documentation about them and because they were representative in
being, like a majority of the population, subsistent producers and were
neither rich nor poor. It also happens that the authors grew up hearing
about them, as they were our ancestors.
From 1778 to 1782, Wilson and Hogan participated in eight
documented militia tours, each of which lasted from two weeks to three
months and spanned distances of 30 to 365 miles from their homes.
Their tours involved them in little-known operations and in well-known
events found in published histories, among which were the Third
Florida Expedition (June–August 1778), the Granby Campaign (May
1781), and the Moncks Corner and Quinby ...
This document provides a summary of African American participation and experiences in major American wars from the Revolutionary War through World War I. It describes how African Americans fought for both sides in early wars and sought freedom and to prove their humanity. It highlights individual freedom fighters and soldiers who distinguished themselves in battle. It also discusses the context of slavery and racial attitudes during each war period and how African American soldiers faced discrimination but continued serving to fight for their rights.
The Civil War in Nigeria was caused by ethnic and political tensions between the different peoples in Nigeria, which was formed as a colonial construct without regard for historical African boundaries. After a military coup in 1966 favored Igbos, a counter-coup led to massacres of Igbos in the North. This caused the Eastern region, dominated by Igbos, to secede as the republic of Biafra in 1967. The Nigerian government refused to accept secession and fought a brutal civil war from 1967-1970 to keep Nigeria unified, culminating in the defeat of Biafra.
Problem 1
Problem 2 (two screen shots)
Problem 3 (two screen shots)
Problem 4 (three screen shots)
Problem 5 (one screen shot)
Problem 6 (six screenshots plus a data table)
.
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entrie.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entries L.O. P1, P2, P3, P4
[The following information applies to the questions displayed below.]
Edison Company manufactures wool blankets and accounts for product costs using process costing. The following information is available regarding its May inventories.
Beginning
Inventory
Ending
Inventory
Raw materials inventory
$
60,000
$
41,000
Goods in process inventory
449,000
521,500
Finished goods inventory
610,000
342,001
The following additional information describes the company's production activities for May.
Raw materials purchases (on credit)
$
250,000
Factory payroll cost (paid in cash)
1,850,300
Other overhead cost (Other Accounts credited)
82,000
Materials used
Direct
$
200,500
Indirect
50,000
Labor used
Direct
$
1,060,300
Indirect
790,000
Overhead rate as a percent of direct labor
115
%
Sales (on credit)
$
3,000,000
The predetermined overhead rate was computed at the beginning of the year as 115% of direct labor cost.
\\\\\
rev: 11_02_2011
references
1.
value:
2.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 1
Required:
1(a)
Compute the cost of products transferred from production to finished goods. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of products transferred
$
1(b)
Compute the cost of goods sold. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of goods sold
$
rev: 10_31_2011
check my workeBook Links (4)references
2.
value:
5.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 2
2(a)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the raw materials purchases. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(b)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(c)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(d)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the payroll costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(e)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(f)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(g)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the other overhead costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(h)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the overhead applied. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(i)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the goods transferred from production to finished goods.(Omit the "$" sign in yo.
Problem 2 Obtain Io.Let x be the current through j2, ..docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 2: Obtain Io.
Let x be the current through j2, .
Let .
.
.
.
………..1.
…………2.
.
.
…………3.
……………….4.
Solving these 4 equations we can get .
.
Problem 1:Find currents I1, I2, and I3
Problem 2: Obtain Io
Problem 3:Obtain io
.
Problem 1On April 1, 20X4, Rojas purchased land by giving $100,000.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1On April 1, 20X4, Rojas purchased land by giving $100,000 in cash and executing a $400,000 note payable to the former owner. The note bears interest at 10% per annum, with interest being payable annually on March 31 of each year. Rojas is also required to make a $100,000 payment toward the note's principal on every March 31.(a)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the land purchase on April 1, 20X4.(b)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the year-end interest accrual on December 31, 20X4.(c)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the payment of interest and principal on March 31, 20X5.(d)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the year-end interest accrual on December 31, 20X5.(e)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the payment of interest and principal on March 31, 20X6.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.01
B-13.01
Worksheet 1(a), (b), (c), (d), (e)GENERAL JOURNALDateAccountsDebitCredit04-01-X412-31-X403-31-X512-31-X503-31-X6
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.01
B-13.01
Problem 2Ace Brick company issued $100,000 of 5-year bonds. The bonds were issued at par on January 1, 20X1, and bear interest at a rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the bond issue on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Ace would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Ace would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.06
B-13.06
Worksheet 2(a)(b)(c)GENERAL JOURNAL DateAccountsDebitCreditIssueInterestMaturity
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.06
B-13.06
Problem 3Erik Food Supply Company issued $100,000 of face amount of 4-year bonds on January 1, 20X1. The bonds were issued at 98, and bear interest at a stated rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually. The discount is amortized by the straight-line method.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the initial issuance on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Erik would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Erik would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.08
B-13.08
Worksheet 3(a)(b)(c)GENERAL JOURNAL DateAccountsDebitCreditIssueInterestMaturity
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.08
B-13.08
Problem 4Horton Micro Chip Company issued $100,000 of face amount of 6-year bonds on January 1, 20X1. The bonds were issed at 103, and bear interest at a stated rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually. The premium is amortized by the straight-line method.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the initial issue on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Horton would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Horton would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad We.
Problem 17-1 Dividends and Taxes [LO2]Dark Day, Inc., has declar.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 17-1 Dividends and Taxes [LO2]
Dark Day, Inc., has declared a $5.60 per share dividend. Suppose capital gains are not taxed, but dividends are taxed at 15 percent. New IRS regulations require that taxes be withheld at the time the dividend is paid. Dark Day sells for $94.10 per share, and the stock is about to go ex-dividend.
What do you think the ex-dividend price will be? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
Ex-dividend price
$
Problem 17-2 Stock Dividends [LO3]
The owners’ equity accounts for Alexander International are shown here:
Common stock ($0.60 par value)
$
45,000
Capital surplus
340,000
Retained earnings
748,120
Total owners’ equity
$
1,133,120
a-1
If Alexander stock currently sells for $30 per share and a 10 percent stock dividend is declared, how many new shares will be distributed?
New shares issued
a-2
Show how the equity accounts would change.
Common stock
$
Capital surplus
Retained earnings
Total owners’ equity
$
b-1
If instead Alexander declared a 20 percent stock dividend, how many new shares will be distributed?
New shares issued
b-2
Show how the equity accounts would change. (Negative amount should be indicated by a minus sign.)
Common stock
$
Capital surplus
Retained earnings
Total owners’ equity
$
Problem 17-3 Stock Splits [LO3]
The owners' equity accounts for Alexander International are shown here.
Common stock ($0.50 par value)
$
35,000
Capital surplus
320,000
Retained earnings
708,120
Total owners’ equity
$
1,063,120
a-1
If Alexander declares a five-for-one stock split, how many shares are outstanding now?
New shares outstanding
a-2
What is the new par value per share? (Round your answer to 3 decimal places. (e.g., 32.161))
New par value
$ per share
b-1
If Alexander declares a one-for-seven reverse stock split, how many shares are outstanding now?
New shares outstanding
b-2
What is the new par value per share? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New par value
$ per share
Problem 17-4 Stock Splits and Stock Dividends [LO3]
Red Rocks Corporation (RRC) currently has 485,000 shares of stock outstanding that sell for $40 per share. Assuming no market imperfections or tax effects exist, what will the share price be after:
a.
RRC has a four-for-three stock split? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
b.
RRC has a 15 percent stock dividend? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
c.
RRC has a 54.5 percent stock dividend? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
d.
RRC has a two-for-seven reverse stock split? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
Determine the new number of shares outstanding in parts (a) through (d).
a.
New shares outstanding
b.
New shares o.
Problem 1Problem 1 - Constant-Growth Common StockWhat is the value.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Problem 1 - Constant-Growth Common StockWhat is the value of a common stock if the firm's earnings and dividends are growing annually at 10%, the current dividend is $1.32,and investors require a 15% return on investment?What is the stock's rate of return if the market price of the stock is $35?
Problem 2Problem 2 - Preferred Stock Price and ReturnA firm has preferred stock outstanding with a $1,000 par value and a $40 annual dividend with no maturity. If the required rate of return is 9%, what is the price of the preferred stock?The market price of a firm's preferred stock is $24 and pays an annual dividend of $2.50. If the stock's par value is $1,000 and it has no maturity, what is the return on the preferred stock?
Problem 3Problem 3 - Bond Valuation and YieldA bond has a par value of $1,000, pays $50 semiannually and has a maturity of 10 years.If the bond earns 12% per year, what is the price of the bond?RateNperPMTFVTypePVWhat is the yield to maturity for the bond?NperPMTPVFVTypeRateWhat would be the bond's price if the rate earned declined to 8% per year?RateNperPMTFVTypePVIf the maturity period is reduced to 5 years and the required rate of return is 8%, what would be the price of the bond?RateNperPMTFVTypePVWhat is the yield to maturity for the bond when the maturity is 5 years and the required rate of return is 8%?NperPMTPVFVTypeRateWhat generalizations about bond prices, interest rates and maturity periods can be made based on the calculations made above?
Problem 4Problem 4 - Callable BondsThe following bonds have a par value of $1,000 and the required rate of return is 10%.Bond XY: 5¼ percent coupon, with interest paid annually for 20 yearsBond AB: 14 percent coupon, with interest paid annually for 20 yearsWhat is each bond's current market price?Bond XYBond ABRateNperPMTFVTypePVIf current interest rates are 9%, which bond would you expect to be called? Explain.
Exercise 10-5
During the month of March, Olinger Company’s employees earned wages of $69,500. Withholdings related to these wages were $5,317 for Social Security (FICA), $8,145 for federal income tax, $3,366 for state income tax, and $434 for union dues. The company incurred no cost related to these earnings for federal unemployment tax but incurred $760 for state unemployment tax.
Prepare the necessary March 31 journal entry to record salaries and wages expense and salaries and wages payable. Assume that wages earned during March will be paid during April. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Mar. 31
SHOW LIST OF ACCOUNTS
LINK TO TEXT
Prepare the entry to record the company’s payroll tax expense. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Mar. 31
===========================================
E.
Problem 1Prescott, Inc., manufactures bookcases and uses an activi.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Prescott, Inc., manufactures bookcases and uses an activity-based costing system. Prescott's activity areas and related data follows:ActivityBudgeted Cost
of ActivityAllocation BaseCost Allocation
RateMaterials handling$230,000Number of parts$0.50Assembly3,200,000Direct labor hours16.00Finishing180,000Number of finished
units4.50Prescott produced two styles of bookcases in October: the standard bookcase and an unfinished bookcase, which has fewer parts and requires no finishing. The totals for quantities, direct
materials costs, and other data follow:ProductTotal Units
ProducedTotal Direct
Materials CostsTotal Direct
Labor CostsTotal Number
of PartsTotal Assembling
Direct Labor HoursStandard bookcase3,000$36,000$45,0009,0004,500Unfinished bookcase3,50035,00035,0007,0003,500Requirements:1. Compute the manufacturing product cost per unit of each type of bookcase.2. Suppose that pre-manufacturing activities, such as product design, were assigned to the standard bookcases at $7 each, and to the unfinished bookcases at $2 each. Similar analyses
were conducted of post-manufacturing activities such as distribution, marketing, and customer service. The post-manufacturing costs were $22 per standard bookcase and $14 per
unfinished bookcase. Compute the full product costs per unit.3. Which product costs are reported in the external financial statements? Which costs are used for management decision making? Explain the difference.4. What price should Prescott's managers set for unfinished bookcases to earn $15 per bookcase?
Problem 2Corbertt Pharmaceuticals manufactures an over-the-counter allergy medication. The company sells both large commercial containers of 1,000 capsules to health-care facilities
and travel packs of 20 capsules to shops in airports, train stations, and hotels. The following information has been developed to determine if an activity-based costing system
would be beneficial:ActivityEstimated Indirect Activity
CostsAllocation BaseEstimated Quantity of
Allocation BaseMaterials handling$95,000Kilos19,000 kilosPackaging219,000Machine hours5,475 hoursQuality assurance124,500Samples2,075 samplesTotal indirect costs$438,500Other production information includes the following:Commercial ContainersTravel PacksUnits produced3,500 containers57,000 packsWeight in kilos14,0005,700Machine hours2,625570Number of samples700855Requirements:1. Compute the cost allocation rate for each activity.2. Use the activity-based cost allocation rates to compute the activity costs per unit of the commercial containers and the travel packs. (Hint: First compute the total activity
cost allocated to each product line, and then compute the cost per unit.)3. Corbertt's original single-allocation-base costing system allocated indirect costs to produce at $157 per machine hour. Compute the total indirect costs allocated to the
commercial containers and to the travel packs under the original system. Then compute the indirect cost per unit for ea.
Problem 1Preston Recliners manufactures leather recliners and uses.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Preston Recliners manufactures leather recliners and uses flexible budgeting and a standard cost system. Preston allocates overhead based on yards of direct materials. The company's performance report includes the following selected data:Static Budget
(1,000 recliners)Actual Results
(980 recliners)Sales (1,000 recliners X $495)$495,000 (980 recliners X $475)$465,500Variable manufacturing costs: Direct materials (6,000 yds @ $8.80/yard)52,800 (6,150 yds @ $8.60/yard)52,890 Direct labor (10,000 hrs @ $9.20/hour)92,000 (9,600 hrs @ $9.30/hour)89,280Variable overhead (6,000 yds @ $5.00/yard)30,000 (6,510 yds @ $6.40/yard)39,360Fixed manufacturing costs: Fixed overhead60,00062,000Total cost of goods sold$234,800$243,530Gross profit$260,200$221,970Requirements:1. Prepare a flexible budget based on the actual number of recliners sold.2. Compute the price variance and the efficiency variance for direct materials and for direct labor. For manufacturing overhead, compute the variable overhead spending, variable overhead efficiency, fixed overhead spending, and fixed overhead volume variances.3. Have Preston's managers done a good job or a poor job controlling materials, labor, and overhead costs? Why?4. Describe how Preston's managers can benefit from the standard costing system.
Problem 2AllTalk Technologies manufactures capacitors for cellular base stations and other communications applications. The company's January 2012 flexible budget income statement shows output levels of 6,500, 8,000, and 10,000 units. The static budget was based on expected sales of 8,000 units.ALLTALK TECHNOLOGIES
Flexible Budget Income Statement
Month Ended January 31, 2012Per UnitBy Units (Capacitors)6,5008,00010,000Sales revenue$24$156,000$192,000$240,000Variable expenses$1065,00080,000100,000Contribution margin$91,000$112,000$140,000Fixed expenses53,00053,00053,000Operating income$38,000$59,000$87,000The company sold 10,000 units during January, and its actual operating income was as follows:ALLTALK TECHNOLOGIES
Income Statement
Month Ended January 31, 2012Sales revenue$246,000Variable expenses104,500Contribution margin$141,500Fixed expenses54,000Operating income$87,500Requirements:1. Prepare an income statement performance report for January.2. What was the effect on AllTalk's operating income of selling 2,000 units more than the static budget level of sales?3. What is AllTalk's static budget variance? Explain why the income statement performance report provides more useful information to AllTalk's managers than the simple static budget variance. What insights can AllTalk's managers draw from this performance report?
Problem 3Java manufacturers coffee mugs that it sells to other companies for customizing with their own logos. Java prepares flexible budgets and uses a standard cost system to control manufacturing costs. The standard unit.
Problem 1Pro Forma Income Statement and Balance SheetBelow is the .docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Pro Forma Income Statement and Balance SheetBelow is the income statement and balance sheet for Blue Bill Corporation for 2013. Based on the historical statements and theadditional information provided, construct the firm's pro forma income statement and balance sheet for 2014.Blue Bill CorporationIncome StatementFor the year ended 2013Projected201220132014Revenue$60,000$63,000Cost of goods sold42,00044,100Gross margin18,00018,900SG&A expense6,0006,300Depreciation expense1,8002,000Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT)10,20010,600Interest expense1,5001,800Taxable income8,7008,800Income Tax Expense3,0453,080Net income5,6555,720Dividends750800To retained earnings$4,905$4,920Additional income statement information:Sales will increase by 5% in 2014 from 2013 levels.COGS and SG&A will be the average percent of sales for the last 2 years.Depreciation expense will increase to $2,200.Interest expense will be $1,900.The tax rate is 35%.Dividend payout will increase to $850.Blue Bill CorporationBalance SheetDecember 31, 2013Projected20132014Current assetsCash$8,000Accounts receivable3,150Inventory9,450Total current assets20,600Property, plant, and equipment (PP&E)28,500Accumulated depreciation16,400Net PP&E12,100Total assets$32,700Current liabilitesAccounts payable$3,780Bank loan (10%)3,200Other current liabilities1,250Total current liabilities8,230Long-term debt (12%)4,800Common stock1,250Retained earnings18,420Total liabilities and equity$32,700Additional balance sheet information:The minimum cash balance is 12% of sales.Working capital accounts (accounts receivable, accounts payable, and inventory) will be the same percent of sales in 2014 as they were in 2013.$8,350 of new PP&E will be purchased in 2014.Other current liabilities will be 3% of sales in 2014.There will be no changes in the common stock or long-term debt accounts.The plug figure (the last number entered that makes the balance sheet balance) is bank loan.
1
Rough Draft
Rough Draft
Rasmussen College
Metro Dental Care is a dental office that provides affordable, convenient, and high quality of care to patients. As a patient at Metro, I personally believe that Metro Dental Care is one of the best dental clinics around, and that’s why I have chosen this company. Metro Dental Care measures their results by recording patient satisfaction.
Managing financial reports, and the quality of service they provide to their customers. Furthermore, the dentists and staff at Metro Dental Care know how important your smile is. Their mission statement states “We pride ourselves in making your smile look great so you not only look good, but feel confident with your smile.”
Metro Dental Care offers convenience for their patients with more than 40 offices throughout the Minneapolis and St. Paul metro area offering flexible hours including early morning, evening and Saturday appointments. Whether you work or live Metro Dental Care has a location near you. Metro Dental .
Problem 2-1PROBLEM 2-1Solution Legend= Value given in problemGiven.docxChantellPantoja184
This document provides a solution to Problem 2-1. It begins by listing the values given in the problem statement. The document then likely shows the step-by-step work and calculations to arrive at the solution for Problem 2-1, ending with the final answer.
PROBLEM 14-6AProblem 14-6A Norwoods Borrowings1. Total amount of .docxChantellPantoja184
PROBLEM 14-6AProblem 14-6A: Norwoods Borrowings1. Total amount of each installment payment.Present value of an ordinary annuity$200,000Interest per period(i)0.08Number of periods(n)5Total amount of each installment payment($50,091.29)Therefore the total amount of each installment payment is $ 50,091.292.Norwoods Amortization TablePeriod Ending DateBeginning balance Interest expenseNotes PayableCash paymentEnding Balance10/31/15$200,000.00$16,000.00$34,091.29$50,091.29$165,908.7110/31/16$165,909.00$13,272.72$36,818.57$50,091.29$129,090.4310/31/17$129,090.43$10,327.23$39,764.06$50,091.29$89,326.3710/31/18$89,326.37$7,146.11$42,945.18$50,091.29$46,381.1910/31/19$46,381.19$3,710.50$46,380.79$50,091.29$0.403.a) Accrued interest as December 31st 2015Accrued interest expense = $200,000*8%*2/12= $2,666.67. Thus the journal entry is as shown below:DescriptionDr($)Cr($)interest expense $2,666.67 Interest payable $2,666.67b) The first annual payment on the note.Ten more months of interest has accrued $200,000*8%*10/12 =$13,333.33 accrued interest .Therefore the journal entry is as shown below:DescriptionDr($)Cr($)Notes payable$34,091.29interest expense$13,333.33interest payable$2,666.67 Cash$50,091.29
PROBLEM 14-7AProblem 14-7AQuestion 1a) Debt to equity ratiosPulaski CompanyScott Company Total liabilities$360,000.00$240,000.00Total Equity$500,000.00$200,000.00Debt-Equity Ratio0.721.2Question 2The debt to equity ratio measures the amount of debt a company uses has to finance its business for every dollar of equity it has. A higher debt to equity ratio implies that a company uses more debt than equity for financing. In this case, the debt to equity ratio for Pulaski Company is 0.72 which is less than 1 implying that the stockholder's equity exceeds the amount of debt borrowed. Thus Pulaski Company may not likely suffer from risks brought about by huge amount of debts in the capital structure. On the other hand, the debt to equity ratio of Scott Company is 1.2 which is greater than 1 implying that the debt exceeds the totalamount stockholders equity. Huge debts is associated with a lot of risks. First, there is the risk of defaulting whereby the company may be unable to repay its debt and therefore leading to bankruptcy. Second, a company may find it difficult to obtain additional funding from creditors.This is because the creditors prefer companies with low debt to equity ratio. Finally, there is the risks of violating the debt covenants. A covenant is an agreement that requires a company to maintain adequate financial ratio levels. Too much borrowings may violate this covenant. Since ScottCompany has a higher debt to equity ratio, it may experience these risks which may eventually lead to the company being declared bankrupt .
PROBLEM 14-6BProblem 14-6B: Gordon Enterprises Borrowings1. Total amount of each installment payment.Present value of an ordi.
Problem 13-3AThe stockholders’ equity accounts of Ashley Corpo.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 13-3A
The stockholders’ equity accounts of Ashley Corporation on January 1, 2012, were as follows.
Preferred Stock (8%, $49 par, cumulative, 10,200 shares authorized)
$ 387,100
Common Stock ($1 stated value, 1,937,100 shares authorized)
1,408,700
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par—Preferred Stock
123,200
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value—Common Stock
1,496,800
Retained Earnings
1,814,400
Treasury Stock (10,300 common shares)
51,500
During 2012, the corporation had the following transactions and events pertaining to its stockholders’ equity.
Feb. 1
Issued 24,100 shares of common stock for $123,900.
Apr. 14
Sold 6,000 shares of treasury stock—common for $33,800.
Sept. 3
Issued 5,100 shares of common stock for a patent valued at $35,700.
Nov. 10
Purchased 1,100 shares of common stock for the treasury at a cost of $5,700.
Dec. 31
Determined that net income for the year was $456,600.
No dividends were declared during the year.
(a)
Journalize the transactions and the closing entry for net income. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Feb. 1
Apr. 14
Sept. 3
Nov. 10
Dec. 31
Click if you would like to Show Work for this question:
Open Show Work
LINK TO TEXT
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.
Problem 12-9AYour answer is partially correct. Try again..docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 12-9A
Your answer is partially correct. Try again.
Condensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.
ODGERS INC.Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2014
2013
Cash
$ 131,704
$ 78,892
Accounts receivable
143,114
61,940
Inventory
183,375
167,646
Prepaid expenses
46,292
42,380
Long-term investments
224,940
177,670
Plant assets
464,550
395,275
Accumulated depreciation
(81,500
)
(84,760
)
Total
$1,112,475
$839,043
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$ 166,260
$ 109,699
Accrued expenses payable
26,895
34,230
Bonds payable
179,300
237,980
Common stock
358,600
285,250
Retained earnings
381,420
171,884
Total
$1,112,475
$839,043
ODGERS INC.Income Statement Data
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Sales revenue
$633,190
Less:
Cost of goods sold
$220,800
Operating expenses, excluding depreciation
20,228
Depreciation expense
75,795
Income tax expense
44,466
Interest expense
7,710
Loss on disposal of plant assets
12,225
381,224
Net income
$ 251,966
Additional information:
1.
New plant assets costing $163,000 were purchased for cash during the year.
2.
Old plant assets having an original cost of $93,725 and accumulated depreciation of $79,055 were sold for $2,445 cash.
3.
Bonds payable matured and were paid off at face value for cash.
4.
A cash dividend of $42,430 was declared and paid during the year.
Prepare a statement of cash flows using the indirect method. (Show amounts that decrease cash flow with either a - sign e.g. -15,000 or in parenthesis e.g. (15,000).)
ODGERS INC.Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
$
Adjustments to reconcile net income to
$
$
Problem 12-10A
Condensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.
ODGERS INC.Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2014
2013
Cash
$ 151,904
$ 90,992
Accounts receivable
165,064
71,440
Inventory
211,500
193,358
Prepaid expenses
53,392
48,880
Long-term investments
259,440
204,920
Plant assets
535,800
455,900
Accumulated depreciation
(94,000
)
(97,760
)
Total
$1,283,100
$967,730
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$ 191,760
$ 126,524
Accrued expenses payable
31,020
39,480
Bonds payable
206,800
274,480
Common stock
413,600
329,000
Retained earnings
439,920
198,246
Total
$1,283,100
$967,730
ODGERS INC.Income Statement Data
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Sales revenue
$730,305
Less:
Cost of goods sold
$254,665
Operating expenses, excluding depreciation
23,331
Depreciation expense
87,420
Income taxes
51,286
Interest expense
8,892
Loss on disposal of plant assets
14,100
439,694
Net income
$ 290,611
Additional information:
1.
New plant assets costing $188,000 were purchased for c.
Problem 1123456Xf122437455763715813910106Name DateTopic.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1123456Xf122437455763715813910106
Name: Date:
Topic One: Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation
Please type your answer in the cell beside the question.
5. The following is the heart rate for 10 randomly selected patients on the unit. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the data using the descriptive statistics option in the data analysis toolpak.
75, 80, 62, 97, 107, 59, 76, 83, 84, 69
6. The following is a frequency distribution fo the number of times patience use the call light in a days time. X is the number of times the call light is used and f is the frequency (meaning the number of patients). Create a histogram of the data.
Sheet2
Sheet3
EXERCISE 11 USING STATISTICS TO DESCRIBE A STUDY SAMPLE
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE IN REVIEW
Most studies describe the subjects that comprise the study sample. This description of the sample is called the sample characteristics which may be presented in a table or the narrative of the article. The sample characteristics are often presented for each of the groups in a study (i.e. experimental and control groups). Descriptive statistics are used to generate sample characteristics, and the type of statistic used depends on the level of measurement of the demographic variables included in a study (Burns & Grove, 2007). For example, measuring gender produces nominal level data that can be described using frequencies, percentages, and mode. Measuring educational level usually produces ordinal data that can be described using frequencies, percentages, mode, median, and range. Obtaining each subject's specific age is an example of ratio data that can be described using mean, range, and standard deviation. Interval and ratio data are analyzed with the same type of statistics and are usually referred to as interval/ratio level data in this text.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Source: Troy, N. W., & Dalgas-Pelish, P. (2003). The effectiveness of a self-care intervention for the management of postpartum fatigue. Applied Nursing Research, 16 (1), 38–45.
Introduction
Troy and Dalgas-Pelish (2003) conducted a quasi-experimental study to determine the effectiveness of a self-care intervention (Tiredness Management Guide [TMG]) on postpartum fatigue. The study subjects included 68 primiparous mothers, who were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (32 subjects) or the control group (36 subjects) using a computer program. The results of the study indicated that the TMG was effective in reducing levels of morning postpartum fatigue from the 2nd to 4th weeks postpartum. These researchers recommend that “mothers need to be informed that they will probably experience postpartum fatigue and be taught to assess and manage this phenomenon” (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003, pp. 44-5).
Relevant Study Results
“A total of 80 women were initially enrolled [in the study] … twelve of these women dropped out of the study resulting in a final sample of 68.” (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003, p. 39). The researchers presen.
Problem 1. For the truss and loading shown below, calculate th.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1. For the truss and loading shown below, calculate the horizontal
displacement of point "D" using the method of virtual work. Show ALL your work!
HW No. 8 - Part 1
Solution
HW FA15 2 Page 1
Problem 1 Continued
Member L (in.) N (lb) N (in) NnL
HW No. 8 - Part 1
.
Problem 1 (30 marks)Review enough information about .docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1 (30 marks)
Review enough information about Trinidad Drilling Ltd. to propose a vision and strategic objectives for the company. Develop a balanced scorecard that will help the company achieve this vision and monitor how well it is accomplishing its strategic objectives. Include a strategy map in table format that shows objectives and performance measures, with arrows illustrating hypothesized cause-and -effect relationships. Provide rationale for your strategy map. The body of your report should not exceed 1,000 words. Cite material you used to prepare the response and provide references in an appendix.
Problem 2 (20 marks)
Ajax Auto Upholstery Ltd. manufactures upholstered products for automobiles, vans, and trucks. Among the various Ajax plants around Canada is the Owlseye plant located in rural Alberta.
The chief financial officer has just received a report indicating that Ajax could purchase the entire annual output of the Owlseye plant from a foreign supplier for $37 million per year.
The budgeted operating costs (in thousands) for the Owlseye plant’s for the coming year is as follows:
Materials $15,000
Labor
Direct $12,000
Supervision 4,000
Indirect plant 5,000 19,000
Overhead
Depreciation – plant 6,000
Utilities, property tax, maintenance 2,000
Pension expense 4,500
Plant manager and staff 2,500
Corporate headquarters overhead allocation 3,000 18,000
Total budgeted costs $52,000
If material purchase orders are cancelled as a consequence of the plant closing, termination charges would amount to 10 percent of the annual cost of direct materials in the first year (zero thereafter).
A clause in the Ajax union contract requires the company to provide employment assistance to its former employees for 12 months after a plant closes. The estimated cost to administer this service if the Owlseye plant closes would be $2 million. $3.6 million of next year’s pension expense would continue indefinitely whether or not the plant remains open. About $900,000 of labour would still be required in the first year after closure to decommission the plant. After that, the plant would be sold for an estimated $1 million. Utilities, property taxes, and maintenance costs would remain unchanged in the first year after closure, but disappear when the plant is sold.
The plant manager and her staff would be somewhat affected by the closing of the Owlseye plant. Some managers would still be responsible for managing three other plants. As a result, total management salaries would be about 50% of the current level, starting at closure and remaining into the future.
Required:
Assume you are the company’s chief financial officer. Perform a five-year financial analysis and make a recommendation whether to close the Owlseye plant on this basis. Provide support for and cautions about your recommendation with organized, clearly-labeled data. Use bullet points where appropriate.
Problem 3 (16 marks)
Br.
Problem 1 (10 points) Note that an eigenvector cannot be zero.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1 (10 points): Note that an eigenvector cannot be zero, but an eigenvalue can
be 0. Suppose that 0 is an eigenvalue of A. What does it say about A? (Hint: One of the
most important properties of a matrix is whether or not it is invertible. Think about the
Invertible Matrix Theorem and all the ‘good things’ of dealing with invertible matrices)
Problem 5: (20 points): The figure below shows a network of one-way streets with
traffic flowing in the directions indicated. The flow rate along the streets are measured
as the average number of vehicles per hour.
a) Set up a mathematical model whose solution provides the unknown flow rates
b) Solve the model for the unknown flow rates
c) If the flow rates along the road A to B must be reduced for construction, what is
the minimum flow that is required to keep traffic flowing on all roads?
Problem 6 (20 points): Problem 7 (9 points): Prove that if A and B are matrices of the same
size, then tr(A+B)=tr(A)+tr(B)
Given:
Goal:
Proof:
Problem 7 (20 points)*: In the 1990, the northern spotted owl became the center of a
nationwide controversy over the use and misuse of the majestic forests in the Pacific
Northwest. Environmentalists convinced the federal government that the owl was
threatened with extinction if logging continued in the old-growth forests (with trees over
200 years old), where the owls prefer to live. The timber industry, anticipating the loss of
30,000 to 100,000 jobs as a result of new government restrictions on logging, argued that
the owl should not be classified as a “threatened species” and cited a number of published
scientific reports to support its case.
Caught in the crossfire of the two lobbying groups, mathematical ecologists
intensified their drive to understand the population dynamics of the spotted owl. The life
cycle of a spotted owl divides naturally into three stages: juvenile (up to 1 year old),
subadult (1 to 2 years), and adult (over 2 years). The owls mate for life during the subadult
and adult stages, begin to breed as adults, and live for up to 20 years. Each owl pair
requires about 1,000 hectares (4 square miles) for its own home territory. A critical time in
the life cycle is when the juveniles leave the nest. To survive and become a subadult, a
juvenile must successfully find a new home range (and usually a mate).
A first step in studying the population dynamics is to model the population at yearly
intervals, at times denoted by 𝑘𝑘 = 0,1,2, …. Usually, one assumes that there is a 1:1 ratio of
males to females in each life stage and counts only the females. The population at year 𝑘𝑘
can be described by a vector 𝒙𝒙𝒌𝒌 = (𝑗𝑗𝑘𝑘 , 𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘 , 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 ), where 𝑗𝑗𝑘𝑘 , 𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘 , and 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 are the numbers of
females in the juvenile, subadult, and adult stages, respectively. Using actual field data from
demographic studies, a rese
Probation and Parole 3Running head Probation and Parole.docxChantellPantoja184
Probation and Parole 3
Running head: Probation and Parole
Probation and Parole
Student Name
Allied American University
Author Note
This paper was prepared for Probation and Parole, Module 8 Check Your Understanding taught by [INSERT INSTRUCTOR’S NAME].
Directions: Respond to the following questions using complete sentences. Your answer should be at least 1 paragraph in length, which must be composed of three to five sentences.
1. What is meant by intermediate punishments and what programs are included in this category?
2. How do intermediate punishments serve to keep down prison populations?
3. Why has electronic monitoring proven so popular?
4. What is meant by shock probation/parole?
5. What are the essential features of the boot camp program?
6. Why has intensive supervision been a public relations success?
7. What are the criticisms of boot camp programs?
8. What has research revealed with respect to intensive supervision?
9. What are the criticisms of electronic monitoring in probation and parole?
10. What are the criticisms leveled at intensive supervision?
11. What are the purposes of and services offered by a day reporting center?
12. Why would heroin addicts who have no intention of giving up drug use voluntarily enter a drug treatment program? What are the advantages of using methadone to treat heroin addicts?
13. Why is behavior modification difficult to use in treating drug abusers?
14. What are the characteristics of chemical dependency (CD) programs?
15. What are the primary characteristics of the therapeutic community (TC) approach for treating drug abusers?
16. What are criticisms of the Alcoholics Anonymous approach?
17. What are the problems inherent in drug testing?
18. What are the typical characteristics of sex offenders? How have sex offender laws affected P/P supervision?
19. What are the pros and cons of restitution and charging offenders fees in probation or parole?
20. What are the problems encountered in using the interstate compact?
.
Problem 1(a) Complete the following ANOVA table based on 20 obs.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1:
(a) Complete the following ANOVA table based on 20 observations for the regression equation
(a) Is the overall regression significant? Fill in the missing values in the table.
Source DF SS MS F
Regression ___ 350 ____ ____
Error ___ _____
Total 500
(b) Suppose that you have computed the following sequential sums of squares due to regression:
Regressor Variables in Model SS Regression
………………………………………. 300
……………………………………… 250
…………………………………….. 340
……………………………………. 325
Fill in the missing values in the following “computer output”:
Source DF Partial SS F-value Pr>F
……………………………………………………………………………………….. 0.1245
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.3841
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.0042
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.0401
Problem 2:
The time required for a merchandise to stock a grocery store shelf with a soft drink product as well as the number of cases of product stocked are given below. Consider a linear regression of delivery time against number of cases.
X=number of cases
Y=delivery time
Delivery time number of cases Hat diagonals
1.41 4 0.5077
2.96 6 0.3907
6.04 14 0.2013
7.57 19 0.3092
9.38 24 0.5912
Observations used L.S. Model
4,6,14,19,24
6,14,19,24
4,14,19,24
4,14,19,24
4,6,14,24
4,6,14,19
(a)
Calculate the PRESS statistic for the model .
(b) Calculate the regular residual for the model above. Then, compare these residuals with the PRESS residuals for this model.
Exercises from the Text
Use SAS whenever possible to do these exercises:
# 3.4 on p 122
# 3.5
# 3.8
# 3.15
# 3.21
# 3.27
# 3.28
# 3.31
# 3.38
# 3.39
Example with SAS on Sequential and Partial Sum of Squares
Data Weather;
Title 'Lows and Highs from N&O Jan 28,29,30 1992';
Title2 'using actual numbers (yesterday values)';
input city $ hi2 lo2 yhi ylo thi tlo;
* Mon Tues Wed ;
cards;
seattle 51 44 52 44 59 47
.
.
.
;
proc reg; model thi = yhi hi2 tlo ylo lo2/ss1 ss2;
test tlo=0, ylo=0, lo2=0;
/*-----------------------------------------------
| Showing sequential and partial sums of squares|
| Note t**2 = F relationship for partial F. By |
| hand, construct F to leave out .
Probe 140 SPrecipitation in inchesTemperature in F.docxChantellPantoja184
Probe 1
40 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 26.8
Precip 27.1
MAT(F) 59.8
Probe 2
6 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 69.2
Precip 124.6
MAT(F) 77.9
Probe 3
57 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 21.5
Precip 38.7
MAT(F) 43.5
Probe 4
38 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 30.3
Precip 16.5
MAT(F) 53.6
Probe 5
55 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 21.3
Precip 28.1
MAT(F) 40.6
Probe 6
43 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 25.4
Precip 14.4
MAT(F) 47.2
Probe 7
42 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 17.3
Precip 31.2
MAT(F) 26.0
Probe 8
42 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 29.6
Precip 38.8
MAT(F) 51.6
Probe 9
18 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 66.1
Precip 74.8
MAT(F) 77.7
Probe 10
58 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 16.5
Precip 24.8
MAT(F) 36.9
Probe 11
26 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 47.6
Precip 3.8
MAT(F) 70.1
Probe 12
29 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 44.0
Precip 47.3
MAT(F) 63.2
Probe 4
Probe 2
Probe 10
Probe 5
Probe 6
Probe 7
Probe 11
Probe 12
Probe 8
Probe 9
Probe 3
Probe 1
Map 1
20 N
40 N
60 N
80 N
0
20 S
40 S
60 S
0
1000
miles
Geography 204
Koppen Climate Classification Guidelines
If POTET exceeds Precip then B
BW = POTET more than 2x Precip
(desert)
h = mean annual temp > 18 C (64.4 F)
k = mean annual temp < 18 C (64.4 F)
BS = POTET less than 2x Precip
(steppe)
h = mean annual t.
Problem #1 JET Copies Case ProblemRead the JET Copies C.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem #1:
JET Copies Case Problem
Read the "JET Copies" Case Problem on pages 678-679 of the text. Using simulation estimate the loss of revenue due to copier breakdown for one year, as follows:
1. In Excel, use a suitable method for generating the number of days needed to repair the copier, when it is out of service, according to the discrete distribution shown.
2. In Excel, use a suitable method for simulating the interval between successive breakdowns, according to the continuous distribution shown.
3. In Excel, use a suitable method for simulating the lost revenue for each day the copier is out of service.
4. Put all of this together to simulate the lost revenue due to copier breakdowns over 1 year to answer the question asked in the case study.
5. In a word processing program, write a brief description/explanation of how you implemented each component of the model. Write 1-2 paragraphs for each component of the model (days-to-repair; interval between breakdowns; lost revenue; putting it together).
6. Answer the question posed in the case study. How confident are you that this answer is a good one? What are the limits of the study? Write at least one paragraph.
There are two deliverables for this Case Problem, the Excel spreadsheet and the written description/explanation.
Outcome Assessed:
· Create statistical analysis of simulation results.
· Communicate issues in management science
Grading Rubric for JET Copies Case Problem
There are 12 possible points in each of the five criteria for a total of 60 points possible.
Criteria
0Unacceptable(0 points)
1Developing(6 points)
2Competent(9 points)
3Exemplary(12 points)
1. Model number of days to repair
Did not submit or did not model this component in an appropriate manner
This component was modeled, but the method and/or implementation had mistakes that affected the validity of the model
Used a method that is recognizably appropriate, but the implementation had minor mistakes
Used an appropriate method and correctly implemented it
2. Model number of weeks between breakdowns
Did not submit or did not model this component in an appropriate manner
This component was modeled, but the method and/or implementation had mistakes that affected the validity of the model
Used a method that is recognizably appropriate, but the implementation had minor mistakes
Used an appropriate method and correctly implemented it
3. Model lost revenue due to breakdowns
Did not submit or did not model this component in an appropriate manner
This component was modeled, but the method and/or implementation had mistakes that affected the validity of the model
Used a method that is recognizably appropriate, but the implementation had minor mistakes
Used an appropriate method and correctly implemented it
4. Provide written description and explanation of the simulation
Did not submit or described insufficiently. Omitted key points.
Provided partially developed written description that matches the method 70 - 79% accur.
PROBLEM 1 Lovin’ the Fast Food The following article was writt.docxChantellPantoja184
PROBLEM 1: Lovin’ the Fast Food
The following article was written for an ag-econ journal several years ago. The demand function is written in table format on the next page. This page has the averages for the different variables and the second page has the regression output.
1. Calculate the fast food price elasticity for fast food for 1982 and 1992. What does it mean? How could Chic-Fil-A use this information? Is it changing?
PEoD = (% Change in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Price)
2. Calculate the grocery cross-price elasticity for fast food for 1982 and 1992. What does it mean? How could Chic-Fil-A use this information? Calculate the ‘inexpensive’ and ‘expensive’ restaurant price cross-price elasticity. What do these mean and how useful is this information?
3. Calculate the income elasticity of fast food in 1982 and 1992. Again, explain the trend and meaning.
4. Identify at least four ‘take-aways’ from this demand function. Identify the relationship that is shown (or not shown), what information can be drawn from the information and how a fast-food restaurant can use this. Only one of your ‘take-aways’ here can relate specifically to cross-price elasticities.
Problem 2 Jones Has A Student . . .
Several years ago I had a student who approached me about leaving school. This student had, what he thought, was an amazing idea. Doug’s idea (I’ve changed the name to protect the innocent) was this: move to a medium sized city (Charleston, SC) and open up a jewelry business. His reasoning was that when jewelers resize gold rings (wedding bands), they get to keep the little pieces of scrap gold. As gold was approaching record prices, Doug would make a ton of profit.
a. Draw a graph/figure of the type of market Doug is entering—assume that he makes profits out of the gate.
b. Explain how the market moves given that Doug makes a profit. That is, tell me what is likely to happen. Show a graph (or graphs) that explain this phenomena.
c. How is it possible that firms can operate with zero economic profit? Tell me a story why it must be that the last firm entering the market experiences zero economic profit (i.e. What if the last firm in the market experienced positive economic profit? Is there anything wrong with that?)
Problem 3 Economics is a Curious Thing
Please choose three of the following economic phenomena and give me your reasons why we see these events occur in the market. The more you think like an economist the more you see economics in the market. (Don’t waltz through these as they are all examples of economics.)
a. Why do brides buy their wedding dresses for thousands of dollars while bride-grooms (yes, I’m from Middle-England) rent their tuxedos for a hundred dollars?
b. Why is the internet free at Motel 6 but costs $9.99 per day at the Ritz?
c. Why do ATM machines in the drive-through have brail number pads?
d. Why do airlines give frequent flyers two free checked bags but charge for checked bags for non-frequent flyer.
Problem 1 (ch 23)Victoria Falls Flour Mill Company started many ye.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1 (ch 23)Victoria Falls Flour Mill Company started many years ago producing a single product. It has grown to produce many diverse consumer products ranging from foods to paper goods. Currently, the corporation is barely making a profit, and the price of its stock has languished. Division managers have traditionally been incentivized with stock options and awards. However, management is evaluating a new bonus plan based on segment profits within each division. Below are 20X4 facts about the Sugar Products Division, which generates 10% of overall corporate revenue. The Sugar Products Division has two key products - raw sugar and candy.Total sales of raw sugar and candy$ 45,750,000Traceable, controllable, sugar division fixed costs10,250,000Traceable, uncontrollable, sugar division fixed costs3,600,000Non-traceable, controllable, sugar division fixed costs1,500,000Non-traceable, uncontrollable, sugar division fixed costs1,750,000Variable selling, general, & administrative costs9,050,000Variable product costs21,700,000General corporate expenses for all divisions8,000,000Prepare a contribution income statement for the aggregated Sugar Division (one column). If the division manager is to be evaluated on controllable contribution margin, would the Sugar Division manager appear to be entitled to a bonus?
&L&"Arial,Bold"&20 &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-23.05
B-23.05
Worksheet 1 (ch 23)20X4 Divisional Report for Sugar ProductsContribution Income StatementSales$ 45,750,000Less:
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-23.05
B-23.05
Problem 2 (ch 23)Downhill Manufacturing produces snow skis in a two-step production process - cutting and laminating. The manufacturing center is supported by two service centers - a health clinic and a janitorial service. The following table reveals certain facts about each activity:Health clinicJanitorial serviceCutting departmentLaminating departmentEmployees241015Square footage1,20060012,0008,000Cost incurred$ 180,000$ 125,000$ 700,000$ 800,000(a)Using the direct method, allocate the service department costs to production. The clinic costs are to be allocated based on employees, and the janitorial costs are to be allocated based on the square footage.(b)Using the step method, allocate the service department costs to production. The clinic costs are to be allocated based on employees, and the janitorial costs are to be allocated based on the square footage. The first step will be to allocate clinic costs. The clinic employees maintain their space and do not rely upon the janitorial service. However, janitorial employees occasionally sustain an injury and utilize the clinic.
B-23.08
Worksheet 2 (ch 23)(a)Health clinicJanitorial serviceCutting departmentLaminating departmentCost incurred$ 180,000$ 125,000$ 700,000$ 800,000Clinic allocation----Janitorial allocation----Total cost$ -$ -$ -$ -Clinic allocations:Jani.
/***********************************************************
Program Name: Simple Math Calculator
Program Author: Kyle NoCompile
Date Created: 9/28/14
Program Description:
This program performs simple arithmetic calculations.
The user enters numbers and the math operation to
perform on those numbers. The program will then display
the result of the operation. The program allows the
user to continue entering a math operation and an
integer to calculate off of the previous calculation
result.
Modified Date:
Modified Description:
***********************************************************/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Function prototypes:
void showWelcome(void);
int getUserIntegerInput();
char getMathChoice()
int getInteger(bool);
bool validateMathChoice(char choice)
int doAddition(int int1, int int2);
int doSubtraction(int, int);
int doMath(int firstInt, int secondInt, char mathFunc);
void showResult(int)
float keepCalculating();
// This is the main function (where the program begins)
int main(void)
{
// Variables to hold local data
int runningTotal; nextValue;
int mathChoice();
bool keepGoing;
// Call the showWelcome() function
showWelcome(void);
// Call the getInteger() function (for the first integer)
// and store the result in the "runningTotal" variable
runningTotal = GetInteger(true);
// Loop after each calculation to see if the user wants to keep going
do
{
// Call the getMathChoice() function and store result in "mathChoice" variable
mathChoice = getMathChoice(42);
// Call validateMathChoice() function, passing it the user's math choice
// and using the return value to decide what to do next
if (validateMathChoice())
{
// Call the getInteger() function (for the second and subsequent integers)
// and store the result in the "nextValue" variable
nextValue = getInteger(false);
// Call the doMath() function and pass it all of the user input
// and store the return value in the "runningTotal" variable (overwrite
// previous "runningTotal" variable value. This will allow for us to
// update the running total of all calculations up to this point.
runningTotal = doMath(runningTotal nextValue mathChoice);
// Call the showResult() function to show the result
showResult(runningTotal);
}
else
{
// If the user chose an invalid math function...
cout<<Not a valid math choice. Try again<<endl;
}
}
// Call the keepCalculating() function and use the return value
// to decide whether to continue looping
while (keepCalculating);
return 0;
}
// This function shows a nice welcome message
void showWelcome()
{
cout<<"******************************************"<<endl;
cout<<"Welcome to the simple calculator program!"<<endl;
cout<<"This program will do simple addition and"<<endl
cout<<"subtraction. Math is fun, so enjoy!"<<endl;
cout<<"**.
Problem 17-1 Dividends and Taxes [LO2]Dark Day, Inc., has declar.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 17-1 Dividends and Taxes [LO2]
Dark Day, Inc., has declared a $5.60 per share dividend. Suppose capital gains are not taxed, but dividends are taxed at 15 percent. New IRS regulations require that taxes be withheld at the time the dividend is paid. Dark Day sells for $94.10 per share, and the stock is about to go ex-dividend.
What do you think the ex-dividend price will be? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
Ex-dividend price
$
Problem 17-2 Stock Dividends [LO3]
The owners’ equity accounts for Alexander International are shown here:
Common stock ($0.60 par value)
$
45,000
Capital surplus
340,000
Retained earnings
748,120
Total owners’ equity
$
1,133,120
a-1
If Alexander stock currently sells for $30 per share and a 10 percent stock dividend is declared, how many new shares will be distributed?
New shares issued
a-2
Show how the equity accounts would change.
Common stock
$
Capital surplus
Retained earnings
Total owners’ equity
$
b-1
If instead Alexander declared a 20 percent stock dividend, how many new shares will be distributed?
New shares issued
b-2
Show how the equity accounts would change. (Negative amount should be indicated by a minus sign.)
Common stock
$
Capital surplus
Retained earnings
Total owners’ equity
$
Problem 17-3 Stock Splits [LO3]
The owners' equity accounts for Alexander International are shown here.
Common stock ($0.50 par value)
$
35,000
Capital surplus
320,000
Retained earnings
708,120
Total owners’ equity
$
1,063,120
a-1
If Alexander declares a five-for-one stock split, how many shares are outstanding now?
New shares outstanding
a-2
What is the new par value per share? (Round your answer to 3 decimal places. (e.g., 32.161))
New par value
$ per share
b-1
If Alexander declares a one-for-seven reverse stock split, how many shares are outstanding now?
New shares outstanding
b-2
What is the new par value per share? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New par value
$ per share
Problem 17-4 Stock Splits and Stock Dividends [LO3]
Red Rocks Corporation (RRC) currently has 485,000 shares of stock outstanding that sell for $40 per share. Assuming no market imperfections or tax effects exist, what will the share price be after:
a.
RRC has a four-for-three stock split? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
b.
RRC has a 15 percent stock dividend? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
c.
RRC has a 54.5 percent stock dividend? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
d.
RRC has a two-for-seven reverse stock split? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
Determine the new number of shares outstanding in parts (a) through (d).
a.
New shares outstanding
b.
New shares o.
Problem 1Problem 1 - Constant-Growth Common StockWhat is the value.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Problem 1 - Constant-Growth Common StockWhat is the value of a common stock if the firm's earnings and dividends are growing annually at 10%, the current dividend is $1.32,and investors require a 15% return on investment?What is the stock's rate of return if the market price of the stock is $35?
Problem 2Problem 2 - Preferred Stock Price and ReturnA firm has preferred stock outstanding with a $1,000 par value and a $40 annual dividend with no maturity. If the required rate of return is 9%, what is the price of the preferred stock?The market price of a firm's preferred stock is $24 and pays an annual dividend of $2.50. If the stock's par value is $1,000 and it has no maturity, what is the return on the preferred stock?
Problem 3Problem 3 - Bond Valuation and YieldA bond has a par value of $1,000, pays $50 semiannually and has a maturity of 10 years.If the bond earns 12% per year, what is the price of the bond?RateNperPMTFVTypePVWhat is the yield to maturity for the bond?NperPMTPVFVTypeRateWhat would be the bond's price if the rate earned declined to 8% per year?RateNperPMTFVTypePVIf the maturity period is reduced to 5 years and the required rate of return is 8%, what would be the price of the bond?RateNperPMTFVTypePVWhat is the yield to maturity for the bond when the maturity is 5 years and the required rate of return is 8%?NperPMTPVFVTypeRateWhat generalizations about bond prices, interest rates and maturity periods can be made based on the calculations made above?
Problem 4Problem 4 - Callable BondsThe following bonds have a par value of $1,000 and the required rate of return is 10%.Bond XY: 5¼ percent coupon, with interest paid annually for 20 yearsBond AB: 14 percent coupon, with interest paid annually for 20 yearsWhat is each bond's current market price?Bond XYBond ABRateNperPMTFVTypePVIf current interest rates are 9%, which bond would you expect to be called? Explain.
Exercise 10-5
During the month of March, Olinger Company’s employees earned wages of $69,500. Withholdings related to these wages were $5,317 for Social Security (FICA), $8,145 for federal income tax, $3,366 for state income tax, and $434 for union dues. The company incurred no cost related to these earnings for federal unemployment tax but incurred $760 for state unemployment tax.
Prepare the necessary March 31 journal entry to record salaries and wages expense and salaries and wages payable. Assume that wages earned during March will be paid during April. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Mar. 31
SHOW LIST OF ACCOUNTS
LINK TO TEXT
Prepare the entry to record the company’s payroll tax expense. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Mar. 31
===========================================
E.
Problem 1Prescott, Inc., manufactures bookcases and uses an activi.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Prescott, Inc., manufactures bookcases and uses an activity-based costing system. Prescott's activity areas and related data follows:ActivityBudgeted Cost
of ActivityAllocation BaseCost Allocation
RateMaterials handling$230,000Number of parts$0.50Assembly3,200,000Direct labor hours16.00Finishing180,000Number of finished
units4.50Prescott produced two styles of bookcases in October: the standard bookcase and an unfinished bookcase, which has fewer parts and requires no finishing. The totals for quantities, direct
materials costs, and other data follow:ProductTotal Units
ProducedTotal Direct
Materials CostsTotal Direct
Labor CostsTotal Number
of PartsTotal Assembling
Direct Labor HoursStandard bookcase3,000$36,000$45,0009,0004,500Unfinished bookcase3,50035,00035,0007,0003,500Requirements:1. Compute the manufacturing product cost per unit of each type of bookcase.2. Suppose that pre-manufacturing activities, such as product design, were assigned to the standard bookcases at $7 each, and to the unfinished bookcases at $2 each. Similar analyses
were conducted of post-manufacturing activities such as distribution, marketing, and customer service. The post-manufacturing costs were $22 per standard bookcase and $14 per
unfinished bookcase. Compute the full product costs per unit.3. Which product costs are reported in the external financial statements? Which costs are used for management decision making? Explain the difference.4. What price should Prescott's managers set for unfinished bookcases to earn $15 per bookcase?
Problem 2Corbertt Pharmaceuticals manufactures an over-the-counter allergy medication. The company sells both large commercial containers of 1,000 capsules to health-care facilities
and travel packs of 20 capsules to shops in airports, train stations, and hotels. The following information has been developed to determine if an activity-based costing system
would be beneficial:ActivityEstimated Indirect Activity
CostsAllocation BaseEstimated Quantity of
Allocation BaseMaterials handling$95,000Kilos19,000 kilosPackaging219,000Machine hours5,475 hoursQuality assurance124,500Samples2,075 samplesTotal indirect costs$438,500Other production information includes the following:Commercial ContainersTravel PacksUnits produced3,500 containers57,000 packsWeight in kilos14,0005,700Machine hours2,625570Number of samples700855Requirements:1. Compute the cost allocation rate for each activity.2. Use the activity-based cost allocation rates to compute the activity costs per unit of the commercial containers and the travel packs. (Hint: First compute the total activity
cost allocated to each product line, and then compute the cost per unit.)3. Corbertt's original single-allocation-base costing system allocated indirect costs to produce at $157 per machine hour. Compute the total indirect costs allocated to the
commercial containers and to the travel packs under the original system. Then compute the indirect cost per unit for ea.
Problem 1Preston Recliners manufactures leather recliners and uses.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Preston Recliners manufactures leather recliners and uses flexible budgeting and a standard cost system. Preston allocates overhead based on yards of direct materials. The company's performance report includes the following selected data:Static Budget
(1,000 recliners)Actual Results
(980 recliners)Sales (1,000 recliners X $495)$495,000 (980 recliners X $475)$465,500Variable manufacturing costs: Direct materials (6,000 yds @ $8.80/yard)52,800 (6,150 yds @ $8.60/yard)52,890 Direct labor (10,000 hrs @ $9.20/hour)92,000 (9,600 hrs @ $9.30/hour)89,280Variable overhead (6,000 yds @ $5.00/yard)30,000 (6,510 yds @ $6.40/yard)39,360Fixed manufacturing costs: Fixed overhead60,00062,000Total cost of goods sold$234,800$243,530Gross profit$260,200$221,970Requirements:1. Prepare a flexible budget based on the actual number of recliners sold.2. Compute the price variance and the efficiency variance for direct materials and for direct labor. For manufacturing overhead, compute the variable overhead spending, variable overhead efficiency, fixed overhead spending, and fixed overhead volume variances.3. Have Preston's managers done a good job or a poor job controlling materials, labor, and overhead costs? Why?4. Describe how Preston's managers can benefit from the standard costing system.
Problem 2AllTalk Technologies manufactures capacitors for cellular base stations and other communications applications. The company's January 2012 flexible budget income statement shows output levels of 6,500, 8,000, and 10,000 units. The static budget was based on expected sales of 8,000 units.ALLTALK TECHNOLOGIES
Flexible Budget Income Statement
Month Ended January 31, 2012Per UnitBy Units (Capacitors)6,5008,00010,000Sales revenue$24$156,000$192,000$240,000Variable expenses$1065,00080,000100,000Contribution margin$91,000$112,000$140,000Fixed expenses53,00053,00053,000Operating income$38,000$59,000$87,000The company sold 10,000 units during January, and its actual operating income was as follows:ALLTALK TECHNOLOGIES
Income Statement
Month Ended January 31, 2012Sales revenue$246,000Variable expenses104,500Contribution margin$141,500Fixed expenses54,000Operating income$87,500Requirements:1. Prepare an income statement performance report for January.2. What was the effect on AllTalk's operating income of selling 2,000 units more than the static budget level of sales?3. What is AllTalk's static budget variance? Explain why the income statement performance report provides more useful information to AllTalk's managers than the simple static budget variance. What insights can AllTalk's managers draw from this performance report?
Problem 3Java manufacturers coffee mugs that it sells to other companies for customizing with their own logos. Java prepares flexible budgets and uses a standard cost system to control manufacturing costs. The standard unit.
Problem 1Pro Forma Income Statement and Balance SheetBelow is the .docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Pro Forma Income Statement and Balance SheetBelow is the income statement and balance sheet for Blue Bill Corporation for 2013. Based on the historical statements and theadditional information provided, construct the firm's pro forma income statement and balance sheet for 2014.Blue Bill CorporationIncome StatementFor the year ended 2013Projected201220132014Revenue$60,000$63,000Cost of goods sold42,00044,100Gross margin18,00018,900SG&A expense6,0006,300Depreciation expense1,8002,000Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT)10,20010,600Interest expense1,5001,800Taxable income8,7008,800Income Tax Expense3,0453,080Net income5,6555,720Dividends750800To retained earnings$4,905$4,920Additional income statement information:Sales will increase by 5% in 2014 from 2013 levels.COGS and SG&A will be the average percent of sales for the last 2 years.Depreciation expense will increase to $2,200.Interest expense will be $1,900.The tax rate is 35%.Dividend payout will increase to $850.Blue Bill CorporationBalance SheetDecember 31, 2013Projected20132014Current assetsCash$8,000Accounts receivable3,150Inventory9,450Total current assets20,600Property, plant, and equipment (PP&E)28,500Accumulated depreciation16,400Net PP&E12,100Total assets$32,700Current liabilitesAccounts payable$3,780Bank loan (10%)3,200Other current liabilities1,250Total current liabilities8,230Long-term debt (12%)4,800Common stock1,250Retained earnings18,420Total liabilities and equity$32,700Additional balance sheet information:The minimum cash balance is 12% of sales.Working capital accounts (accounts receivable, accounts payable, and inventory) will be the same percent of sales in 2014 as they were in 2013.$8,350 of new PP&E will be purchased in 2014.Other current liabilities will be 3% of sales in 2014.There will be no changes in the common stock or long-term debt accounts.The plug figure (the last number entered that makes the balance sheet balance) is bank loan.
1
Rough Draft
Rough Draft
Rasmussen College
Metro Dental Care is a dental office that provides affordable, convenient, and high quality of care to patients. As a patient at Metro, I personally believe that Metro Dental Care is one of the best dental clinics around, and that’s why I have chosen this company. Metro Dental Care measures their results by recording patient satisfaction.
Managing financial reports, and the quality of service they provide to their customers. Furthermore, the dentists and staff at Metro Dental Care know how important your smile is. Their mission statement states “We pride ourselves in making your smile look great so you not only look good, but feel confident with your smile.”
Metro Dental Care offers convenience for their patients with more than 40 offices throughout the Minneapolis and St. Paul metro area offering flexible hours including early morning, evening and Saturday appointments. Whether you work or live Metro Dental Care has a location near you. Metro Dental .
Problem 2-1PROBLEM 2-1Solution Legend= Value given in problemGiven.docxChantellPantoja184
This document provides a solution to Problem 2-1. It begins by listing the values given in the problem statement. The document then likely shows the step-by-step work and calculations to arrive at the solution for Problem 2-1, ending with the final answer.
PROBLEM 14-6AProblem 14-6A Norwoods Borrowings1. Total amount of .docxChantellPantoja184
PROBLEM 14-6AProblem 14-6A: Norwoods Borrowings1. Total amount of each installment payment.Present value of an ordinary annuity$200,000Interest per period(i)0.08Number of periods(n)5Total amount of each installment payment($50,091.29)Therefore the total amount of each installment payment is $ 50,091.292.Norwoods Amortization TablePeriod Ending DateBeginning balance Interest expenseNotes PayableCash paymentEnding Balance10/31/15$200,000.00$16,000.00$34,091.29$50,091.29$165,908.7110/31/16$165,909.00$13,272.72$36,818.57$50,091.29$129,090.4310/31/17$129,090.43$10,327.23$39,764.06$50,091.29$89,326.3710/31/18$89,326.37$7,146.11$42,945.18$50,091.29$46,381.1910/31/19$46,381.19$3,710.50$46,380.79$50,091.29$0.403.a) Accrued interest as December 31st 2015Accrued interest expense = $200,000*8%*2/12= $2,666.67. Thus the journal entry is as shown below:DescriptionDr($)Cr($)interest expense $2,666.67 Interest payable $2,666.67b) The first annual payment on the note.Ten more months of interest has accrued $200,000*8%*10/12 =$13,333.33 accrued interest .Therefore the journal entry is as shown below:DescriptionDr($)Cr($)Notes payable$34,091.29interest expense$13,333.33interest payable$2,666.67 Cash$50,091.29
PROBLEM 14-7AProblem 14-7AQuestion 1a) Debt to equity ratiosPulaski CompanyScott Company Total liabilities$360,000.00$240,000.00Total Equity$500,000.00$200,000.00Debt-Equity Ratio0.721.2Question 2The debt to equity ratio measures the amount of debt a company uses has to finance its business for every dollar of equity it has. A higher debt to equity ratio implies that a company uses more debt than equity for financing. In this case, the debt to equity ratio for Pulaski Company is 0.72 which is less than 1 implying that the stockholder's equity exceeds the amount of debt borrowed. Thus Pulaski Company may not likely suffer from risks brought about by huge amount of debts in the capital structure. On the other hand, the debt to equity ratio of Scott Company is 1.2 which is greater than 1 implying that the debt exceeds the totalamount stockholders equity. Huge debts is associated with a lot of risks. First, there is the risk of defaulting whereby the company may be unable to repay its debt and therefore leading to bankruptcy. Second, a company may find it difficult to obtain additional funding from creditors.This is because the creditors prefer companies with low debt to equity ratio. Finally, there is the risks of violating the debt covenants. A covenant is an agreement that requires a company to maintain adequate financial ratio levels. Too much borrowings may violate this covenant. Since ScottCompany has a higher debt to equity ratio, it may experience these risks which may eventually lead to the company being declared bankrupt .
PROBLEM 14-6BProblem 14-6B: Gordon Enterprises Borrowings1. Total amount of each installment payment.Present value of an ordi.
Problem 13-3AThe stockholders’ equity accounts of Ashley Corpo.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 13-3A
The stockholders’ equity accounts of Ashley Corporation on January 1, 2012, were as follows.
Preferred Stock (8%, $49 par, cumulative, 10,200 shares authorized)
$ 387,100
Common Stock ($1 stated value, 1,937,100 shares authorized)
1,408,700
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par—Preferred Stock
123,200
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value—Common Stock
1,496,800
Retained Earnings
1,814,400
Treasury Stock (10,300 common shares)
51,500
During 2012, the corporation had the following transactions and events pertaining to its stockholders’ equity.
Feb. 1
Issued 24,100 shares of common stock for $123,900.
Apr. 14
Sold 6,000 shares of treasury stock—common for $33,800.
Sept. 3
Issued 5,100 shares of common stock for a patent valued at $35,700.
Nov. 10
Purchased 1,100 shares of common stock for the treasury at a cost of $5,700.
Dec. 31
Determined that net income for the year was $456,600.
No dividends were declared during the year.
(a)
Journalize the transactions and the closing entry for net income. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Feb. 1
Apr. 14
Sept. 3
Nov. 10
Dec. 31
Click if you would like to Show Work for this question:
Open Show Work
LINK TO TEXT
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.
Problem 12-9AYour answer is partially correct. Try again..docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 12-9A
Your answer is partially correct. Try again.
Condensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.
ODGERS INC.Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2014
2013
Cash
$ 131,704
$ 78,892
Accounts receivable
143,114
61,940
Inventory
183,375
167,646
Prepaid expenses
46,292
42,380
Long-term investments
224,940
177,670
Plant assets
464,550
395,275
Accumulated depreciation
(81,500
)
(84,760
)
Total
$1,112,475
$839,043
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$ 166,260
$ 109,699
Accrued expenses payable
26,895
34,230
Bonds payable
179,300
237,980
Common stock
358,600
285,250
Retained earnings
381,420
171,884
Total
$1,112,475
$839,043
ODGERS INC.Income Statement Data
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Sales revenue
$633,190
Less:
Cost of goods sold
$220,800
Operating expenses, excluding depreciation
20,228
Depreciation expense
75,795
Income tax expense
44,466
Interest expense
7,710
Loss on disposal of plant assets
12,225
381,224
Net income
$ 251,966
Additional information:
1.
New plant assets costing $163,000 were purchased for cash during the year.
2.
Old plant assets having an original cost of $93,725 and accumulated depreciation of $79,055 were sold for $2,445 cash.
3.
Bonds payable matured and were paid off at face value for cash.
4.
A cash dividend of $42,430 was declared and paid during the year.
Prepare a statement of cash flows using the indirect method. (Show amounts that decrease cash flow with either a - sign e.g. -15,000 or in parenthesis e.g. (15,000).)
ODGERS INC.Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
$
Adjustments to reconcile net income to
$
$
Problem 12-10A
Condensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.
ODGERS INC.Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2014
2013
Cash
$ 151,904
$ 90,992
Accounts receivable
165,064
71,440
Inventory
211,500
193,358
Prepaid expenses
53,392
48,880
Long-term investments
259,440
204,920
Plant assets
535,800
455,900
Accumulated depreciation
(94,000
)
(97,760
)
Total
$1,283,100
$967,730
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$ 191,760
$ 126,524
Accrued expenses payable
31,020
39,480
Bonds payable
206,800
274,480
Common stock
413,600
329,000
Retained earnings
439,920
198,246
Total
$1,283,100
$967,730
ODGERS INC.Income Statement Data
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Sales revenue
$730,305
Less:
Cost of goods sold
$254,665
Operating expenses, excluding depreciation
23,331
Depreciation expense
87,420
Income taxes
51,286
Interest expense
8,892
Loss on disposal of plant assets
14,100
439,694
Net income
$ 290,611
Additional information:
1.
New plant assets costing $188,000 were purchased for c.
Problem 1123456Xf122437455763715813910106Name DateTopic.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1123456Xf122437455763715813910106
Name: Date:
Topic One: Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation
Please type your answer in the cell beside the question.
5. The following is the heart rate for 10 randomly selected patients on the unit. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the data using the descriptive statistics option in the data analysis toolpak.
75, 80, 62, 97, 107, 59, 76, 83, 84, 69
6. The following is a frequency distribution fo the number of times patience use the call light in a days time. X is the number of times the call light is used and f is the frequency (meaning the number of patients). Create a histogram of the data.
Sheet2
Sheet3
EXERCISE 11 USING STATISTICS TO DESCRIBE A STUDY SAMPLE
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE IN REVIEW
Most studies describe the subjects that comprise the study sample. This description of the sample is called the sample characteristics which may be presented in a table or the narrative of the article. The sample characteristics are often presented for each of the groups in a study (i.e. experimental and control groups). Descriptive statistics are used to generate sample characteristics, and the type of statistic used depends on the level of measurement of the demographic variables included in a study (Burns & Grove, 2007). For example, measuring gender produces nominal level data that can be described using frequencies, percentages, and mode. Measuring educational level usually produces ordinal data that can be described using frequencies, percentages, mode, median, and range. Obtaining each subject's specific age is an example of ratio data that can be described using mean, range, and standard deviation. Interval and ratio data are analyzed with the same type of statistics and are usually referred to as interval/ratio level data in this text.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Source: Troy, N. W., & Dalgas-Pelish, P. (2003). The effectiveness of a self-care intervention for the management of postpartum fatigue. Applied Nursing Research, 16 (1), 38–45.
Introduction
Troy and Dalgas-Pelish (2003) conducted a quasi-experimental study to determine the effectiveness of a self-care intervention (Tiredness Management Guide [TMG]) on postpartum fatigue. The study subjects included 68 primiparous mothers, who were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (32 subjects) or the control group (36 subjects) using a computer program. The results of the study indicated that the TMG was effective in reducing levels of morning postpartum fatigue from the 2nd to 4th weeks postpartum. These researchers recommend that “mothers need to be informed that they will probably experience postpartum fatigue and be taught to assess and manage this phenomenon” (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003, pp. 44-5).
Relevant Study Results
“A total of 80 women were initially enrolled [in the study] … twelve of these women dropped out of the study resulting in a final sample of 68.” (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003, p. 39). The researchers presen.
Problem 1. For the truss and loading shown below, calculate th.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1. For the truss and loading shown below, calculate the horizontal
displacement of point "D" using the method of virtual work. Show ALL your work!
HW No. 8 - Part 1
Solution
HW FA15 2 Page 1
Problem 1 Continued
Member L (in.) N (lb) N (in) NnL
HW No. 8 - Part 1
.
Problem 1 (30 marks)Review enough information about .docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1 (30 marks)
Review enough information about Trinidad Drilling Ltd. to propose a vision and strategic objectives for the company. Develop a balanced scorecard that will help the company achieve this vision and monitor how well it is accomplishing its strategic objectives. Include a strategy map in table format that shows objectives and performance measures, with arrows illustrating hypothesized cause-and -effect relationships. Provide rationale for your strategy map. The body of your report should not exceed 1,000 words. Cite material you used to prepare the response and provide references in an appendix.
Problem 2 (20 marks)
Ajax Auto Upholstery Ltd. manufactures upholstered products for automobiles, vans, and trucks. Among the various Ajax plants around Canada is the Owlseye plant located in rural Alberta.
The chief financial officer has just received a report indicating that Ajax could purchase the entire annual output of the Owlseye plant from a foreign supplier for $37 million per year.
The budgeted operating costs (in thousands) for the Owlseye plant’s for the coming year is as follows:
Materials $15,000
Labor
Direct $12,000
Supervision 4,000
Indirect plant 5,000 19,000
Overhead
Depreciation – plant 6,000
Utilities, property tax, maintenance 2,000
Pension expense 4,500
Plant manager and staff 2,500
Corporate headquarters overhead allocation 3,000 18,000
Total budgeted costs $52,000
If material purchase orders are cancelled as a consequence of the plant closing, termination charges would amount to 10 percent of the annual cost of direct materials in the first year (zero thereafter).
A clause in the Ajax union contract requires the company to provide employment assistance to its former employees for 12 months after a plant closes. The estimated cost to administer this service if the Owlseye plant closes would be $2 million. $3.6 million of next year’s pension expense would continue indefinitely whether or not the plant remains open. About $900,000 of labour would still be required in the first year after closure to decommission the plant. After that, the plant would be sold for an estimated $1 million. Utilities, property taxes, and maintenance costs would remain unchanged in the first year after closure, but disappear when the plant is sold.
The plant manager and her staff would be somewhat affected by the closing of the Owlseye plant. Some managers would still be responsible for managing three other plants. As a result, total management salaries would be about 50% of the current level, starting at closure and remaining into the future.
Required:
Assume you are the company’s chief financial officer. Perform a five-year financial analysis and make a recommendation whether to close the Owlseye plant on this basis. Provide support for and cautions about your recommendation with organized, clearly-labeled data. Use bullet points where appropriate.
Problem 3 (16 marks)
Br.
Problem 1 (10 points) Note that an eigenvector cannot be zero.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1 (10 points): Note that an eigenvector cannot be zero, but an eigenvalue can
be 0. Suppose that 0 is an eigenvalue of A. What does it say about A? (Hint: One of the
most important properties of a matrix is whether or not it is invertible. Think about the
Invertible Matrix Theorem and all the ‘good things’ of dealing with invertible matrices)
Problem 5: (20 points): The figure below shows a network of one-way streets with
traffic flowing in the directions indicated. The flow rate along the streets are measured
as the average number of vehicles per hour.
a) Set up a mathematical model whose solution provides the unknown flow rates
b) Solve the model for the unknown flow rates
c) If the flow rates along the road A to B must be reduced for construction, what is
the minimum flow that is required to keep traffic flowing on all roads?
Problem 6 (20 points): Problem 7 (9 points): Prove that if A and B are matrices of the same
size, then tr(A+B)=tr(A)+tr(B)
Given:
Goal:
Proof:
Problem 7 (20 points)*: In the 1990, the northern spotted owl became the center of a
nationwide controversy over the use and misuse of the majestic forests in the Pacific
Northwest. Environmentalists convinced the federal government that the owl was
threatened with extinction if logging continued in the old-growth forests (with trees over
200 years old), where the owls prefer to live. The timber industry, anticipating the loss of
30,000 to 100,000 jobs as a result of new government restrictions on logging, argued that
the owl should not be classified as a “threatened species” and cited a number of published
scientific reports to support its case.
Caught in the crossfire of the two lobbying groups, mathematical ecologists
intensified their drive to understand the population dynamics of the spotted owl. The life
cycle of a spotted owl divides naturally into three stages: juvenile (up to 1 year old),
subadult (1 to 2 years), and adult (over 2 years). The owls mate for life during the subadult
and adult stages, begin to breed as adults, and live for up to 20 years. Each owl pair
requires about 1,000 hectares (4 square miles) for its own home territory. A critical time in
the life cycle is when the juveniles leave the nest. To survive and become a subadult, a
juvenile must successfully find a new home range (and usually a mate).
A first step in studying the population dynamics is to model the population at yearly
intervals, at times denoted by 𝑘𝑘 = 0,1,2, …. Usually, one assumes that there is a 1:1 ratio of
males to females in each life stage and counts only the females. The population at year 𝑘𝑘
can be described by a vector 𝒙𝒙𝒌𝒌 = (𝑗𝑗𝑘𝑘 , 𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘 , 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 ), where 𝑗𝑗𝑘𝑘 , 𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘 , and 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 are the numbers of
females in the juvenile, subadult, and adult stages, respectively. Using actual field data from
demographic studies, a rese
Probation and Parole 3Running head Probation and Parole.docxChantellPantoja184
Probation and Parole 3
Running head: Probation and Parole
Probation and Parole
Student Name
Allied American University
Author Note
This paper was prepared for Probation and Parole, Module 8 Check Your Understanding taught by [INSERT INSTRUCTOR’S NAME].
Directions: Respond to the following questions using complete sentences. Your answer should be at least 1 paragraph in length, which must be composed of three to five sentences.
1. What is meant by intermediate punishments and what programs are included in this category?
2. How do intermediate punishments serve to keep down prison populations?
3. Why has electronic monitoring proven so popular?
4. What is meant by shock probation/parole?
5. What are the essential features of the boot camp program?
6. Why has intensive supervision been a public relations success?
7. What are the criticisms of boot camp programs?
8. What has research revealed with respect to intensive supervision?
9. What are the criticisms of electronic monitoring in probation and parole?
10. What are the criticisms leveled at intensive supervision?
11. What are the purposes of and services offered by a day reporting center?
12. Why would heroin addicts who have no intention of giving up drug use voluntarily enter a drug treatment program? What are the advantages of using methadone to treat heroin addicts?
13. Why is behavior modification difficult to use in treating drug abusers?
14. What are the characteristics of chemical dependency (CD) programs?
15. What are the primary characteristics of the therapeutic community (TC) approach for treating drug abusers?
16. What are criticisms of the Alcoholics Anonymous approach?
17. What are the problems inherent in drug testing?
18. What are the typical characteristics of sex offenders? How have sex offender laws affected P/P supervision?
19. What are the pros and cons of restitution and charging offenders fees in probation or parole?
20. What are the problems encountered in using the interstate compact?
.
Problem 1(a) Complete the following ANOVA table based on 20 obs.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1:
(a) Complete the following ANOVA table based on 20 observations for the regression equation
(a) Is the overall regression significant? Fill in the missing values in the table.
Source DF SS MS F
Regression ___ 350 ____ ____
Error ___ _____
Total 500
(b) Suppose that you have computed the following sequential sums of squares due to regression:
Regressor Variables in Model SS Regression
………………………………………. 300
……………………………………… 250
…………………………………….. 340
……………………………………. 325
Fill in the missing values in the following “computer output”:
Source DF Partial SS F-value Pr>F
……………………………………………………………………………………….. 0.1245
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.3841
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.0042
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.0401
Problem 2:
The time required for a merchandise to stock a grocery store shelf with a soft drink product as well as the number of cases of product stocked are given below. Consider a linear regression of delivery time against number of cases.
X=number of cases
Y=delivery time
Delivery time number of cases Hat diagonals
1.41 4 0.5077
2.96 6 0.3907
6.04 14 0.2013
7.57 19 0.3092
9.38 24 0.5912
Observations used L.S. Model
4,6,14,19,24
6,14,19,24
4,14,19,24
4,14,19,24
4,6,14,24
4,6,14,19
(a)
Calculate the PRESS statistic for the model .
(b) Calculate the regular residual for the model above. Then, compare these residuals with the PRESS residuals for this model.
Exercises from the Text
Use SAS whenever possible to do these exercises:
# 3.4 on p 122
# 3.5
# 3.8
# 3.15
# 3.21
# 3.27
# 3.28
# 3.31
# 3.38
# 3.39
Example with SAS on Sequential and Partial Sum of Squares
Data Weather;
Title 'Lows and Highs from N&O Jan 28,29,30 1992';
Title2 'using actual numbers (yesterday values)';
input city $ hi2 lo2 yhi ylo thi tlo;
* Mon Tues Wed ;
cards;
seattle 51 44 52 44 59 47
.
.
.
;
proc reg; model thi = yhi hi2 tlo ylo lo2/ss1 ss2;
test tlo=0, ylo=0, lo2=0;
/*-----------------------------------------------
| Showing sequential and partial sums of squares|
| Note t**2 = F relationship for partial F. By |
| hand, construct F to leave out .
Probe 140 SPrecipitation in inchesTemperature in F.docxChantellPantoja184
Probe 1
40 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
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8
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0
10
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POTET 26.8
Precip 27.1
MAT(F) 59.8
Probe 2
6 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
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POTET 69.2
Precip 124.6
MAT(F) 77.9
Probe 3
57 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
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POTET 21.5
Precip 38.7
MAT(F) 43.5
Probe 4
38 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
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0
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POTET 30.3
Precip 16.5
MAT(F) 53.6
Probe 5
55 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
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0
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POTET 21.3
Precip 28.1
MAT(F) 40.6
Probe 6
43 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
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0
10
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POTET 25.4
Precip 14.4
MAT(F) 47.2
Probe 7
42 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
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0
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POTET 17.3
Precip 31.2
MAT(F) 26.0
Probe 8
42 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
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0
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POTET 29.6
Precip 38.8
MAT(F) 51.6
Probe 9
18 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
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0
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90
POTET 66.1
Precip 74.8
MAT(F) 77.7
Probe 10
58 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 16.5
Precip 24.8
MAT(F) 36.9
Probe 11
26 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 47.6
Precip 3.8
MAT(F) 70.1
Probe 12
29 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 44.0
Precip 47.3
MAT(F) 63.2
Probe 4
Probe 2
Probe 10
Probe 5
Probe 6
Probe 7
Probe 11
Probe 12
Probe 8
Probe 9
Probe 3
Probe 1
Map 1
20 N
40 N
60 N
80 N
0
20 S
40 S
60 S
0
1000
miles
Geography 204
Koppen Climate Classification Guidelines
If POTET exceeds Precip then B
BW = POTET more than 2x Precip
(desert)
h = mean annual temp > 18 C (64.4 F)
k = mean annual temp < 18 C (64.4 F)
BS = POTET less than 2x Precip
(steppe)
h = mean annual t.
Problem #1 JET Copies Case ProblemRead the JET Copies C.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem #1:
JET Copies Case Problem
Read the "JET Copies" Case Problem on pages 678-679 of the text. Using simulation estimate the loss of revenue due to copier breakdown for one year, as follows:
1. In Excel, use a suitable method for generating the number of days needed to repair the copier, when it is out of service, according to the discrete distribution shown.
2. In Excel, use a suitable method for simulating the interval between successive breakdowns, according to the continuous distribution shown.
3. In Excel, use a suitable method for simulating the lost revenue for each day the copier is out of service.
4. Put all of this together to simulate the lost revenue due to copier breakdowns over 1 year to answer the question asked in the case study.
5. In a word processing program, write a brief description/explanation of how you implemented each component of the model. Write 1-2 paragraphs for each component of the model (days-to-repair; interval between breakdowns; lost revenue; putting it together).
6. Answer the question posed in the case study. How confident are you that this answer is a good one? What are the limits of the study? Write at least one paragraph.
There are two deliverables for this Case Problem, the Excel spreadsheet and the written description/explanation.
Outcome Assessed:
· Create statistical analysis of simulation results.
· Communicate issues in management science
Grading Rubric for JET Copies Case Problem
There are 12 possible points in each of the five criteria for a total of 60 points possible.
Criteria
0Unacceptable(0 points)
1Developing(6 points)
2Competent(9 points)
3Exemplary(12 points)
1. Model number of days to repair
Did not submit or did not model this component in an appropriate manner
This component was modeled, but the method and/or implementation had mistakes that affected the validity of the model
Used a method that is recognizably appropriate, but the implementation had minor mistakes
Used an appropriate method and correctly implemented it
2. Model number of weeks between breakdowns
Did not submit or did not model this component in an appropriate manner
This component was modeled, but the method and/or implementation had mistakes that affected the validity of the model
Used a method that is recognizably appropriate, but the implementation had minor mistakes
Used an appropriate method and correctly implemented it
3. Model lost revenue due to breakdowns
Did not submit or did not model this component in an appropriate manner
This component was modeled, but the method and/or implementation had mistakes that affected the validity of the model
Used a method that is recognizably appropriate, but the implementation had minor mistakes
Used an appropriate method and correctly implemented it
4. Provide written description and explanation of the simulation
Did not submit or described insufficiently. Omitted key points.
Provided partially developed written description that matches the method 70 - 79% accur.
PROBLEM 1 Lovin’ the Fast Food The following article was writt.docxChantellPantoja184
PROBLEM 1: Lovin’ the Fast Food
The following article was written for an ag-econ journal several years ago. The demand function is written in table format on the next page. This page has the averages for the different variables and the second page has the regression output.
1. Calculate the fast food price elasticity for fast food for 1982 and 1992. What does it mean? How could Chic-Fil-A use this information? Is it changing?
PEoD = (% Change in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Price)
2. Calculate the grocery cross-price elasticity for fast food for 1982 and 1992. What does it mean? How could Chic-Fil-A use this information? Calculate the ‘inexpensive’ and ‘expensive’ restaurant price cross-price elasticity. What do these mean and how useful is this information?
3. Calculate the income elasticity of fast food in 1982 and 1992. Again, explain the trend and meaning.
4. Identify at least four ‘take-aways’ from this demand function. Identify the relationship that is shown (or not shown), what information can be drawn from the information and how a fast-food restaurant can use this. Only one of your ‘take-aways’ here can relate specifically to cross-price elasticities.
Problem 2 Jones Has A Student . . .
Several years ago I had a student who approached me about leaving school. This student had, what he thought, was an amazing idea. Doug’s idea (I’ve changed the name to protect the innocent) was this: move to a medium sized city (Charleston, SC) and open up a jewelry business. His reasoning was that when jewelers resize gold rings (wedding bands), they get to keep the little pieces of scrap gold. As gold was approaching record prices, Doug would make a ton of profit.
a. Draw a graph/figure of the type of market Doug is entering—assume that he makes profits out of the gate.
b. Explain how the market moves given that Doug makes a profit. That is, tell me what is likely to happen. Show a graph (or graphs) that explain this phenomena.
c. How is it possible that firms can operate with zero economic profit? Tell me a story why it must be that the last firm entering the market experiences zero economic profit (i.e. What if the last firm in the market experienced positive economic profit? Is there anything wrong with that?)
Problem 3 Economics is a Curious Thing
Please choose three of the following economic phenomena and give me your reasons why we see these events occur in the market. The more you think like an economist the more you see economics in the market. (Don’t waltz through these as they are all examples of economics.)
a. Why do brides buy their wedding dresses for thousands of dollars while bride-grooms (yes, I’m from Middle-England) rent their tuxedos for a hundred dollars?
b. Why is the internet free at Motel 6 but costs $9.99 per day at the Ritz?
c. Why do ATM machines in the drive-through have brail number pads?
d. Why do airlines give frequent flyers two free checked bags but charge for checked bags for non-frequent flyer.
Problem 1 (ch 23)Victoria Falls Flour Mill Company started many ye.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1 (ch 23)Victoria Falls Flour Mill Company started many years ago producing a single product. It has grown to produce many diverse consumer products ranging from foods to paper goods. Currently, the corporation is barely making a profit, and the price of its stock has languished. Division managers have traditionally been incentivized with stock options and awards. However, management is evaluating a new bonus plan based on segment profits within each division. Below are 20X4 facts about the Sugar Products Division, which generates 10% of overall corporate revenue. The Sugar Products Division has two key products - raw sugar and candy.Total sales of raw sugar and candy$ 45,750,000Traceable, controllable, sugar division fixed costs10,250,000Traceable, uncontrollable, sugar division fixed costs3,600,000Non-traceable, controllable, sugar division fixed costs1,500,000Non-traceable, uncontrollable, sugar division fixed costs1,750,000Variable selling, general, & administrative costs9,050,000Variable product costs21,700,000General corporate expenses for all divisions8,000,000Prepare a contribution income statement for the aggregated Sugar Division (one column). If the division manager is to be evaluated on controllable contribution margin, would the Sugar Division manager appear to be entitled to a bonus?
&L&"Arial,Bold"&20 &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-23.05
B-23.05
Worksheet 1 (ch 23)20X4 Divisional Report for Sugar ProductsContribution Income StatementSales$ 45,750,000Less:
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-23.05
B-23.05
Problem 2 (ch 23)Downhill Manufacturing produces snow skis in a two-step production process - cutting and laminating. The manufacturing center is supported by two service centers - a health clinic and a janitorial service. The following table reveals certain facts about each activity:Health clinicJanitorial serviceCutting departmentLaminating departmentEmployees241015Square footage1,20060012,0008,000Cost incurred$ 180,000$ 125,000$ 700,000$ 800,000(a)Using the direct method, allocate the service department costs to production. The clinic costs are to be allocated based on employees, and the janitorial costs are to be allocated based on the square footage.(b)Using the step method, allocate the service department costs to production. The clinic costs are to be allocated based on employees, and the janitorial costs are to be allocated based on the square footage. The first step will be to allocate clinic costs. The clinic employees maintain their space and do not rely upon the janitorial service. However, janitorial employees occasionally sustain an injury and utilize the clinic.
B-23.08
Worksheet 2 (ch 23)(a)Health clinicJanitorial serviceCutting departmentLaminating departmentCost incurred$ 180,000$ 125,000$ 700,000$ 800,000Clinic allocation----Janitorial allocation----Total cost$ -$ -$ -$ -Clinic allocations:Jani.
/***********************************************************
Program Name: Simple Math Calculator
Program Author: Kyle NoCompile
Date Created: 9/28/14
Program Description:
This program performs simple arithmetic calculations.
The user enters numbers and the math operation to
perform on those numbers. The program will then display
the result of the operation. The program allows the
user to continue entering a math operation and an
integer to calculate off of the previous calculation
result.
Modified Date:
Modified Description:
***********************************************************/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Function prototypes:
void showWelcome(void);
int getUserIntegerInput();
char getMathChoice()
int getInteger(bool);
bool validateMathChoice(char choice)
int doAddition(int int1, int int2);
int doSubtraction(int, int);
int doMath(int firstInt, int secondInt, char mathFunc);
void showResult(int)
float keepCalculating();
// This is the main function (where the program begins)
int main(void)
{
// Variables to hold local data
int runningTotal; nextValue;
int mathChoice();
bool keepGoing;
// Call the showWelcome() function
showWelcome(void);
// Call the getInteger() function (for the first integer)
// and store the result in the "runningTotal" variable
runningTotal = GetInteger(true);
// Loop after each calculation to see if the user wants to keep going
do
{
// Call the getMathChoice() function and store result in "mathChoice" variable
mathChoice = getMathChoice(42);
// Call validateMathChoice() function, passing it the user's math choice
// and using the return value to decide what to do next
if (validateMathChoice())
{
// Call the getInteger() function (for the second and subsequent integers)
// and store the result in the "nextValue" variable
nextValue = getInteger(false);
// Call the doMath() function and pass it all of the user input
// and store the return value in the "runningTotal" variable (overwrite
// previous "runningTotal" variable value. This will allow for us to
// update the running total of all calculations up to this point.
runningTotal = doMath(runningTotal nextValue mathChoice);
// Call the showResult() function to show the result
showResult(runningTotal);
}
else
{
// If the user chose an invalid math function...
cout<<Not a valid math choice. Try again<<endl;
}
}
// Call the keepCalculating() function and use the return value
// to decide whether to continue looping
while (keepCalculating);
return 0;
}
// This function shows a nice welcome message
void showWelcome()
{
cout<<"******************************************"<<endl;
cout<<"Welcome to the simple calculator program!"<<endl;
cout<<"This program will do simple addition and"<<endl
cout<<"subtraction. Math is fun, so enjoy!"<<endl;
cout<<"**.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
Previous CHAPTER Next CHAPTERUH, OH. WE MIGHT BE IN TROUB.docx
1. Previous CHAPTER Next CHAPTER
"UH, OH. WE MIGHT BE IN TROUBLE" - An Emergency
Message from History Is A Weapon (please click)
A PEOPLE'S HIST ORY OF T HE UNIT ED ST AT ES by
Howard Zinn
Table of CONTENTS
Chapter 5: A KIND OF REVOLUTION
The American victory over the British army was made possible
by the existence of an already- armed
people. Just about every white male had a gun, and could shoot.
The Revolutionary leadership distrusted
the mobs of poor. But they knew the Revolution had no appeal
to slaves and Indians. They would have to
woo the armed white population.
This was not easy. Yes, mechanics and sailors, some others,
were incensed against the British. But
general enthusiasm for the war was not strong. While much of
the white male population went into military
service at one time or another during the war, only a small
fraction stayed. John Shy, in his study of the
Revolutionary army (A People Numerous and Armed), says they
"grew weary of being bullied by local
committees of safety, by corrupt deputy assistant commissaries
of supply, and by bands of ragged
strangers with guns in their hands calling themselves soldiers of
the Revolution." Shy estimates that
perhaps a fifth of the population was actively treasonous. John
2. Adams had estimated a third opposed, a
third in support, a third neutral.
Alexander Hamilton, an aide of George Washington and an up-
and-coming member of the new elite,
wrote from his headquarters: ". . . our countrymen have all the
folly of the ass and all the passiveness of
the sheep... . They are determined not to be free.. . . If we are
saved, France and Spain must save us."
Slavery got in the way in the South. South Carolina, insecure
since the slave uprising in Stono in 1739,
could hardly fight against the British; her militia had to be used
to keep slaves under control.
The men who first joined the colonial militia were generally
"hallmarks of respectability or at least of full
citizenship" in their communities, Shy says. Excluded from the
militia were friendly Indians, free Negroes,
white servants, and free white men who had no stable home. But
desperation led to the recruiting of the
less respectable whites. Massachusetts and Virginia provided
for drafting "strollers" (vagrants) into the
militia. In fact, the military became a place of promise for the
poor, who might rise in rank, acquire some
money, change their social status.
Here was the traditional device by which those in charge of any
social order mobilize and discipline a
recalcitrant population-offering the adventure and rewards of
military service to get poor people to fight
for a cause they may not see clearly as their own. A wounded
American lieutenant at Bunker Hill,
interviewed by Peter Oliver, a Tory (who admittedly might have
been looking for such a response), told
how he had joined the rebel forces:
3. I was a Shoemaker, & got my living by my Labor. When this
Rebellion came on, I
saw some of my Neighbors got into Commission, who were no
better than myself. I
was very ambitious, & did not like to see those Men above me.
T was asked to
enlist, as a private Soldier ... I offered to enlist upon having a
Lieutenants
Commission; which was granted. I imagined my self now in a
way of Promotion: if I
was killed in Battle, there would be an end of me, but if any
Captain was killed, I
should rise in Rank, & should still have a Chance to rise higher.
These Sir! were
the only Motives of my entering into the Service; for as to the
Dispute between
Great Britain & the Colonies, I know nothing of it. ...
John Shy investigated the subsequent experience of that Bunker
Hill lieutenant. He was William Scott,
of Peterborough, New Hampshire, and after a year as prisoner of
the British he escaped, made his way
back to the American army, fought in battles in New York, was
captured again by the British, and
escaped again by swimming the Hudson River one night with
his sword tied around his neck and his
watch pinned to his hat. He returned to New Hampshire,
recruited a company of his own, including his
two eldest sons, and fought in various battles, until his health
gave way. He watched his eldest son die of
camp fever after six years of service. He had sold his farm in
Peterborough for a note that, with inflation,
became worthless. After the war, he came to public attention
when he rescued eight people from
drowning after their boat turned over in New York harbor. He
4. then got a job surveying western lands
with the army, but caught a fever and died in 1796.
Scott was one of many Revolutionary fighters, usually of lower
military ranks, from poor and obscure
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http://www.historyisaweapon.com/response
/indextrue.html
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http://www.web2pdfconvert.com?ref=PDF
http://www.web2pdfconvert.com?ref=PDF
backgrounds. Shy's study of the Peterborough contingent shows
that the prominent and substantial
citizens of the town had served only briefly in the war. Other
American towns show the same pattern. As
Shy puts it: "Revolutionary America may have been a middle-
class society, happier and more prosperous
than any other in its time, but it contained a large and growing
number of fairly poor people, and many of
them did much of the actual fighting and suffering between I775
and 1783: A very old story."
The military conflict itself, by dominating everything in its
time, diminished other issues, made people
choose sides in the one contest that was publicly important,
forced people onto the side of the Revolution
whose interest in Independence was not at all obvious. Ruling
elites seem to have learned through the
generations-consciously or not-that war makes them more
secure against internal trouble.
5. The force of military preparation had a way of pushing neutral
people into line. In Connecticut, for
instance, a law was passed requiring military service of all
males between sixteen and sixty, omitting
certain government officials, ministers, Yale students and
faculty, Negroes, Indians, and mulattos.
Someone called to duty could provide a substitute or get out of
it by paying 5 pounds. When eighteen
men failed to show up for military duty they were jailed and, in
order to be released, had to pledge to fight
in the war. Shy says: "The mechanism of their political
conversion was the militia." What looks like the
democratization of the military forces in modern times shows up
as something different: a way of forcing
large numbers of reluctant people to associate themselves with
the national cause, and by the end of the
process believe in it.
Here, in the war for liberty, was conscription, as usual,
cognizant of wealth. With the impressment riots
against the British still remembered, impressment of seamen by
the American navy was taking place by
1779. A Pennsylvania official said: "We cannot help observing
how similar this Conduct is to that of the
British Officers during our Subjection to Great Britain and are
persuaded it will have the same unhappy
effects viz. an estrangement of the Affections of the People
from . . . Authority . . . which by an easy
Progression will proceed to open Opposition . . . and
bloodshed."
Watching the new, tight discipline of Washington's army, a
chaplain in. Concord, Massachusetts,
wrote: "New lords, new laws. The strictest government is taking
place and great distinction is made
6. between officers & men. Everyone is made to know his place &
keep it, or be immediately tied up, and
receive not one but 30 or 40 lashes."
The Americans lost the first battles of the war: Bunker Hill,
Brooklyn Heights, Harlem Heights, the
Deep South; they won small battles at Trenton and Princeton,
and then in a turning point, a big battle at
Saratoga, New York, in 1777. Washington's frozen army hung
on at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, while
Benjamin Franklin negotiated an alliance with the French
monarchy, which was anxious for revenge on
England. The war turned to the South, where the British won
victory after victory, until the Americans,
aided by a large French army, with the French navy blocking off
the British from supplies and
reinforcements, won the final victory of the war at Yorktown,
Virginia, in 1781.
Through all this, the suppressed conflicts between rich and poor
among the Americans kept
reappearing. In the midst of the war, in Philadelphia, which Eric
Foner describes as "a time of immense
profits for some colonists and terrible hardships for others," the
inflation (prices rose in one month that
year by 45 percent) led to agitation and calls for action. One
Philadelphia newspaper carried a reminder
that in Europe "the People have always done themselves justice
when the scarcity of bread has arisen
from the avarice of forestallers. They have broken open
magazines- appropriated stores to their own use
without paying for them-and in some instances have hung up the
culprits who created their distress."
In May of 1779, the First Company of Philadelphia Artillery
petitioned the Assembly about the
7. troubles of "the midling and poor" and threatened violence
against "those who are avariciously intent upon
amassing wealth by the destruction of the more virtuous part of
the community." That same month, there
was a mass meeting, an extralegal gathering, which called for
price reductions and initiated an investigation
of Robert Morris, a rich Philadelphian who was accused of
holding food from the market. In October
came the "Fort Wilson riot," in which a militia group marched
into the city and to the house of James
Wilson, a wealthy lawyer and Revolutionary official who had
opposed price controls and the democratic
constitution adopted in Pennsylvania in 1776. The militia were
driven away by a "silk stocking brigade" of
well-off Philadelphia citizens.
It seemed that the majority of white colonists, who had a bit of
land, or no property at all, were still
better off than slaves or indentured servants or Indians, and
could be wooed into the coalition of the
Revolution. But when the sacrifices of war became more bitter,
the privileges and safety of the rich
became harder to accept. About 10 percent of the white
population (an estimate of Jackson Main in The
Social Structure of Revolutionary America), large landholders
and merchants, held 1,000 pounds or
more in personal property and 1,000 pounds in land, at the least,
and these men owned nearly half the
wealth of the country and held as slaves one-seventh of the
country's people.
The Continental Congress, which governed the colonies through
the war, was dominated by rich men,
linked together in factions and compacts by business and family
connections. These links connected North
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and South, East and West. For instance, Richard Henry Lee of
Virginia was connected with the Adamses
of Massachusetts and the Shippens of Pennsylvania. Delegates
from middle and southern colonies were
connected with Robert Morris of Pennsylvania through
commerce and land speculation. Morris was
superintendent of finance, and his assistant was Gouverneur
Morris.
Morris's plan was to give more assurance to those who had
loaned money to the Continental
Congress, and gain the support of officers by voting half-pay
for life for those who stuck to the end. This
ignored the common soldier, who was not getting paid, who was
suffering in the cold, dying of sickness,
watching the civilian profiteers get rich. On New Year's Day,
1781, the Pennsylvania troops near
Morristown, New Jersey, perhaps emboldened by rum, dispersed
their officers, killed one captain,
wounded others, and were marching, fully armed, with cannon,
toward the Continental Congress at
Philadelphia.
George Washington handled it cautiously. Informed of these
developments by General Anthony
Wayne, he told Wayne not to use force. He was worried that the
rebellion might spread to his own
troops. He suggested Wayne get a list of the soldiers'
grievances, and said Congress should not flee
Philadelphia, because then the way would be open for the
9. soldiers to be joined by Philadelphia citizens.
He sent Knox rushing to New England on his horse to get three
months' pay for the soldiers, while he
prepared a thousand men to march on the mutineers, as a last
resort. A peace was negotiated, in which
one-half the men were discharged; the other half got furloughs.
Shortly after this, a smaller mutiny took place in the New Jersey
Line, involving two hundred men who
defied their officers and started out for the state capital at
Trenton. Now Washington was ready. Six
hundred men, who themselves had been well fed and clothed,
marched on the mutineers and surrounded
and disarmed them. Three ringleaders were put on trial
immediately, in the field. One was pardoned, and
two were shot by firing squads made up of their friends, who
wept as they pulled the triggers. It was "an
example," Washington said.
Two years later, there was another mutiny in the Pennsylvania
line. The war was over and the army
had disbanded, but eighty soldiers, demanding their pay,
invaded the Continental Congress headquarters
in Philadelphia and forced the members to flee across the river
to Princeton- "ignominiously turned out of
doors," as one historian sorrowfully wrote (John Fiske, The
Critical Period), "by a handful of drunken
mutineers."
What soldiers in the Revolution could do only rarely, rebel
against their authorities, civilians could do
much more easily. Ronald Hoffman says: "The Revolution
plunged the states of Delaware, Maryland,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and, to a much lesser
degree, Virginia into divisive civil conflicts
that persisted during the entire period of struggle." The southern
10. lower classes resisted being mobilized for
the revolution. They saw themselves under the rule of a political
elite, win or lose against the British.
In Maryland, for instance, by the new constitution of 1776, to
run for governor one had to own 5,000
pounds of property; to run for state senator, 1,000 pounds.
Thus, 90 percent of the population were
excluded from holding office. And so, as Hoffman says, "small
slave holders, non- slaveholding planters,
tenants, renters and casual day laborers posed a serious problem
of social control for the Whig elite."
With black slaves 25 percent of the population (and in some
counties 50 percent), fear of slave revolts
grew. George Washington had turned down the requests of
blacks, seeking freedom, to fight in the
Revolutionary army. So when the British military commander in
Virginia, Lord Dunmore, promised
freedom to Virginia slaves who joined his forces, this created
consternation. A report from one Maryland
county worried about poor whites encouraging slave runaways:
The insolence of the Negroes in this county is come to such a
height, that we are
under a necessity of disarming them which we affected on
Saturday last. We took
about eighty guns, some bayonets, swords, etc. The malicious
and imprudent
speeches of some among the lower classes of whites have
induced them to believe
that their freedom depended on the success of the King's troops.
We cannot
therefore be too vigilant nor too rigorous with those who
promote and encourage
this disposition in our slaves.
11. Even more unsettling was white rioting in Maryland against
leading families, supporting the Revolution,
who were suspected of hoarding needed commodities. The class
hatred of some of these disloyal people
was expressed by one man who said "it was better for the people
to lay down their arms and pay the
duties and taxes laid upon them by King and Parliament than to
be brought into slavery and to be
commanded and ordered about as they were." A wealthy
Maryland land- owner, Charles Carroll, took
note of the surly mood all around him:
There is a mean low dirty envy which creeps thro all ranks and
cannot suffer a man
a superiority of fortune, of merit, or of understanding in fellow
citizens-either of
these are sure to entail a general ill will and dislike upon the
owners.
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Despite this, Maryland authorities retained control. They made
concessions, taxing land and slaves more
heavily, letting debtors pay in paper money. It was a sacrifice
by the upper class to maintain power, and it
worked.
In the lower South, however, in the Carolinas and Georgia,
according to Hoffman, "vast regions were
left without the slightest apparition of authority." The general
mood was to take no part in a war that
12. seemed to have nothing for them. "Authoritative personages on
both sides demanded that common people
supply material, reduce consumption, leave their families, and
even risk their lives. Forced to make hard
decisions, many flailed out in frustration or evaded and defied
first one side, then the other. .. ."
Washington's military commander in the lower South, Nathanael
Greene, dealt with disloyalty by a
policy of concessions to some, brutality to others. In a letter to
Thomas Jefferson he described a raid by
his troops on Loyalists. "They made a dreadful carnage of them,
upwards of one hundred were killed and
most of the rest cut to pieces. It has had a very happy effect on
those disaffected persons of which there
were too many in this country." Greene told one of his generals
"to strike terror into our enemies and give
spirit to our friends." On the other hand, he advised the
governor of Georgia "to open a door for the
disaffected of your state to come in... ."
In general, throughout the states, concessions were kept to a
minimum. The new constitutions that
were drawn up in all states from 1776 to 1780 were not much
different from the old ones. Although
property qualifications for voting and holding office were
lowered in some instances, in Massachusetts
they were increased. Only Pennsylvania abolished them totally.
The new bills of rights had modifying
provisions. North Carolina, providing for religious freedom,
added "that nothing herein contained shall be
construed to exempt preachers of treasonable or seditious
discourses, from legal trial and punishment."
Maryland, New York, Georgia, and Massachusetts took similar
cautions.
13. The American Revolution is sometimes said to have brought
about the separation of church and state.
The northern states made such declarations, but after 1776 they
adopted taxes that forced everyone to
support Christian teachings. William G. McLoughlin, quoting
Supreme Court Justice David Brewer in
1892 that "this is a Christian nation," says of the separation of
church and state in the Revolution that it
"was neither conceived of nor carried out. .,. Far from being left
to itself, religion was imbedded into every
aspect and institution of American life."
One would look, in examining the Revolution's effect on class
relations, at what happened to land
confiscated from fleeing Loyalists. It was distributed in such a
way as to give a double opportunity to the
Revolutionary leaders: to enrich themselves and their friends,
and to parcel out some land to small farmers
to create a broad base of support for the new government.
Indeed, this became characteristic of the new
nation: finding itself possessed of enormous wealth, it could
create the richest ruling class in history, and
still have enough for the middle classes to act as a buffer
between the rich and the dispossessed.
The huge landholdings of the Loyalists had been one of the
great incentives to Revolution. Lord Fairfax
in Virginia had more than 5 million acres encompassing twenty-
one counties. Lord Baltimore's income
from his Maryland holdings exceeded 30,000 pounds a year.
After the Revolution, Lord Fairfax was
protected; he was a friend of George Washington. But other
Loyalist holders of great estates, especially
those who were absentees, had their land confiscated. In New
York, the number of freeholding small
farmers increased after the Revolution, and there were fewer
14. tenant farmers, who had created so much
trouble in the pre-Revolution years.
Although the numbers of independent farmers grew, according
to Rowland Berthoff and John Murrin,
"the class structure did not change radically." The ruling group
went through personnel changes as "the
rising merchant families of Boston, New York or Philadelphia
... slipped quite credibly into the social
status-and sometimes the very houses of those who failed in
business or suffered confiscation and exile for
loyalty to the crown."
Edmund Morgan sums up the class nature of the Revolution this
way: "The fact that the lower ranks
were involved in the contest should not obscure the fact that the
contest itself was generally a struggle for
office and power between members of an upper class: the new
against the established." Looking at the
situation after the Revolution, Richard Morris comments:
"Everywhere one finds inequality." He finds "the
people" of "We the people of the United States" (a phrase
coined by the very rich Gouverneur Morris)
did not mean Indians or blacks or women or white servants. In
fact, there were more indentured servants
than ever, and the Revolution "did nothing to end and little to
ameliorate white bondage."
Carl Degler says (Out of Our Past): "No new social class came
to power through the door of the
American revolution. The men who engineered the revolt were
largely members of the colonial ruling
class." George Washington was the richest man in America.
John Hancock was a prosperous Boston
merchant. Benjamin Franklin was a wealthy printer. And so on.
15. On the other hand, town mechanics, laborers, and seamen, as
well as small farmers, were swept into
"the people" by the rhetoric of the Revolution, by the
camaraderie of military service, by the distribution of
some land. Thus was created a substantial body of support, a
national consensus, something that, even
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with the exclusion of ignored and oppressed people, could be
called "America."
Staughton Lynd's close study of Dutchess County, New York, in
the Revolutionary period
corroborates this. There were tenant risings in 1766 against the
huge feudal estates in New York. The
Rensselaerwyck holding was a million acres. Tenants, claiming
some of this land for themselves, unable to
get satisfaction in the courts, turned to violence. In
Poughkeepsie, 1,700 armed tenants had closed the
courts and broken open the jails. But the uprising was crushed.
During the Revolution, there was a struggle in Dutchess County
over the disposition of confiscated
Loyalist lands, but it was mainly between different elite groups.
One of these, the Poughkeepsie anti-
Federalists (opponents of the Constitution), included men on the
make, newcomers in land and business.
They made promises to the tenants to gain their support,
exploiting their grievances to build their own
political careers and maintain their own fortunes.
16. During the Revolution, to mobilize soldiers, the tenants were
promised land. A prominent landowner of
Dutchess County wrote in 1777 that a promise to make tenants
freeholders "would instantly bring you at
least six thousand able farmers into the field." But the farmers
who enlisted in the Revolution and expected
to get something out of it found that, as privates in the army,
they received $6.66 a month, while a colonel
received $75 a month. They watched local government
contractors like Melancton Smith and Mathew
Paterson become rich, while the pay they received in
continental currency became worthless with inflation.
All this led tenants to become a threatening force in the midst
of the war. Many stopped paying rent.
The legislature, worried, passed a bill to confiscate Loyalist
land and add four hundred new freeholders to
the 1,800 already in the county. This meant a strong new voting
bloc for the faction of the rich that would
become anti-Federalists in 1788. Once the new landholders were
brought into the privileged circle of the
Revolution and seemed politically under control, their leaders,
Mclancton Smith and others, at first
opposed to adoption of the Constitution, switched to support,
and with New York ratifying, adoption
was ensured. The new freeholders found that they had stopped
being tenants, but were now mortgagees,
paying back loans from banks instead of rent to landlords.
It seems that the rebellion against British rule allowed a certain
group of the colonial elite to replace
those loyal to England, give some benefits to small landholders,
and leave poor white working people and
tenant farmers in very much their old situation.
What did the Revolution mean to the Native Americans, the
17. Indians? They had been ignored by the
fine words of the Declaration, had not been considered equal,
certainly not in choosing those who would
govern the American territories in which they lived, nor in
being able to pursue happiness as they had
pursued it for centuries before the white Europeans arrived.
Now, with the British out of the way, the
Americans could begin the inexorable process of pushing the
Indians off their lands, killing them if they
resisted, in short, as Francis Jennings puts it, the white
Americans were fighting against British imperial
control in the East, and for their own imperialism in the West.
Before the Revolution, the Indians had been subdued by force in
Virginia and in New England.
Elsewhere, they had worked out modes of coexistence with the
colonies. But around 1750, with the
colonial population growing fast, the pressure to move
westward onto new land set the stage for conflict
with the Indians. Land agents from the East began appearing in
the Ohio River valley, on the territory of a
confederation of tribes called the Covenant Chain, for which the
Iroquois were spokesmen. In New
York, through intricate swindling, 800,000 acres of Mohawk
land were taken, ending the period of
Mohawk-New York friendship. Chief Hendrick of the Mohawks
is recorded speaking his bitterness to
Governor George Clinton and the provincial council of New
York in 1753:
Brother when we came here lo relate our Grievances about our
Lands, we expected
to have something done for us, and we have told you that the
Covenant Chain of our
Forefathers was like to be broken, and brother you tell us that
we shall be
18. redressed at Albany, but we know them so well, we will not
trust to them, for they
[the Albany merchants] are no people but Devils so ... as soon
as we come home we
will send up a Belt of Wampum to our Brothers the other 5
Nations to acquaint
them the Covenant Chain is broken between you and us. So
brother you are not to
expect to hear of me any more, and Brother we desire to hear no
more of you.
When the British fought the French for North America in the
Seven Years' War, the Indians fought on
the side of the French. The French were traders but not
occupiers of Indian lands, while the British clearly
coveted their hunting grounds and living space. Someone
reported the conversation of Shingas, chief of
the Delaware Indians, with the British General Braddock, who
sought his help against the French:
Shingas asked General Braddock, whether the Indians that were
friends to the
English might not be permitted to Live and Trade among the
English and have
Hunting Ground sufficient to Support themselves and
Familys.... On which General
Braddock said that No Savage Should Inherit the Land.. . . On
which Shingas and
the other Chiefs answered That if they might not have Liberty to
Live on the Land
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19. they would not Fight for it....
When that war ended in 1763, the French, ignoring their old
allies, ceded to the British lands west of
the Appalachians. The Indians therefore united to make war on
the British western forts; this is called
"Pontiac's Conspiracy" by the British, but "a liberation war for
independence" in the words used by
Francis Jennings. Under orders from British General Jeffrey
Amherst, the commander of Fort Pitts gave
the attacking Indian chiefs, with whom he was negotiating,
blankets from the smallpox hospital. It was a
pioneering effort at what is now called biological warfare. An
epidemic soon spread among the Indians.
Despite this, and the burning of villages, the British could not
destroy the will of the Indians, who
continued guerrilla war. A peace was made, with the British
agreeing to establish a line at the
Appalachians, beyond which settlements would not encroach on
Indian territory. This was the Royal
Proclamation of 1763, and it angered Americans (the original
Virginia charter said its land went westward
to the ocean). It helps to explain why most of the Indians fought
for England during the Revolution. With
their French allies, then their English allies, gone, the Indians
faced a new land-coveting nation-alone.
The Americans assumed now that the Indian land was theirs.
But the expeditions they sent westward
to establish this were overcome-which they recognized in the
names they gave these battles: Harmar's
Humiliation and St. Glair's Shame. And even when General
Anthony Wayne defeated the Indians' western
confederation in 1798 at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, he had to
20. recognize their power. In the Treaty of
Grenville, it was agreed that in return for certain cessions of
land the United States would give up claims
to the Indian lands north of the Ohio, east of the Mississippi,
and south of the Great Lakes, but that if the
Indians decided to sell these lands they would offer them first
to the United States.
Jennings, putting the Indian into the center of the American
Revolution-after all, it was Indian land that
everyone was fighting over-sees the Revolution as a
"multiplicity of variously oppressed and exploited
peoples who preyed upon each other." With the eastern elite
controlling the lands on the seaboard, the
poor, seeking land, were forced to go West, there becoming a
useful bulwark for the rich because, as
Jennings says, "the first target of the Indian's hatchet was the
frontiersman's skull."
The situation of black slaves as a result of the American
Revolution was more complex. Thousands of
blacks fought with the British. Five thousand were with the
Revolutionaries, most of them from the North,
but there were also free blacks from Virginia and Maryland. The
lower South was reluctant to arm
blacks. Amid the urgency and chaos of war, thousands took
their freedom-leaving on British ships at the
end of the war to settle in England, Nova Scotia, the West
Indies, or Africa. Many others stayed in
America as free blacks, evading their masters.
In the northern states, the combination of blacks in the military,
the lack of powerful economic need for
slaves, and the rhetoric of Revolution led to the end of slavery-
but very slowly. As late as 1810, thirty
thousand blacks, one-fourth of the black population of the
21. North, remained slaves. In 1840 there were
still a thousand slaves in the North. In the upper South, there
were more free Negroes than before,
leading to more control legislation. In the lower South, slavery
expanded with the growth of rice and
cotton plantations.
What the Revolution did was to create space and opportunity for
blacks to begin making demands of
white society. Sometimes these demands came from the new,
small black elites in Baltimore, Philadelphia,
Richmond, Savannah, sometimes from articulate and bold
slaves. Pointing to the Declaration of
Independence, blacks petitioned Congress and the state
legislatures to abolish slavery, to give blacks
equal rights. In Boston, blacks asked for city money, which
whites were getting, to educate their children.
In Norfolk, they asked to he allowed to testify in court.
Nashville blacks asserted that free Negroes
"ought to have the same opportunities of doing well that any
Person ... would have." Peter Mathews, a
free Negro butcher in Charleston, joined other free black
artisans and tradesmen in petitioning the
legislature to repeal discriminatory laws against blacks, hi
1780, seven blacks in Dartmouth,
Massachusetts, petitioned the legislature for the right to vote,
linking taxation to representation:
... we apprehend ourselves to be Aggreeved, in that while we
are not allowed the
Privilege of freemen of the State having no vote or Influence in
the Election of
those that Tax us yet many of our Colour (as is well known)
have cheerfully
Entered the field of Battle in the defense of the Common Cause
and that (as we
22. conceive) against a similar Exertion of Power (in Regard to
taxation) too well
known to need a recital in this place.. ..
A black man, Benjamin Banneker, who taught himself
mathematics and astronomy, predicted
accurately a solar eclipse, and was appointed to plan the new
city of Washington, wrote to Thomas
Jefferson:
I suppose it is a truth too well attested to you, to need a proof
here, that we are a
race of beings, who have long labored under the abuse and
censure of the world;
that we have long been looked upon with an eye of contempt;
and that we have long
been considered rather as brutish than human, and scarcely
capable of mental
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endowments. ... I apprehend you will embrace every opportunity
to eradicate that
train of absurd and false ideas and opinions, which so generally
prevails with
respect to us; and that your sentiments are concurrent with
mine, which are, that
one universal Father hath given being to us all; and that he hath
not only made us
all of one flesh, but that he hath also, without partiality,
afforded us all the same
sensations and endowed us all with the same facilities. ..
23. Banneker asked Jefferson "to wean yourselves from those
narrow prejudices which you have imbibed."
Jefferson tried his best, as an enlightened, thoughtful individual
might. But the structure of American
society, the power of the cotton plantation, the slave trade, the
politics of unity between northern and
southern elites, and the long culture of race prejudice in the
colonies, as well as his own weaknesses-that
combination of practical need and ideological fixation-kept
Jefferson a slaveowner throughout his life.
The inferior position of blacks, the exclusion of Indians from
the new society, the establishment of
supremacy for the rich and powerful in the new nation-all this
was already settled in the colonies by the
time of the Revolution. With the English out of the way, it
could now be put on paper, solidified,
regularized, made legitimate, by the Constitution of the United
States, drafted at a convention of
Revolutionary leaders in Philadelphia.
To many Americans over the years, the Constitution drawn up
in 1787 has seemed a work of genius
put together by wise, humane men who created a legal
framework for democracy and equality. This view
is stated, a bit extravagantly, by the historian George Bancroft,
writing in the early nineteenth century:
The Constitution establishes nothing that interferes with
equality and individuality.
It knows nothing of differences by descent, or opinions, of
favored classes, or
legalized religion, or the political power of property. It leaves
the individual
24. alongside of the individual. ... As the sea is made up of drops,
American society is
composed of separate, free, and constantly moving atoms, ever
in reciprocal action
... so that the institutions and laws of the country rise out of the
masses of individual
thought which, like the waters of the ocean, are rolling
evermore.
Another view of the Constitution was put forward early in the
twentieth century by the historian
Charles Beard (arousing anger and indignation, including a
denunciatory editorial in the New York Times).
He wrote in his book An Economic Interpretation of the
Constitution:
Inasmuch as the primary object of a government, beyond the
mere repression of
physical violence, is the making of the rules which determine
the property relations
of members of society, the dominant classes whose rights are
thus to be determined
must perforce obtain from the government such rules as are
consonant with the
larger interests necessary to the continuance of their economic
processes, or they
must themselves control the organs of government.
In short, Beard said, the rich must, in their own interest, either
control the government directly or control
the laws by which government operates.
Beard applied this general idea to the Constitution, by studying
the economic backgrounds and
political ideas of the fifty-five men who gathered in
Philadelphia in 1787 to draw up the Constitution. He
25. found that a majority of them were lawyers by profession, that
most of them were men of wealth, in land,
slaves, manufacturing, or shipping, that half of them had money
loaned out at interest, and that forty of the
fifty-five held government bonds, according to the records of
the Treasury Department.
Thus, Beard found that most of the makers of the Constitution
had some direct economic interest in
establishing a strong federal government: the manufacturers
needed protective tariffs; the moneylenders
wanted to stop the use of paper money to pay off debts; the land
speculators wanted protection as they
invaded Indian lands; slaveowners needed federal security
against slave revolts and runaways;
bondholders wanted a government able to raise money by
nationwide taxation, to pay off those bonds.
Four groups, Beard noted, were not represented in the
Constitutional Convention: slaves, indentured
servants, women, men without property. And so the Constitution
did not reflect the interests of those
groups.
He wanted to make it clear that he did not think the Constitution
was written merely to benefit the
Founding Fathers personally, although one could not ignore the
$150,000 fortune of Benjamin Franklin,
the connections of Alexander Hamilton to wealthy interests
through his father-in-law and brother-in-law,
the great slave plantations of James Madison, the enormous
landholdings of George Washington. Rather,
it was to benefit the groups the Founders represented, the
"economic interests they understood and felt in
concrete, definite form through their own personal experience."
26. Not everyone at the Philadelphia Convention fitted Beard's
scheme. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts
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was a holder of landed property, and yet he opposed the
ratification of the Constitution. Similarly, Luther
Martin of Maryland, whose ancestors had obtained large tracts
of land in New Jersey, opposed
ratification. But, with a few exceptions, Beard found a strong
connection between wealth and support of
the Constitution.
By 1787 there was not only a positive need for strong central
government to protect the large
economic interests, but also immediate fear of rebellion by
discontented farmers. The chief event causing
this fear was an uprising in the summer of 1786 in western
Massachusetts, known as Shays' Rebellion.
In the western towns of Massachusetts there was resentment
against the legislature in Boston. The new
Constitution of 1780 had raised the property qualifications for
voting. No one could hold state office
without being quite wealthy. Furthermore, the legislature was
refusing to issue paper money, as had been
done in some other states, like Rhode Island, to make it easier
for debt-ridden farmers to pay off their
creditors.
Illegal conventions began to assemble in some of the western
counties to organize opposition to the
27. legislature. At one of these, a man named Plough Jogger spoke
his mind:
I have been greatly abused, have been obliged to do more than
my part in the war;
been loaded with class rates, town rates, province rates,
Continental rates and all
rates ... been pulled and hauled by sheriffs, constables and
collectors, and had my
cattle sold for less than they were worth.... . . . The great men
are going to get all we
have and I think it is time for us to rise and put a stop to it, and
have no more
courts, nor sheriffs, nor collectors nor lawyers.. . .
The chairman of that meeting used his gavel to cut short the
applause. He and others wanted to redress
their grievances, but peacefully, by petition to the General
Court (the legislature) in Boston,
However, before the scheduled meeting of the General Court,
there were going to the court
proceedings in Hampshire County, in the towns of Northampton
and Springfield, to seize the cattle of
farmers who hadn't paid their debts, to take away their land,
now full of grain and ready for harvest. And
so, veterans of the Continental army, also aggrieved because
they had been treated poorly on discharge-
given certificates for future redemption instead of immediate
cash-began to organize the farmers into
squads and companies. One of these veterans was Luke Day,
who arrived the morning of court with a
fife-and-drum corps, still angry with the memory of being
locked up in debtors' prison in the heat of the
previous summer.
28. The sheriff looked to the local militia to defend the court
against these armed farmers. But most of the
militia was with Luke Day. The sheriff did manage to gather
five hundred men, and the judges put on their
black silk robes, waiting for the sheriff to protect their trip to
the courthouse. But there at the courthouse
steps, Luke Day stood with a petition, asserting the people's
constitutional right to protest the
unconstitutional acts of the General Court, asking the judges to
adjourn until the General Court could act
on behalf of the farmers. Standing with Luke Day were fifteen
hundred armed farmers. The judges
adjourned.
Shortly after, at courthouses in Worcester and Athol, farmers
with guns prevented the courts from
meeting to take away their property, and the militia were too
sympathetic to the farmers, or too
outnumbered, to act. In Concord, a fifty-year-old veteran of two
wars, Job Shattuck, led a caravan of
carts, wagons, horses, and oxen onto the town green, while a
message was sent to the judges:
The voice of the People of this county is such that the court
shall not enter this
courthouse until such time as the People shall have redress of
the grievances they
labor under at the present.
A county convention then suggested the judges adjourn, which
they did.
At Great Barrington, a militia of a thousand faced a square
crowded with armed men and boys. But
the militia was split in its opinion. When the chief justice
suggested the militia divide, those in favor of the
29. court's sitting to go on the right side of the road, and those
against on the left, two hundred of the militia
went to the right, eight hundred to the left, and the judges
adjourned. Then the crowd went to the home of
the chief justice, who agreed to sign a pledge that the court
would not sit until the Massachusetts General
Court met. The crowd went back to the square, broke open the
county jail, and set free the debtors. The
chief justice, a country doctor, said: "I have never heard
anybody point out a better way to have their
grievances redressed than the people have taken."
The governor and the political leaders of Massachusetts became
alarmed. Samuel Adams, once
looked on as a radical leader in Boston, now insisted people act
within the law. He said "British
emissaries" were stirring up the farmers. People in the town of
Greenwich responded: You in Boston have
the money, and we don't. And didn't you act illegally yourselves
in the Revolution? The insurgents were
now being called Regulators. Their emblem was a sprig of
hemlock.
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The problem went beyond Massachusetts. In Rhode Island, the
debtors had taken over the legislature
and were issuing paper money. In New Hampshire, several
hundred men, in September of 1786,
surrounded the legislature in Exeter, asking that taxes be
returned and paper money issued; they dispersed
only when military action was threatened.
30. Daniel Shays entered the scene in western Massachusetts. A
poor farm hand when the revolution
broke out, he joined the Continental army, fought at Lexington,
Bunker Hill, and Saratoga, and was
wounded in action. In 1780, not being paid, he resigned from
the army, went home, and soon found
himself in court for nonpayment of debts. He also saw what was
happening to others: a sick woman,
unable to pay, had her bed taken from under her.
What brought Shays fully into the situation was that on
September 19, the Supreme Judicial Court of
Massachusetts met in Worcester and indicted eleven leaders of
the rebellion, including three of his friends,
as "disorderly, riotous and seditious persons" who "unlawfully
and by force of arms" prevented "the
execution of justice and the laws of the commonwealth." The
Supreme Judicial Court planned to meet
again in Springfield a week later, and there was talk of Luke
Day's being indicted.
Shays organized seven hundred armed farmers, most of them
veterans of the war, and led them to
Springfield. There they found a general with nine hundred
soldiers and a cannon. Shays asked the general
for permission to parade, which the general granted, so Shays
and his men moved through the square,
drums hanging and fifes blowing. As they marched, their ranks
grew. Some of the militia joined, and
reinforcements began coming in from the countryside. The
judges postponed hearings for a day, then
adjourned the court.
Now the General Court, meeting in Boston, was told by
Governor James Bowdoin to "vindicate the
31. insulted dignity of government." The recent rebels against
England, secure in office, were calling for law
and order. Sam Adams helped draw up a Riot Act, and a
resolution suspending habeas corpus, to allow
the authorities to keep people in jail without trial. At the same
time, the legislature moved to make some
concessions to the angry farmers, saying certain old taxes could
now be paid in goods instead of money.
This didn't help. In Worcester, 160 insurgents appeared at the
courthouse. The sheriff read the Riot
Act. The insurgents said they would disperse only if the judges
did. The sheriff shouted something about
hanging. Someone came up behind him and put a sprig of
hemlock in his hat. The judges left.
Confrontations between farmers and militia now multiplied. The
winter snows began to interfere with
the trips of farmers to the courthouses. When Shays began
marching a thousand men into Boston, a
blizzard forced them back, and one of his men froze to death.
An army came into the field, led by General Benjamin Lincoln,
on money raised by Boston merchants.
In an artillery duel, three rebels were killed. One soldier
stepped in front of his own artillery piece and lost
both arms. The winter grew worse. The rebels were
outnumbered and on the run. Shays took refuge in
Vermont, and his followers began to surrender. There were a
few more deaths in battle, and then
sporadic, disorganized, desperate acts of violence against
authority: the burning of barns, the slaughter of
a general's horses. One government soldier was killed in an
eerie night-time collision of two sleighs.
Captured rebels were put on trial in Northampton and six were
32. sentenced to death. A note was left at
the door of the high sheriff of Pittsfidd:
I understand that there is a number of my countrymen
condemned to the because
they fought for justice. I pray have a care that you assist not in
the execution of so
horrid a crime, for by all that is above, he that condemns and he
that executes shall
share alike. . . - Prepare for death with speed, for your life or
mine is short. When
the woods are covered with leaves, I shall return and pay you a
short visit.
Thirty-three more rebels were put on trial and six more
condemned to death. Arguments took place
over whether the hangings should go forward. General Lincoln
urged mercy and a Commission of
Clemency, but Samuel Adams said: "In monarchy the crime of
treason may admit of being pardoned or
lightly punished, but the man who dares rebel against the laws
of a republic ought to suffer death." Several
hangings followed; some of the condemned were pardoned.
Shays, in Vermont, was pardoned in 1788
and returned to Massachusetts, where he died, poor and obscure,
in 1825.
It was Thomas Jefferson, in France as ambassador at the time of
Shays' Rebellion, who spoke of such
uprisings as healthy for society. In a letter to a friend he wrote:
"I hold it that a little rebellion now and then
is a good thing.... It is a medicine necessary for the sound
health of government.... God forbid that we
should ever be twenty years without such a rebellion.. . . The
tree of liberty must be refreshed from time
to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural
33. manure."
But Jefferson was far from the scene. The political and
economic elite of the country were not so
tolerant. They worried that the example might spread. A veteran
of Washington's army, General Henry
Knox, founded an organization of army veterans, "The Order of
the Cincinnati," presumably (as one
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historian put it) "for the purpose of cherishing the heroic
memories of the struggle in which they had taken
part," but also, it seemed, to watch out for radicalism in the new
country. Knox wrote to Washington in
late 1786 about Shays' Rebellion, and in doing so expressed the
thoughts of many of the wealthy and
powerful leaders of the country:
The people who are the insurgents have never paid any, or but
very little taxes. But
they see the weakness of government; they feel at once their
own poverty,
compared with the opulent, and their own force, and they are
determined to make
use of the latter, in order to remedy the former. Their creed is
"That the property
of the United States has been protected from the confiscations
of Britain by the
joint exertions of all, and therefore ought to he the common
properly of all. And he
that attempts opposition to this creed is an enemy to equity and
34. justice and ought to
be swept from off the face of the earth."
Alexander Hamilton, aide to Washington during the war, was
one of the most forceful and astute
leaders of the new aristocracy. He voiced his political
philosophy:
All communities divide themselves into the few and the many.
The first arc the rich
and well-horn, the other the mass of the people. The voice of
the people has been
said to be the voice of God; and however generally this maxim
has been quoted and
believed, it is not true in fact. The people are turbulent and
changing; they seldom
judge or determine right. Give therefore to the first class a
distinct permanent
share in the government. .. . Can a democratic assembly who
annually revolve in
the mass of the people be supposed steadily to pursue the public
good? Nothing but
a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy.. ..
At the Constitutional Convention, Hamilton suggested a
President and Senate chosen for life.
The Convention did not take his suggestion. But neither did it
provide for popular elections, except in
the case of the House of Representatives, where the
qualifications were set by the state legislatures (which
required property-holding for voting in almost all the states),
and excluded women, Indians, slaves. The
Constitution provided for Senators to be elected by the state
legislators, for the President to be elected by
electors chosen by the state legislators, and for the Supreme
35. Court to be appointed by the President.
The problem of democracy in the post-Revolutionary society
was not, however, the Constitutional
limitations on voting. It lay deeper, beyond the Constitution, in
the division of society into rich and poor.
For if some people had great wealth and great influence; if they
had the land, the money, the newspapers,
the church, the educational system- how could voting, however
broad, cut into such power? There was
still another problem: wasn't it the nature of representative
government, even when most broadly based, to
be conservative, to prevent tumultuous change?
It came time to ratify the Constitution, to submit to a vote in
state conventions, with approval of nine of
the thirteen required to ratify it. In New York, where debate
over ratification was intense, a series of
newspaper articles appeared, anonymously, and they tell us
much about the nature of the Constitution.
These articles, favoring adoption of the Constitution, were
written by James Madison, Alexander
Hamilton, and John Jay, and came to be known as the Federalist
Papers (opponents of the Constitution
became known as anti-Federalists).
In Federalist Paper #10, James Madison argued that
representative government was needed to
maintain peace in a society ridden by factional disputes. These
disputes came from "the various and
unequal distribution of property. Those who hold and those who
are without property have ever formed
distinct interests in society." The problem, he said, was how to
control the factional struggles that came
from inequalities in wealth. Minority factions could be
controlled, he said, by the principle that decisions
36. would be by vote of the majority.
So the real problem, according to Madison, was a majority
faction, and here the solution was offered
by the Constitution, to have "an extensive republic," that is, a
large nation ranging over thirteen states, for
then "it will be more difficult for all who feel it to discover
their own strength, and to act in unison with
each other.... The influence of factious leaders may kindle a
flame within their particular States, but will be
unable to spread a general conflagration through the other
States."
Madison's argument can be seen as a sensible argument for
having a government which can maintain
peace and avoid continuous disorder. But is it the aim of
government simply to maintain order, as a
referee, between two equally matched fighters? Or is it that
government has some special interest in
maintaining a certain kind of order, a certain distribution of
power and wealth, a distribution in which
government officials are not neutral referees but participants?
In that case, the disorder they might worry
about is the disorder of popular rebellion against those
monopolizing the society's wealth. This
interpretation makes sense when one looks at the economic
interests, the social backgrounds, of the
makers of the Constitution.
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As part of his argument for a large republic to keep the peace,
37. James Madison tells quite clearly, in
Federalist #10, whose peace he wants to keep: "A rage for paper
money, for an abolition of debts, for
an equal division of property, or for any other improper or
wicked project, will be less apt to pervade the
whole body of the Union than a particular member of it."
When economic interest is seen behind the political clauses of
the Constitution, then the document
becomes not simply the work of wise men trying to establish a
decent and orderly society, but the work
of certain groups trying to maintain their privileges, while
giving just enough rights and liberties to enough
of the people to ensure popular support.
In the new government, Madison would belong to one party (the
Democrat-Republicans) along with
Jefferson and Monroe. Hamilton would belong to the rival party
(the Federalists) along with Washington
and Adams. But both agreed-one a slaveholder from Virginia,
the other a merchant from New York-on
the aims of this new government they were establishing. They
were anticipating the long-fundamental
agreement of the two political parties in the American system.
Hamilton wrote elsewhere in the Federalist
Papers that the new Union would be able "to repress domestic
faction and insurrection." He referred
directly to Shays' Rebellion: "The tempestuous situation from
which Massachusetts has scarcely emerged
evinces that dangers of this kind are not merely speculative."
It was either Madison or Hamilton (the authorship of the
individual papers is not always known) who
in Federalist Paper #63 argued the necessity of a "well-
constructed Senate" as "sometimes necessary as
a defense to the people against their own temporary errors and
38. delusions" because "there are particular
moments in public affairs when the people, stimulated by some
irregular passion, or some illicit advantage,
or misted by the artful misrepresentations of interested men,
may call for measures which they themselves
will afterwards be the most ready to lament and condemn." And:
"In these critical moments, how salutary
will be the interference of some temperate and respectable body
of citizens in order to check the
misguided career, and to suspend the blow meditated by the
people against themselves, until reason,
justice, and truth can regain their authority over the public
mind?"
The Constitution was a compromise between slaveholding
interests of the South and moneyed
interests of the North. For the purpose of uniting the thirteen
states into one great market for commerce,
the northern delegates wanted laws regulating interstate
commerce, and urged that such laws require only
a majority of Congress to pass. The South agreed to this, in
return for allowing the trade in slaves to
continue for twenty years before being outlawed.
Charles Beard warned us that governments-including the
government of the United States-are not
neutral, that they represent the dominant economic interests,
and that their constitutions are intended to
serve these interests. One of his critics (Robert E. Brown,
Charles Beard and the Constitution) raises
an interesting point. Granted that the Constitution omitted the
phrase "life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness," which appeared in the Declaration of Independence,
and substituted "life, liberty, or
property"-well, why shouldn't the Constitution protect property?
As Brown says about Revolutionary
39. America, "practically everybody was interested in the protection
of property" because so many
Americans owned property.
However, this is misleading. True, there were many property
owners. But some people had much
more than others. A few people had great amounts of property;
many people had small amounts; others
had none. Jackson Main found that one-third of the population
in the Revolutionary period were small
farmers, while only 3 percent of the population had truly large
holdings and could he considered wealthy.
Still, one-third was a considerable number of people who felt
they had something at stake in the
stability of a new government. This was a larger base of support
for government than anywhere in the
world at the end of the eighteenth century. In addition, the city
mechanics had an important interest in a
government which would protect their work from foreign
competition. As Staughton Lynd puts it: "How is
it that the city workingmen all over America overwhelmingly
and enthusiastically supported the United
States Constitution?"
This was especially true in New York. When the ninth and tenth
states had ratified the Constitution,
four thousand New York City mechanics marched with floats
and banners to celebrate. Bakers,
blacksmiths, brewers, ship joiners and shipwrights, coopers,
cartmen and tailors, all marched. What Lynd
found was that these mechanics, while opposing elite rule in the
colonies, were nationalist. Mechanics
comprised perhaps half the New York population. Some were
wealthy, some were poor, but all were
better off than the ordinary laborer, the apprentice, the
40. journeyman, and their prosperity required a
government that would protect them against the British hats and
shoes and other goods that were pouring
into the colonies after the Revolution. As a result, the
mechanics often supported wealthy conservatives at
the ballot box.
The Constitution, then, illustrates the complexity of the
American system: that it serves the interests of a
wealthy elite, but also does enough for small property owners,
for middle-income mechanics and farmers,
to build a broad base of support. The slightly prosperous people
who make up this base of support are
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buffers against the blacks, the Indians, the very poor whites.
They enable the elite to keep control with a
minimum of coercion, a maximum of law-all made palatable by
the fanfare of patriotism and unity.
The Constitution became even more acceptable to the public at
large after the first Congress,
responding to criticism, passed a series of amendments known
as the Bill of Rights. These amendments
seemed to make the new government a guardian of people's
liberties: to speak, to publish, to worship, to
petition, to assemble, to be tried fairly, to be secure at home
against official intrusion. It was, therefore,
perfectly designed to build popular backing for the new
government. What was not made clear-it was a
time when the language of freedom was new and its reality
41. untested-was the shakiness of anyone's liberty
when entrusted to a government of the rich and powerful.
Indeed, the same problem existed for the other provisions of the
Constitution, like the clause
forbidding states to "impair the obligation of contract," or that
giving Congress the power to tax the people
and to appropriate money. They all sound benign and neutral
until one asks: tax who, for what?
Appropriate what, for whom? To protect everyone's contracts
seems like an act of fairness, of equal
treatment, until one considers that contracts made between rich
and poor, between employer and
employee, landlord and tenant, creditor and debtor, generally
favor the more powerful of the two parties.
Thus, to protect these contracts is to put the great power of the
government, its laws, courts, sheriffs,
police, on the side of the privileged-and to do it not, as in
premodern times, as an exercise of brute force
against the weak but as a matter of law.
The First Amendment of the Bill of Rights shows that quality of
interest hiding behind innocence.
Passed in 1791 by Congress, it provided that "Congress shall
make no law . . . abridging the freedom of
speech, or of the press. . . ." Yet, seven years after the First
Amendment became part of the Constitution,
Congress passed a law very clearly abridging the freedom of
speech.
This was the Sedition Act of 1798, passed under John Adams's
administration, at a time when
Irishmen and Frenchmen in the United States were looked on as
dangerous revolutionaries because of the
recent French Revolution and the Irish rebellions. The Sedition
Act made it a crime to say or write
42. anything "false, scandalous and malicious" against the
government, Congress, or the President, with intent
to defame them, bring them into disrepute, or excite popular
hatreds against them.
This act seemed to directly violate the First Amendment. Yet, it
was enforced. Ten Americans were
put in prison for utterances against the government, and every
member of the Supreme Court in 1798-
1800, sitting as an appellate judge, held it constitutional.
There was a legal basis for this, one known to legal experts, but
not to the ordinary American, who
would read the First Amendment and feel confident that he or
she was protected in the exercise of free
speech. That basis has been explained by historian Leonard
Levy. Levy points out that it was generally
understood (not in the population, but in higher circles) that,
despite the First Amendment, the British
common law of "seditious libel" still ruled in America. This
meant that while the government could not
exercise "prior restraint"-that is, prevent an utterance or
publication in advance-it could legally punish the
speaker or writer afterward. Thus, Congress has a convenient
legal basis for the laws it has enacted since
that time, making certain kinds of speech a crime. And, since
punishment after the fact is an excellent
deterrent to the exercise of free expression, the claim of "no
prior restraint" itself is destroyed. This leaves
the First Amendment much less than the stone wall of protection
it seems at first glance.
Are the economic provisions in the Constitution enforced just as
weakly? We have an instructive
example almost immediately in Washington's first
administration, when Congress's power to tax and
43. appropriate money was immediately put to use by the Secretary
of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton.
Hamilton, believing that government must ally itself with the
richest elements of society to make itself
strong, proposed to Congress a series of laws, which it enacted,
expressing this philosophy. A Bank of
the United States was set up as a partnership between the
government and certain banking interests. A
tariff was passed to help the manufacturers. It was agreed to pay
bondholders-most of the war bonds
were now concentrated in a small group of wealthy people-the
full value of their bonds. Tax laws were
passed to raise money for this bond redemption.
One of these tax laws was the Whiskey tax, which especially
hurt small farmers who raised grain that
they converted into whiskey and then sold. In 1794 the farmers
of western Pennsylvania took up arms
and rebelled against the collection of this tax. Secretary of the
Treasury Hamilton led the troops to put
them down. We see then, in the first years of the Constitution,
that some of its provisions-even those
paraded most flamboyantly (like the First Amendment)-might be
treated lightly. Others (like the power to
tax) would be powerfully enforced.
Still, the mythology around the Founding Fathers persists. To
say, as one historian (Bernard Bailyn)
has done recently, that "the destruction of privilege and the
creation of a political system that demanded of
its leaders the responsible and humane use of power were their
highest aspirations" is to ignore what really
happened in the America of these Founding Fathers.
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Bailyn says:
Everyone knew the basic prescription for a wise and just
government. It was so to
balance the contending powers in society that no one power
could overwhelm the
others and, unchecked, destroy the liberties that belonged to all.
The problem was
how to arrange the institutions of government so that this
balance could be
achieved.
Were the Founding Fathers wise and just men trying to achieve
a good balance? In fact, they did not want
a balance, except one which kept things as they were, a balance
among the dominant forces at that time.
They certainly did not want an equal balance between slaves
and masters, propertyless and property
holders, Indians and white.
As many as half the people were not even considered by the
Founding Fathers as among Bailyn's
"contending powers" in society. They were not mentioned in the
Declaration of Independence, they were
absent in the Constitution, they were invisible in the new
political democracy. They were the women of
early America.
Table of CONTENTS
45. Back To History Is A Weapon's Front Page
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BST 203-001
Introduction to African American History
Fall 2015
Short Essay #1 (10%): Slavery, Frederick Douglass
The first short essay assignment may be a reaction paper
reflecting on the YouTube video on The History of Slavery in
America, or the Biography video Frederick Douglass by A&E
Home Video (1994); a short essay on African Americans and the
Civil War (Williams and Farrar; on D2L); or, a short essay on
Frederick Douglass the abolitionist and humanist (Rachelle C.
Prioleau; on D2L).
Instructions
Three weeks into the course, we have been exposed to several
readings that comment on slavery, Frederick Douglass, and
African Americans and the American civil war. We have also
screened two videos on slavery, and Frederick Douglass. We
have also discussed African Americans and the civil war via the
article by Williams and Farrar. This assignment requires you to
reflect on those videos, and the discussions which followed, to
46. write and submit online a three-page paper.
Please select one of the five questions under “Questions to
consider” and write a three-page (reaction) paper (650 words
minimum) that answers the question and issues therein and,
conforms to the guidelines provided in the D2L “Handy-Dandy
Guide to Writing a Reaction Paper”. This assignment is due by
midnight on Wednesday, October 28, 2014 to avoid late penalty
(tba).
Questions to consider
1. Using the paper by Williams and Farrar (2005) or any other
sources available to you, write a short essay that explains why
the civil war of 1861-1865 was fought and what role African
Americans played in the cause of the war and/or ending of the
war.
2. The paper by Rachelle C. Prioleau calls Frederick Douglass
an abolitionist and a humanist. Who is Frederick Douglass?
Why do Prioleau and others call him abolitionist and humanist?
Please explain by citing specific evidence and/or examples.
3. Write a short reaction paper on the YouTube video (see
http://youtu.be/pDukq8npXBk)about the history of slavery in
America. What new things did you learn from the video about
slavery in America? How would you rate the video as a device
for learning about slavery?
4. Write a short reaction paper on the video about Frederick
Douglass (see From Slave to Abolitionist,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fj-gz3u-1jM). What new
things did you learn from the video about Douglass and the
times he lived in? How would you rate the video as a device for
learning about Douglass and his times?
5. Why study African American history? Using the paper by
Clarke, “Why Africana History?” and any other resources
available to you, write a short essay the benefits of studying
African American history. What new things did you learn from
47. Clarke’s paper about African American history, American
history, etc?
Fall 2015
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"UH, OH. WE MIGHT BE IN TROUBLE" - An Emergency
Message from History Is A Weapon (please click)
A PEOPLE'S HIST ORY OF T HE UNIT ED ST AT ES by
Howard Zinn
Table of CONTENTS
Chapter 4: TYRANNY IS TYRANNY
Around 1776, certain important people in the English colonies
made a discovery that would prove
enormously useful for the next two hundred years. They found
that by creating a nation, a symbol, a legal
unity called the United States, they could take over land,
profits, and political power from favorites of the
British Empire. In the process, they could hold back a number
of potential rebellions and create a
consensus of popular support for the rule of a new, privileged
leadership.
When we look at the American Revolution this way, it was a
work of genius, and the Founding
Fathers deserve the awed tribute they have received over the
centuries. They created the most effective
system of national control devised in modern times, and showed
future generations of leaders the
advantages of combining paternalism with command.
48. Starting with Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia, by 1760, there had
been eighteen uprisings aimed at
overthrowing colonial governments. There had also been six
black rebellions, from South Carolina to
New York, and forty riots of various origins.
By this time also, there emerged, according to Jack Greene,
"stable, coherent, effective and
acknowledged local political and social elites." And by the
1760s, this local leadership saw the possibility
of directing much of the rebellious energy against England and
her local officials. It was not a conscious
conspiracy, but an accumulation of tactical responses.
After 1763, with England victorious over France in the Seven
Years' War (known in America as the
French and Indian War), expelling them from North America,
ambitious colonial leaders were no longer
threatened by the French. They now had only two rivals left: the
English and the Indians. The British,
wooing the Indians, had declared Indian lands beyond the
Appalachians out of bounds to whites (the
Proclamation of 1763). Perhaps once the British were out of the
way, the Indians could be dealt with.
Again, no conscious forethought strategy by the colonial elite,
hut a growing awareness as events
developed.
With the French defeated, the British government could turn its
attention to tightening control over the
colonies. It needed revenues to pay for the war, and looked to
the colonies for that. Also, the colonial
trade had become more and more important to the British
economy, and more profitable: it had amounted
to about 500,000 pounds in 1700 but by 1770 was worth
49. 2,800,000 pounds.
So, the American leadership was less in need of English rule,
the English more in need of the colonists'
wealth. The elements were there for conflict.
The war had brought glory for the generals, death to the
privates, wealth for the merchants,
unemployment for the poor. There were 25,000 people living in
New York (there had been 7,000 in
1720) when the French and Indian War ended. A newspaper
editor wrote about the growing "Number of
Beggers and wandering Poor" in the streets of the city. Letters
in the papers questioned the distribution of
wealth: "How often have our Streets been covered with
Thousands of Barrels of Flour for trade, while our
near Neighbors can hardly procure enough to make a Dumplin
to satisfy hunger?"
Gary Nash's study of city tax lists shows that by the early
1770s, the top 5 percent of Boston's
taxpayers controlled 49% of the city's taxable assets. In
Philadelphia and New York too, wealth was
more and more concentrated. Court-recorded wills showed that
by 1750 the wealthiest people in the
cities were leaving 20,000 pounds (equivalent to about $5
million today).
In Boston, the lower classes began to use the town meeting to
vent their grievances. The governor of
Massachusetts had written that in these town meetings "the
meanest Inhabitants ... by their constant
Attendance there generally are the majority and outvote the
Gentlemen, Merchants, Substantial Traders
and all the better part of the Inhabitants."
50. What seems to have happened in Boston is that certain lawyers,
editors, and merchants of the upper
classes, but excluded from the ruling circles close to England-
men like James Otis and Samuel Adams-
organized a "Boston Caucus" and through their oratory and their
writing "molded laboring- class opinion,
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called the 'mob' into action, and shaped its behaviour." This is
Gary Nash's description of Otis, who, he
says, "keenly aware of the declining fortunes and the resentment
of ordinary townspeople, was mirroring
as well as molding popular opinion."
We have here a forecast of the long history of American
politics, the mobilization of lower-class
energy by upper-class politicians, for their own purposes. This
was not purely deception; it involved, in
part, a genuine recognition of lower-class grievances, which
helps to account for its effectiveness as a
tactic over the centuries. As Nash puts it:
James Otis, Samuel Adams, Royall lyler, Oxenbridge Thacher,
and a host of other
Bostonians, linked to the artisans and laborers through a
network of neighborhood
51. taverns, fire companies, and the Caucus, espoused a vision of
politics that gave
credence to laboring-class views and regarded as entirely
legitimate the
participation of artisans and even laborers in the political
process.
In 1762, Otis, speaking against the conservative rulers of the
Massachusetts colony represented by
Thomas Hutchinson, gave an example of the kind of rhetoric
that a lawyer could use in mobilizing city
mechanics and artisans:
I am forced to get my living by the labour of my hand; and the
sweat of my brow, as
most of you are and obliged to go thro' good report and evil
report, for bitter bread,
earned under the frowns of some who have no natural or divine
right to be above
me, and entirely owe their grandeur and honor to grinding the
faces of the poor.. ..
Boston seems to have been full of class anger in those days. In
1763, in the Boston Gazette, someone
wrote that "a few persons in power" were promoting political
projects "for keeping the people poor in
order to make them humble."
This accumulated sense of grievance against the rich in Boston
may account for the explosiveness of
mob action after the Stamp Act of 1765, Through this Act, the
British were taxing the colonial population
to pay for the French war, in which colonists had suffered to
expand the British Empire. That summer, a
shoemaker named Ebenezer Macintosh led a mob in destroying
the house of a rich Boston merchant
52. named Andrew Oliver. Two weeks later, the crowd turned to the
home of Thomas Hutchinson, symbol of
the rich elite who ruled the colonies in the name of England.
They smashed up his house with axes, drank
the wine in his wine cellar, and looted the house of its furniture
and other objects. A report by colony
officials to England said that this was part of a larger scheme in
which the houses of fifteen rich people
were to be destroyed, as pan of "a War of Plunder, of general
levelling and taking away the Distinction of
rich and poor."
It was one of those moments in which fury against the rich went
further than leaders like Otis wanted.
Could class hatred be focused against the pro-British elite, and
deflected from the nationalist elite? In
New York, that same year of the Boston house attacks, someone
wrote to the New York Gazette, "Is it
equitable that 99, rather 999, should suffer for the Extravagance
or Grandeur of one, especially when it is
considered that men frequently owe their Wealth to the
impoverishment of their Neighbors?" The leaders
of the Revolution would worry about keeping such sentiments
within limits.
Mechanics were demanding political democracy in the colonial
cities: open meetings of representative
assemblies, public galleries in the legislative halls, and the
publishing of roll-call votes, so that constituents
could check on representatives. They wanted open-air meetings
where the population could participate in
making policy, more equitable taxes, price controls, and the
election of mechanics and other ordinary
people to government posts.
Especially in Philadelphia, according to Nash, the
53. consciousness of the lower middle classes grew to
the point where it must have caused some hard thinking, not just
among the conservative Loyalists
sympathetic to England, but even among leaders of the
Revolution. "By mid-1776, laborers, artisans, and
small tradesmen, employing extralegal measures when electoral
politics failed, were in clear command in
Philadelphia." Helped by some middle-class leaders (Thomas
Paine, Thomas Young, and others), they
"launched a full-scale attack on wealth and even on the right to
acquire unlimited private property."
During elections for the 1776 convention to frame a constitution
for Pennsylvania, a Privates
Committee urged voters to oppose "great and overgrown rich
men .. . they will be too apt to be framing
distinctions in society." The Privates Committee drew up a bill
of rights for the convention, including the
statement that "an enormous proportion of property vested in a
few individuals is dangerous to the rights,
and destructive of the common happiness, of mankind; and
therefore every free state hath a right by its
laws to discourage the possession of such property."
In the countryside, where most people lived, there was a similar
conflict of poor against rich, one
which political leaders would use to mobilize the population
against England, granting some benefits for
the rebellious poor, and many more for themselves in the
process. The tenant riots in New Jersey in the
1740s, the New York tenant uprisings of the 1750s and 1760s in
the Hudson Valley, and the rebellion in
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northeastern New York that led to the carving of Vermont out of
New York State were all more than
sporadic rioting. They were long-lasting social movements,
highly organized, involving the creation of
countergovernments. They were aimed at a handful of rich
landlords, but with the landlords far away, they
often had to direct their anger against farmers who had leased
the disputed land from the owners. (See
Edward Countryman's pioneering work on rural rebellion.)
Just as the Jersey rebels had broken into jails to free their
friends, rioters in the Hudson Valley rescued
prisoners from the sheriff and one time took the sheriff himself
as prisoner. The tenants were seen as
"chiefly the dregs of the People," and the posse that the sheriff
of Albany County led to Bennington in
1771 included the privileged top of the local power structure.
The land rioters saw their battle as poor against rich. A witness
at a rebel leader's trial in New York in
1766 said that the farmers evicted by the landlords "had an
equitable Tide but could not be defended in a
Course of Law because they were poor and . . . poor men were
always oppressed by the rich." Ethan
Alien's Green Mountain rebels in Vermont described themselves
as "a poor people . . . fatigued in settling
a wilderness country," and their opponents as "a number of
Attorneys and other gentlemen, with all their
tackle of ornaments, and compliments, and French finesse."
Land-hungry farmers in the Hudson Valley turned to the British
for support against the American
landlords; the Green Mountain rebels did the same. But as the
55. conflict with Britain intensified, the colonial
leaders of the movement for independence, aware of the
tendency of poor tenants to side with the British
in their anger against the rich, adopted policies to win over
people in the countryside.
In North Carolina, a powerful movement of white farmers was
organized against wealthy and corrupt
officials in the period from 1766 to 1771, exactly those years
when, in the cities of the Northeast,
agitation was growing against the British, crowding out class
issues. The movement in North Carolina was
called the Regulator movement, and it consisted, says Marvin L.
Michael Kay, a specialist in the history of
that movement, of "class-conscious white farmers in the west
who attempted to democratize local
government in their respective counties." The Regulators
referred to themselves as "poor Industrious
peasants," as "labourers," "the wretched poor," "oppressed" by
"rich and powerful . . . designing
Monsters."
The Regulators saw that a combination of wealth and political
power ruled North Carolina, and
denounced those officials "whose highest Study is the
promotion of their wealth." They resented the tax
system, which was especially burdensome on the poor, and the
combination of merchants and lawyers
who worked in the courts to collect debts from the harassed
farmers. In the western counties where the
movement developed, only a small percentage of the households
had slaves, and 41 percent of these
were concentrated, to take one sample western county, in less
than 2 percent of the households. The
Regulators did not represent servants or slaves, but they did
speak for small owners, squatters, and
56. tenants.
A contemporary account of the Regulator movement in Orange
County describes the situation:
Thus were the people of Orange insulted by The sheriff, robbed
and plundered . . .
neglected and condemned by the Representatives and abused by
the Magistracy;
obliged to pay Fees regulated only by the Avarice of the officer;
obliged to pay a
TAX which they believed went to enrich and aggrandize a few,
who lorded it over
them continually; and from all these Evils they saw no way to
escape; for the Men
in Power, and Legislation, were the Men whose interest it was
to oppress, and
make gain of the Labourer.
In that county in the 1760s, the Regulators organized to prevent
the collection of taxes, or the
confiscation of the property of tax delinquents. Officials said
"an absolute Insurrection of a dangerous
tendency has broke out in Orange County," and made military
plans to suppress it. At one point seven
hundred armed farmers forced the release of two arrested
Regulator leaders. The Regulators petitioned
the government on their grievances in 1768, citing "the unequal
chances the poor and the weak have in
contentions with the rich and powerful."
In another county, Anson, a local militia colonel complained of
"the unparalleled tumults, Insurrections,
and Commotions which at present distract this County." At one
point a hundred men broke up the
proceedings at a county court. But they also tried to elect
57. farmers to the assembly, asserting "that a
majority of our assembly is composed of Lawyers, Clerks, and
others in Connection with them...." In
1770 there was a large-scale riot in Hillsborough, North
Carolina, in which they disrupted a court, forced
the judge to flee, beat three lawyers and two merchants, and
looted stores.
The result of all this was that the assembly passed some mild
reform legislation, but also an act "to
prevent riots and tumults," and the governor prepared to crush
them militarily. In May of 1771 there was
a decisive battle in which several thousand Regulators were
defeated by a disciplined army using cannon.
Six Regulators were hanged. Kay says that in the three western
counties of Orange, Anson, and Rowan,
where the Regulator movement was concentrated, it had the
support of six thousand to seven thousand
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men out of a total white taxable population of about eight
thousand.
One consequence of this bitter conflict is that only a minority of
the people in the Regulator counties
seem to have participated as patriots in the Revolutionary War.
Most of them probably remained neutral.
Fortunately for the Revolutionary movement, the key battles
were being fought in the North, and here,
in the cities, the colonial leaders had a divided white
58. population; they could win over the mechanics, who
were a kind of middle class, who had a stake in the fight against
England, who faced competition from
English manufacturers. The biggest problem was to keep the
propertyless people, who were unemployed
and hungry in the crisis following the French war, under
control.
In Boston, the economic grievances of the lowest classes
mingled with anger against the British and
exploded in mob violence. The leaders of the Independence
movement wanted to use that mob energy
against England, but also to contain it so that it would not
demand too much from them.
When riots against the Stamp Act swept Boston in 1767, they
were analyzed by the commander of
the British forces in North America, General Thomas Gage, as
follows:
The Boston Mob, raised first by the Instigation of Many of the
Principal
Inhabitants, Allured by Plunder, rose shordy after of their own
Accord, attacked,
robbed, and destroyed several Houses, and amongst others, mat
of the Lieutenant
Governor.... People then began to be terrified at the Spirit they
had raised, to
perceive that popular Fury was not to be guided, and each
individual feared he
might be the next Victim to their Rapacity. The same Fears
spread thro' the other
Provinces, and there has been as much Pains taken since, to
prevent Insurrections,
of the People, as before to excite them.
59. Gage's comment suggests that leaders of the movement against
the Stamp Act had instigated crowd
action, but then became frightened by the thought that it might
be directed against their wealth, too. At this
time, the top 10 percent of Boston's taxpayers held about 66
percent of Boston's taxable wealth, while
the lowest 30 percent of the taxpaying population had no
taxable property at all. The propertyless could
not vote and so (like blacks, women, Indians) could not
participate in town meetings. This included
sailors, journeymen, apprentices, servants.
Dirk Hoerder, a student of Boston mob actions in the
Revolutionary period, calls the Revolutionary
leadership "the Sons of Liberty type drawn from the middling
interest and well-to-do merchants ... a
hesitant leadership," wanting to spur action against Great
Britain, yet worrying about maintaining control
over the crowds at home.
It took the Stamp Act crisis to make this leadership aware of its
dilemma. A political group in Boston
called the Loyal Nine-merchants, distillers, shipowners, and
master craftsmen who opposed the Stamp
Act-organized a procession in August 1765 to protest it. They
put fifty master craftsmen at the head, but
needed to mobilize shipworkers from the North End and
mechanics and apprentices from the South End.
Two or three thousand were in the procession (Negroes were
excluded). They marched to the home of
the stampmaster and burned his effigy. But after the
"gentlemen" who organized the demonstration left, the
crowd went further and destroyed some of the stampmaster's
property. These were, as one of the Loyal
Nine said, "amazingly inflamed people." The Loyal Nine
seemed taken aback by the direct assault on the
60. wealthy furnishings of the stampmaster.
The rich set up armed patrols. Now a town meeting was called
and the same leaders who had planned
the demonstration denounced the violence and disavowed the
actions of the crowd. As more
demonstrations were planned for November 1, 1765, when the
Stamp Act was to go into effect, and for
Pope's Day, November 5, steps were taken to keep things under
control; a dinner was given for certain
leaders of the rioters to win them over. And when the Stamp Act
was repealed, due to overwhelming
resistance, the conservative leaders severed their connections
with the rioters. They held annual
celebrations of the first anti-Stamp Act demonstration, to which
they invited, according to Hoerder, not
the rioters but "mainly upper and middle-class Bostonians, who
traveled in coaches and carriages to
Roxbury or Dorchester for opulent feasts."
When the British Parliament turned to its next attempt to tax the
colonies, this time by a set of taxes
which it hoped would not excite as much opposition, the
colonial leaders organized boycotts. But, they
stressed, "No Mobs or Tumults, let the Persons and Properties
of your most inveterate Enemies be safe."
Samuel Adams advised: "No Mobs- No Confusions-No Tumult."
And James Otis said that "no possible
circumstances, though ever so oppressive, could be supposed
sufficient to justify private tumults and
disorders...."
Impressment and the quartering of troops by the British were
directly hurtful to the sailors and other
working people. After 1768, two thousand soldiers were
quartered in Boston, and friction grew between
61. the crowds and the soldiers. The soldiers began to take the jobs
of working people when jobs were
scarce. Mechanics and shopkeepers lost work or business
because of the colonists' boycott of British
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goods. In 1769, Boston set up a committee "to Consider of some
Suitable Methods of employing the
Poor of the Town, whose Numbers and distresses are dayly
increasing by the loss of its Trade and
Commerce."
On March 5, 1770, grievances of ropemakers against British
soldiers taking their jobs led to a fight. A
crowd gathered in front of the customhouse and began
provoking the soldiers, who fired and killed first
Crispus Attucks, a mulatto worker, then others. This became
known as the Boston Massacre. Feelings
against the British mounted quickly. There was anger at the
acquittal of six of the British soldiers (two
were punished by having their thumbs branded and were
discharged from the army). The crowd at the
Massacre was described by John Adams, defense attorney for
the British soldiers, as "a motley rabble of
saucy boys, negroes, and mulattoes, Irish teagues and outlandish
jack tarrs." Perhaps ten thousand people
marched in the funeral procession for the victims of the
Massacre, out of a total Boston population of
sixteen thousand. This led England to remove the troops from
Boston and try to quiet the situation.
62. Impressment was the background of the Massacre. There had
been impressment riots through the
1760s in New York and in Newport, Rhode Island, where five
hundred seamen, boys, and Negroes
rioted after five weeks of impressment by the British. Six weeks
before the Boston Massacre, there was a
battle in New York of seamen against British soldiers taking
their jobs, and one seaman was killed.
In the Boston Tea Party of December 1773, the Boston
Committee of Correspondence, formed a
year before to organize anti-British actions, "controlled crowd
action against the tea from the start," Dirk
Hoerder says. The Tea Party led to the Coercive Acts by
Parliament, virtually establishing martial law in
Massachusetts, dissolving the colonial government, closing the
port in Boston, and sending in troops. Still,
town meetings and mass meetings rose in opposition. The
seizure of a powder store by the British led four
thousand men from all around Boston to assemble in
Cambridge, where some of the wealthy officials had
their sumptuous homes. The crowd forced the officials to
resign. The Committees of Correspondence of
Boston and other towns welcomed this gathering, but warned
against destroying private property.
Pauline Maier, who studied the development of opposition to
Britain in the decade before 1776 in her
book From Resistance to Revolution, emphasizes the
moderation of the leadership and, despite their
desire for resistance, their "emphasis on order and restraint."
She notes: "The officers and committee
members of the Sons of Liberty were drawn almost entirely
from the middle and upper classes of colonial
society." In Newport, Rhode Island, for instance, the Sons of
Liberty, according to a contemporary
63. writer, "contained some Gentlemen of the First Figure in 'Town
for Opulence, Sense and Politeness." In
North Carolina "one of the wealthiest of the gentlemen and
freeholders" led the Sons of Liberty. Similarly
in Virginia and South Carolina. And "New York's leaders, too,
were involved in small but respectable
independent business ventures." Their aim, however, was to
broaden their organization, to develop a mass
base of wage earners.
Many of the Sons of Liberty groups declared, as in Milford,
Connecticut, their "greatest abhorrence"
of lawlessness, or as in Annapolis, opposed "all riots or
unlawful assemblies tending to the disturbance of
the public tranquility." John Adams expressed the same fears:
"These tarrings and featherings, this
breaking open Houses by rude and insolent Rabbles, in
Resentment for private Wrongs or in pursuing of
private Prejudices and Passions, must be discountenanced.
In Virginia, it seemed clear to the educated gentry that
something needed to be done to persuade the
lower orders to join the revolutionary cause, to deflect their
anger against England. One Virginian wrote in
his diary in the spring of 1774: "The lower Class of People here
are in tumult on account of Reports from
Boston, many of them expect to be press'd & compell'd to go
and fight the Britains!" Around the time of
the Stamp Act, a Virginia orator addressed the poor: "Are not
the gentlemen made of the same materials
as the lowest and poorest among you? . . . Listen to no doctrines
which may tend to divide us, but let us
go hand in hand, as brothers...."
It was a problem for which the rhetorical talents of Patrick
Henry were superbly fitted. He was, as
64. Rhys Isaac puts it, "firmly attached to the world of the gentry,"
but he spoke in words that the poorer
whites of Virginia could understand. Henry's fellow Virginian
Edmund Randolph recalled his style as
"simplicity and even carelessness. . .. His pauses, which for
their length might sometimes be feared to
dispell the attention, rivited it the more by raising the
expectation."
Patrick Henry's oratory in Virginia pointed a way to relieve
class tension between upper and lower
classes and form a bond against the British. This was to find
language inspiring to all classes, specific
enough in its listing of grievances to charge people with anger
against the British, vague enough to avoid
class conflict among the rebels, and stirring enough to build
patriotic feeling for the resistance movement.
Tom Paine's Common Sense, which appeared in early 1776 and
became the most popular pamphlet
in the American colonies, did this. It made the first bold
argument for independence, in words that any
fairly literate person could understand: "Society in every state
is a blessing, but Government even in its
best state is but a necessary evil. .. ."
Paine disposed of the idea of the divine right of kings by a
pungent history of the British monarchy,
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going back to the Norman conquest of 1066, when William the
65. Conqueror came over from France to set
himself on the British throne: "A French bastard landing with an
armed Bandits and establishing himself
king of England against the consent of the natives, is in plain
terms a very paltry rascally original. It
certainly hath no divinity in it."
Paine dealt with the practical advantages of sticking to England
or being separated; he knew the
importance of economics:
I challenge the wannest advocate for reconciliation to show a
single advantage that
this continent can reap by being connected with Great Britain. I
repeat the
challenge; not a single advantage is derived. Our corn will fetch
its price in any
market in Europe, and our imported goods must be paid for by
them where we will..
. .
As for the bad effects of the connection with England, Paine
appealed to the colonists' memory of all
the wars in which England had involved them, wars costly in
lives and money:
But the injuries and disadvantages which we sustain by that
connection are without
number.. . . any submission to, or dependence on, Great Britain,
tends directly to
involve this Continent in European wars and quarrels, and set us
at variance with
nations who would otherwise seek our friendship. . ..
He built slowly to an emotional pitch: