This document provides an overview of the historical context and current state of Turkish art music. It discusses the development of notation systems to preserve the musical tradition over centuries. The chapter focuses on defining the classical genre, differentiating it from other Turkish music styles such as folk, popular, and religious music. It also outlines typical performances, instruments, and organizational principles of classical Turkish art music.
The document is a curriculum for jazz theory to accompany instrumental jazz courses from levels 10 to 30. It covers topics such as scales, intervals, chord progressions, and analysis. The introduction explains that jazz theory was developed by analyzing the music played by great jazz artists, rather than being a set of rules they followed. It emphasizes applying theory to playing over just studying it abstractly.
The document provides an overview of thinking activities completed by Krishna Patel for their MA Sem 1 to 4 coursework. It includes summaries and analyses of literary works such as A Grain of Wheat, Robinson Crusoe, Frankenstein, and Hamlet. Various literary theories and critics are discussed, including archetype criticism, colonialism, postcolonialism, Aristotle's Poetics, and T.S. Eliot. Methods of language teaching and novels such as Paradise Lost, The Scarlet Letter, and Waiting for Godot are also analyzed.
This document provides an overview of the Qur'an, including its revelation and preservation. It discusses the Makki and Madani verses, the seven Qira'at or recitations, and the steps taken to standardize the text under Caliph Uthman. It also introduces the science of tafsir (exegesis), listing some famous Qur'anic commentaries. Finally, it provides background on Ma'ariful-Qur'an, an Urdu commentary written by Maulana Mufti Muhammad Shafi.
Interpretation of European Cultural HeritageDavid Mora
The publication is the main output of the international Erasmus+ project “Methodology of Interpretation of European Cultural Heritage through Attractions in Tourism” (MIECAT). The e-book contains a brief survey of the cultural heritage of Europe; it explains the importance, goals, and principles of heritage interpretation. Individual chapters give detailed characteristics
of six thematic subtopics (architecture, fine arts, religious monuments, music, local traditions and customs, gastronomy) with the comprehensive methodology of interpretation of the adequate part of cultural heritage through attractions in tourism, examples of good practice and a case study for each subtopic. The text was created by an international group of experts (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Romania, Slovakia, and Spain – members of partner university teams of the Erasmus+ project MIECAT). The publication is a non-profit output of the international project MIECAT co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union.
The document discusses the authority of Sunnah in Islam. It begins by defining Sunnah as the sayings, actions, or tacit approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. It then establishes the high status of the Prophet, noting that he was tasked not just with reciting revelations but also teaching, interpreting, and training people to implement the Quran and divine wisdom. The Quran commands Muslims to obey both Allah and the Prophet, indicating the authoritative nature of the Prophet's teachings. It provides many verses emphasizing obedience to the Prophet similarly to obedience to Allah. This establishes the Sunnah as a binding source of Islamic law and guidance for Muslims.
The holy quran english translation of the meanings by abdullah yusufhajj2013
This document is a table of contents for the Quran, listing each of the 114 suras (chapters) by name and number. It provides a high-level overview of the structure and organization of the Quran without summarizing any of the specific content within the religious text.
The document is a curriculum for jazz theory to accompany instrumental jazz courses from levels 10 to 30. It covers topics such as scales, intervals, chord progressions, and analysis. The introduction explains that jazz theory was developed by analyzing the music played by great jazz artists, rather than being a set of rules they followed. It emphasizes applying theory to playing over just studying it abstractly.
The document provides an overview of thinking activities completed by Krishna Patel for their MA Sem 1 to 4 coursework. It includes summaries and analyses of literary works such as A Grain of Wheat, Robinson Crusoe, Frankenstein, and Hamlet. Various literary theories and critics are discussed, including archetype criticism, colonialism, postcolonialism, Aristotle's Poetics, and T.S. Eliot. Methods of language teaching and novels such as Paradise Lost, The Scarlet Letter, and Waiting for Godot are also analyzed.
This document provides an overview of the Qur'an, including its revelation and preservation. It discusses the Makki and Madani verses, the seven Qira'at or recitations, and the steps taken to standardize the text under Caliph Uthman. It also introduces the science of tafsir (exegesis), listing some famous Qur'anic commentaries. Finally, it provides background on Ma'ariful-Qur'an, an Urdu commentary written by Maulana Mufti Muhammad Shafi.
Interpretation of European Cultural HeritageDavid Mora
The publication is the main output of the international Erasmus+ project “Methodology of Interpretation of European Cultural Heritage through Attractions in Tourism” (MIECAT). The e-book contains a brief survey of the cultural heritage of Europe; it explains the importance, goals, and principles of heritage interpretation. Individual chapters give detailed characteristics
of six thematic subtopics (architecture, fine arts, religious monuments, music, local traditions and customs, gastronomy) with the comprehensive methodology of interpretation of the adequate part of cultural heritage through attractions in tourism, examples of good practice and a case study for each subtopic. The text was created by an international group of experts (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Romania, Slovakia, and Spain – members of partner university teams of the Erasmus+ project MIECAT). The publication is a non-profit output of the international project MIECAT co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union.
The document discusses the authority of Sunnah in Islam. It begins by defining Sunnah as the sayings, actions, or tacit approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. It then establishes the high status of the Prophet, noting that he was tasked not just with reciting revelations but also teaching, interpreting, and training people to implement the Quran and divine wisdom. The Quran commands Muslims to obey both Allah and the Prophet, indicating the authoritative nature of the Prophet's teachings. It provides many verses emphasizing obedience to the Prophet similarly to obedience to Allah. This establishes the Sunnah as a binding source of Islamic law and guidance for Muslims.
The holy quran english translation of the meanings by abdullah yusufhajj2013
This document is a table of contents for the Quran, listing each of the 114 suras (chapters) by name and number. It provides a high-level overview of the structure and organization of the Quran without summarizing any of the specific content within the religious text.
This story describes how the torment was lifted from 560 graves in a graveyard. A woman saw her deceased daughter in a dream being punished, dressed in painful clothing. When she told a saint about the dream, he saw that same daughter in a better state, who explained that a person had passed by the graveyard and recited prayers for the Prophet, which lifted the torment from those 560 graves due to its blessings. The story emphasizes the great blessings and virtues of reciting prayers for the Prophet, especially when recited by devotees of the Prophet.
This document provides an introduction to a book about the women who were around the Prophet Muhammad or whose lives were connected to his. It discusses the importance of highlighting the roles of these women to counter modern issues like the objectification of women. Some exemplary women mentioned include Khadijah, the first Muslim and wife of the Prophet, Sumayyah, the first martyr, and A'ishah, a source of hadith and Islamic knowledge. The book aims to discuss these women serially to draw lessons for Muslims.
This document is the translated text of a chapter from the book "Faizan-e-Sunnat" by Shaykh-ul-Islam Allamah Maulana Abu Bilal Muhammad Ilyas Attar Qadiri Razavi.
It begins with a dua for reading religious books and studying Islamic lessons. It then provides a transliteration chart and table of contents for the chapter.
The chapter contains stories and anecdotes about the virtues of reciting the kalimah "La ilaha illallah Muhammadur Rasulullah". It discusses various spiritual and physical benefits of reciting the kalimah, such as protection, forgiveness of sins, and cures for
This document provides an overview of the principles and codes of Hanafi fiqh. It discusses key concepts like the definition of fiqh, the status of fuqaha, different types of proofs in Islamic law like consensus, analogy, and recognized knowledge. It also examines types of rulings like definitive, speculative, types of obligations. Other topics covered include the role of public interest, benefits and harms, permissible and recommended acts, distinguishing sunnah from bidah. The document aims to elucidate Hanafi legal theory and rulings in a clear and concise manner.
Injunctions Pertaining to the Traveller
By Mawlana Mufti Inam Haq Qasmi
A comprehensive encyclopedia of the rulings when one is on a journey. This book is one of its kind explaining almost any situation that a Muslim traveler can face.
Herbert L. Clarke describes his journey to becoming a cornetist through 15 chapters. He was inspired by his family's involvement in music from a young age. Though he struggled with health issues, his passion for the cornet sustained him. After rigorous practice and performance experience in bands, he became a professional cornetist and continued honing his skills, developing both classical and popular styles.
The document discusses the sources of Islamic law and principles of guidance according to Islamic scholars. It states that the Quran is the primary, immutable source of guidance that is protected from human interference. It explains that only Allah is qualified to establish the perfect set of laws for mankind due to His complete knowledge, mercy and independence. It notes that while humans have limited abilities, they are tasked with implementing Allah's divine laws as taught by the Prophet Muhammad through revelation. The document emphasizes that with the Prophet's message, Islam was perfected as the final religion for mankind until the Day of Judgment.
This booklet provides information and instructions for Scouts working on the Pioneering Merit Badge, including requirements, knot tying instructions, lashing techniques, projects like building bridges and towers, and safety information. Various rope knots, hitches, bends, loop knots and lashings are defined and illustrated. Requirements cover first aid, knot tying, lashings, rope handling, splices, rope making, projects involving signal towers and bridges.
The document discusses the divine gifts and blessings that Allah bestows upon humanity, including talents, abilities, and provisions. It explores how people can properly obtain blessings through positive and lawful means of earning a livelihood, and the importance of being grateful for Allah's favors. However, it warns that if blessings are obtained through illegal means or not used as intended, people risk losing Allah's blessings and will be liable for punishment.
This document is the introduction to a book titled "The Ship of Salvation" which outlines the doctrines and jurisprudence of the Shafi'i school of law. It begins with a prayer invoking blessings upon Prophet Muhammad and his companions. It then provides information about the publisher, editor and cover designer of the book. The introduction concludes by mentioning the title of the book and its author.
Prophet muhammad, the sultan of hearts, vol 2 by resit haylamaz and fatih harpcitopbottom1
1) After their victory at Badr, the Muslims faced continued opposition from the Meccans and their allies who were seeking revenge, as well as from hypocrites in Medina and surrounding tribes who feared Muslim expansion.
2) The Prophet Muhammad appointed a deputy in Medina and took 200 horsemen to confront a gathering force from the Ghatafan and Sulaym tribes, causing the Sulaym tribe to flee and abandon 500 camels.
3) This period saw further battles and raids against opposing tribes, assassination attempts on the Prophet, divisions emerging among the Ansar, and the expulsion of the Jewish tribe Banu Qaynuqa from Medina due to treasonous acts.
This introduction discusses the need for an English translation of the Quran that accurately conveys the meaning of the original Arabic text in a clear and readable manner. It endorses the English translation by Saheeh International (originally published by Abul-Qasim Publishing House) as meeting this need by closely adhering to the language of the Quran while remaining intelligible. The methodology used in this abbreviated edition aims to present correct meanings according to Ahl as-Sunnah wal-Jamaa'ah theology, simplify the language for all readers, and allow the Quran to speak for itself with minimal footnotes.
This document contains an introduction and over 280 fables attributed to Aesop, a Greek storyteller and fabulist. The fables are short stories that use animals, plants, inanimate objects, and forces of nature that speak, think, and behave like humans. They feature moral lessons about human behavior. The document provides a table of contents listing each fable title.
The holy koran english translation of the meanings by mohammad marmaduke pick...hajj2013
This document is the table of contents for the English translation of the Quran by Mohammad Marmaduke Pickthal. It lists each of the 114 suras (chapters) that make up the Quran, along with their page numbers. The suras are arranged from longest to shortest in length.
24.02.2011-El transbordador espacial Discovery despegó a las 4:53 pm hora del este jueves desde el Centro Kennedy de la NASA en Florida, con el comandante Steve Lindsey líder de la tripulación STS-133 para entregar el Módulo Permanente multipropósito y Robonaut 2 a la estación espacial.
The three abandoned prayers by shaykh adnaan aali uroordocsforu
The first prayer discussed is Salaat-ul-Istikhaarah, the prayer for seeking guidance. This prayer provides spiritual tranquility and certainty for Muslims facing uncertain decisions. It allows Muslims to overcome indecision, anxiety, and doubt by seeking guidance from Allah, who alone knows what is truly beneficial or harmful. Making istikhaarah expresses true faith that Allah only decrees what is good. It is important for Muslims to seek Allah's guidance before embarking on or leaving any affair.
This document provides an index of 50 grammar clues for learning Spanish. It lists and numbers grammar topics such as nouns, articles, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, tenses, moods, conjugations, syntax, and special difficulties for English speakers. The index references page numbers for further explanation of each grammar point.
Turkish music is a fusion of classical, folk, Ottoman military, Islamic, and Western styles. Classical Turkish music developed from Arabic and Persian traditions and uses maqams (scales) instead of sheet music. Improvisation is central. Turkish music is typically monophonic with 24 unequal intervals. Aksak rhythms characterize folk music. The Janissary bands influenced 18th/19th century European music. After 1923, Turkey modernized under Atatürk's leadership by sending musicians abroad for training, establishing the "Turkish Five" pioneers of polyphonic composition. Today Turkey has state conservatories, orchestras, and festivals that are members of European associations.
This document provides an overview of the contents of a book about Turkish art music. It includes a table of contents that lists 8 chapters covering topics like the historical context and evolution of Turkish notation, the classical tradition in contemporary practice, intervalic structure, tonal centers and their sequence, modulation between musical modes, and stereotyped motives and phrases. The introduction gives a brief historical background on Turkish art music and discusses how it draws from a rich Ottoman musical tradition but also faces ideological opposition from those who reject Ottoman culture.
Some instrumente traditionale romanesti-enBaris Ekici
This document provides information on traditional musical instruments from Romania. It describes various woodwind and brass instruments that are integral parts of Romanian folk music traditions, including panpipes (nai), flutes (fluier, caval), bagpipes (cimpoi), and alpine horns (bucium). The document discusses the origins and regional variations of these instruments and how they are used to accompany traditional dances and shepherding calls. It also notes the cultural influences from surrounding regions like Turkey and how certain instruments like the panpipes were reintroduced via the Ottoman Empire.
This story describes how the torment was lifted from 560 graves in a graveyard. A woman saw her deceased daughter in a dream being punished, dressed in painful clothing. When she told a saint about the dream, he saw that same daughter in a better state, who explained that a person had passed by the graveyard and recited prayers for the Prophet, which lifted the torment from those 560 graves due to its blessings. The story emphasizes the great blessings and virtues of reciting prayers for the Prophet, especially when recited by devotees of the Prophet.
This document provides an introduction to a book about the women who were around the Prophet Muhammad or whose lives were connected to his. It discusses the importance of highlighting the roles of these women to counter modern issues like the objectification of women. Some exemplary women mentioned include Khadijah, the first Muslim and wife of the Prophet, Sumayyah, the first martyr, and A'ishah, a source of hadith and Islamic knowledge. The book aims to discuss these women serially to draw lessons for Muslims.
This document is the translated text of a chapter from the book "Faizan-e-Sunnat" by Shaykh-ul-Islam Allamah Maulana Abu Bilal Muhammad Ilyas Attar Qadiri Razavi.
It begins with a dua for reading religious books and studying Islamic lessons. It then provides a transliteration chart and table of contents for the chapter.
The chapter contains stories and anecdotes about the virtues of reciting the kalimah "La ilaha illallah Muhammadur Rasulullah". It discusses various spiritual and physical benefits of reciting the kalimah, such as protection, forgiveness of sins, and cures for
This document provides an overview of the principles and codes of Hanafi fiqh. It discusses key concepts like the definition of fiqh, the status of fuqaha, different types of proofs in Islamic law like consensus, analogy, and recognized knowledge. It also examines types of rulings like definitive, speculative, types of obligations. Other topics covered include the role of public interest, benefits and harms, permissible and recommended acts, distinguishing sunnah from bidah. The document aims to elucidate Hanafi legal theory and rulings in a clear and concise manner.
Injunctions Pertaining to the Traveller
By Mawlana Mufti Inam Haq Qasmi
A comprehensive encyclopedia of the rulings when one is on a journey. This book is one of its kind explaining almost any situation that a Muslim traveler can face.
Herbert L. Clarke describes his journey to becoming a cornetist through 15 chapters. He was inspired by his family's involvement in music from a young age. Though he struggled with health issues, his passion for the cornet sustained him. After rigorous practice and performance experience in bands, he became a professional cornetist and continued honing his skills, developing both classical and popular styles.
The document discusses the sources of Islamic law and principles of guidance according to Islamic scholars. It states that the Quran is the primary, immutable source of guidance that is protected from human interference. It explains that only Allah is qualified to establish the perfect set of laws for mankind due to His complete knowledge, mercy and independence. It notes that while humans have limited abilities, they are tasked with implementing Allah's divine laws as taught by the Prophet Muhammad through revelation. The document emphasizes that with the Prophet's message, Islam was perfected as the final religion for mankind until the Day of Judgment.
This booklet provides information and instructions for Scouts working on the Pioneering Merit Badge, including requirements, knot tying instructions, lashing techniques, projects like building bridges and towers, and safety information. Various rope knots, hitches, bends, loop knots and lashings are defined and illustrated. Requirements cover first aid, knot tying, lashings, rope handling, splices, rope making, projects involving signal towers and bridges.
The document discusses the divine gifts and blessings that Allah bestows upon humanity, including talents, abilities, and provisions. It explores how people can properly obtain blessings through positive and lawful means of earning a livelihood, and the importance of being grateful for Allah's favors. However, it warns that if blessings are obtained through illegal means or not used as intended, people risk losing Allah's blessings and will be liable for punishment.
This document is the introduction to a book titled "The Ship of Salvation" which outlines the doctrines and jurisprudence of the Shafi'i school of law. It begins with a prayer invoking blessings upon Prophet Muhammad and his companions. It then provides information about the publisher, editor and cover designer of the book. The introduction concludes by mentioning the title of the book and its author.
Prophet muhammad, the sultan of hearts, vol 2 by resit haylamaz and fatih harpcitopbottom1
1) After their victory at Badr, the Muslims faced continued opposition from the Meccans and their allies who were seeking revenge, as well as from hypocrites in Medina and surrounding tribes who feared Muslim expansion.
2) The Prophet Muhammad appointed a deputy in Medina and took 200 horsemen to confront a gathering force from the Ghatafan and Sulaym tribes, causing the Sulaym tribe to flee and abandon 500 camels.
3) This period saw further battles and raids against opposing tribes, assassination attempts on the Prophet, divisions emerging among the Ansar, and the expulsion of the Jewish tribe Banu Qaynuqa from Medina due to treasonous acts.
This introduction discusses the need for an English translation of the Quran that accurately conveys the meaning of the original Arabic text in a clear and readable manner. It endorses the English translation by Saheeh International (originally published by Abul-Qasim Publishing House) as meeting this need by closely adhering to the language of the Quran while remaining intelligible. The methodology used in this abbreviated edition aims to present correct meanings according to Ahl as-Sunnah wal-Jamaa'ah theology, simplify the language for all readers, and allow the Quran to speak for itself with minimal footnotes.
This document contains an introduction and over 280 fables attributed to Aesop, a Greek storyteller and fabulist. The fables are short stories that use animals, plants, inanimate objects, and forces of nature that speak, think, and behave like humans. They feature moral lessons about human behavior. The document provides a table of contents listing each fable title.
The holy koran english translation of the meanings by mohammad marmaduke pick...hajj2013
This document is the table of contents for the English translation of the Quran by Mohammad Marmaduke Pickthal. It lists each of the 114 suras (chapters) that make up the Quran, along with their page numbers. The suras are arranged from longest to shortest in length.
24.02.2011-El transbordador espacial Discovery despegó a las 4:53 pm hora del este jueves desde el Centro Kennedy de la NASA en Florida, con el comandante Steve Lindsey líder de la tripulación STS-133 para entregar el Módulo Permanente multipropósito y Robonaut 2 a la estación espacial.
The three abandoned prayers by shaykh adnaan aali uroordocsforu
The first prayer discussed is Salaat-ul-Istikhaarah, the prayer for seeking guidance. This prayer provides spiritual tranquility and certainty for Muslims facing uncertain decisions. It allows Muslims to overcome indecision, anxiety, and doubt by seeking guidance from Allah, who alone knows what is truly beneficial or harmful. Making istikhaarah expresses true faith that Allah only decrees what is good. It is important for Muslims to seek Allah's guidance before embarking on or leaving any affair.
This document provides an index of 50 grammar clues for learning Spanish. It lists and numbers grammar topics such as nouns, articles, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, tenses, moods, conjugations, syntax, and special difficulties for English speakers. The index references page numbers for further explanation of each grammar point.
Turkish music is a fusion of classical, folk, Ottoman military, Islamic, and Western styles. Classical Turkish music developed from Arabic and Persian traditions and uses maqams (scales) instead of sheet music. Improvisation is central. Turkish music is typically monophonic with 24 unequal intervals. Aksak rhythms characterize folk music. The Janissary bands influenced 18th/19th century European music. After 1923, Turkey modernized under Atatürk's leadership by sending musicians abroad for training, establishing the "Turkish Five" pioneers of polyphonic composition. Today Turkey has state conservatories, orchestras, and festivals that are members of European associations.
This document provides an overview of the contents of a book about Turkish art music. It includes a table of contents that lists 8 chapters covering topics like the historical context and evolution of Turkish notation, the classical tradition in contemporary practice, intervalic structure, tonal centers and their sequence, modulation between musical modes, and stereotyped motives and phrases. The introduction gives a brief historical background on Turkish art music and discusses how it draws from a rich Ottoman musical tradition but also faces ideological opposition from those who reject Ottoman culture.
Some instrumente traditionale romanesti-enBaris Ekici
This document provides information on traditional musical instruments from Romania. It describes various woodwind and brass instruments that are integral parts of Romanian folk music traditions, including panpipes (nai), flutes (fluier, caval), bagpipes (cimpoi), and alpine horns (bucium). The document discusses the origins and regional variations of these instruments and how they are used to accompany traditional dances and shepherding calls. It also notes the cultural influences from surrounding regions like Turkey and how certain instruments like the panpipes were reintroduced via the Ottoman Empire.
This thesis analyzes 40 Turkish art music songs from 4 randomly selected maqams using fractal dimension. The songs are restricted to the sofyan rhythmic form to check statistical significance. The fractal dimensions of the songs are calculated using two different methods and scattering diagrams. Standard deviation and mean fractal dimensions are also calculated to check the relationship between fractal dimension and maqam. Statistical tests are applied to analyze the results. The study finds that fractal dimension can provide information about the nonlinear dynamical nature of the songs. It also finds that maqams may have distinct fractal dimensions at low resolutions but similar dimensions at high resolutions.
This document summarizes projects undertaken by the Romanian Cultural Association Horizon Cultural T between 2006-2012. It was involved in several European Commission funded programs focused on culture, education, and social inclusion. Key projects included developing intergenerational learning activities, promoting cultural heritage and diversity, and addressing issues like marginalization. The association organized cultural events, workshops, and exchanges with other countries to pursue its goals of social inclusion and recognizing Europe's shared cultural values.
Live Music Now was founded to use music to transform lives and bring live music to those who don't have access to it. They bring professional musicians into communities to perform for 3,000+ workshops annually, serving groups like those with special needs, in healthcare, justice systems, and early childhood programs. Their goals are to provide high quality musical experiences and support young musicians' careers through training and performances.
Kocaeli metropolitan turkish art music associationBaris Ekici
The Kocaeli Metropolitan Turkish Art Music Association was founded in 1947 and has been active since, giving regular concerts to promote Turkish art music. The association aims to teach and improve the skills of singers and instrumentalists in Turkish art music. It holds at least two major concerts annually and also performs for local events and institutions. The association brings in guest artists and sends members to study at prestigious music schools to further their musical education and skills.
This thesis analyzes 40 Turkish art music songs from 4 randomly selected maqams using fractal dimension. The songs are restricted to the sofyan rhythmic form to check statistical significance. The fractal dimensions of the songs are calculated using two different methods and scattering diagrams. Standard deviation and mean fractal dimensions are also calculated to check the relationship between fractal dimension and maqam. Statistical tests are applied to verify if fractal dimension can provide information about these nonlinear dynamical systems. The results show that maqams may have their own fractal dimensions at low resolutions, but all songs have similar fractal dimensions at high resolutions.
This document summarizes projects undertaken by the Romanian Cultural Association Horizon Cultural T between 2006-2012. It was involved in several European Commission funded programs focused on culture, education, and social inclusion. Key projects included developing intergenerational learning activities, promoting cultural heritage and diversity, and addressing issues like marginalization. The association organized cultural events, workshops, and exchanges with other countries to pursue its goals of social inclusion and recognizing Europe's shared cultural values.
The document lists various locations throughout Portugal including cities, regions, and tourist attractions. Some of the places mentioned include Viana do Castelo, Guimarães, Braga, Porto, Aveiro, Coimbra, Sintra, Lisbon, Évora, the Algarve region, the Azores Islands, Madeira Island, and various cultural sites throughout the country. It provides a high-level overview of tourism destinations in Portugal in a brief listing format.
Turkey has a rich musical heritage that includes both classical and folk traditions. Turkish classical music developed from the musical traditions of neighboring regions and is based on melodic modes and human voices. It uses various instruments and can be divided into religious and non-religious styles. The history of Turkish music spans different periods starting from the adoption of Islam and incorporation of Byzantine influences, to the modern reform period. Today, Turkish music blends classical, folk, Ottoman, and Western influences and though traditionally monophonic, some composers have adopted Western polyphonic styles while still incorporating Turkish melodic elements. The musical traditions of Turkey continue to be performed and developed through conservatories, orchestras, and regular music festivals.
Kocaeli is a city located on the Marmara Sea in Turkey. It has a large petrochemical industry and many residents work in petroleum and chemical factories. Kocaeli is close to Istanbul and links Asia and Europe. It has a growing population and economy as well as historical and cultural sites. The city is developing rapidly, including through tourism focused on its natural beauty, cultural festivals, and winter sports at locations like Sapanca and Kartepe.
The document discusses the doina, a type of folk music from Romania. It describes the doina as a lyrical and solemn chant that is improvised and can be sung solo or with accompaniment. The doina expresses a wide range of emotions and has regional variations. It plays an important role in Romanian culture and folklore but is threatened today due to fewer people learning and performing it. The document also provides background on two famous Romanian musicians, Maria Tanase and Ion Voicu, who helped popularize Romanian folk music.
This document provides a summary of the archaeology and rock art of the Eastern Sierra and Great Basin frontier regions. It begins with an introduction describing the scope, purpose and background of the study. Subsequent chapters cover the environmental background of the study area, the anthropological and linguistic prehistory of native groups, the chronology of human occupation based on dating methods, settlement patterns and territories, and a linguistic analysis of rock art styles. The document synthesizes archaeological data from over 100 sites to develop a cultural sequence and evaluate models of population movements and cultural developments in the region over thousands of years.
The document provides an overview of the music of the United Kingdom, United States, and Argentina. It discusses the early, classical, folk, and popular music traditions of these regions. The document is divided into multiple sections that cover the musical history and evolution over time in these countries, from early forms to modern popular music styles of the 20th century onward. Key genres discussed include British folk music, American blues, jazz, rock, and hip hop.
The Localization of Christianity in Bangkok Protestant Churches: A Study on C...xingledout
Despite prolonged and intensive Christian missionary efforts for the last 400 years, the religion lays claim to only about two per cent of the population. One of the main reasons for the dismal failure is the foreignness of Christianity, where its Western forms – hymns, building styles, pulpits and worship styles – are all alien to Thai culture. Based on a questionnaire survey of 18 churches, participant-observation research at four selected churches, and in-depth interviews with church leaders, worship leaders, and songwriters, this thesis explores the range and extent of foreign influences on Christian music as well as the level of localization in the music used in Protestant churches in Bangkok.
This document provides an introduction to Calabi-Yau manifolds and orbifolds. It first reviews the basics of Calabi-Yau geometry, including their defining properties and Hodge diamond structure. It then introduces toroidal orbifolds as a simple example of Calabi-Yau manifolds, describing their point groups, lattices, and fixed set configurations. The document is intended to serve as a toolkit for physicists working on string theory compactifications by providing theoretical discussions and examples of common geometric constructions and techniques in algebraic geometry.
This document is a thesis exploring how modern musical technologies can be applied to enhance compositions of Chinese traditional music. It discusses international and domestic research in electronic music, defines electronic music, and analyzes the musical functions and aesthetic features of sound technology in electroacoustic composition. It then examines features of contemporary Chinese electronic music composition, and how sound technology can reflect the aesthetics of Chinese cultural elements. The thesis also includes a comprehensive analysis of a work titled "The Samsara of Seasons" that integrates modern music technologies and traditional Chinese music performance.
Biblical Dream Study Nineteen Hours of Study in Allegorical ContextSister Lara
Biblical Dream Study
Nineteen Hours of Study in Allegorical Context is an Online School of Prayer Student Study Tool on the topic of dreams in the Bible with Instructor Sister Lara
http://onlineschoolofprayer.webs.com
Principles of sonar performance modeling 2010le luan
This document provides an overview of the book "Principles of Sonar Performance Modeling" by Michael A. Ainslie. It discusses the book's structure, which is divided into three parts that cover the foundations of sonar, the four pillars of sonar performance modeling (sonar oceanography, underwater acoustics, sonar signal processing, and detection theory), and applications of sonar modeling. It also provides a brief history of sonar technology from its origins in the early 20th century through its widespread use during World War II and development thereafter. The document includes the book's table of contents to give a sense of the topics that will be covered.
(Supplements to vigiliae christianae 118) roelof van den broek pseudo-cyril o...F.maximos Samoul
This document describes two manuscripts containing the text of Pseudo-Cyril of Jerusalem's Homily on the Life and the Passion of Christ. Manuscript M610 of the Pierpont Morgan Library contains the complete Coptic text and is in excellent condition. Manuscript E 16262 of the University of Pennsylvania Museum contains fragments of the text as a difficult-to-read palimpsest. The document discusses the origins and contents of these manuscripts. It also analyzes the text's sources, elements, date, and relationship to other works attributed to Cyril of Jerusalem.
Sayings of Jesus on the Cross Musical Settings of Jesus Seven Last Words on t...Sister Lara
Sayings of Jesus on the Cross
Musical Settings of Jesus Seven Last Words on the Cross is an Online School of Prayer Student Workbook with Instructor Sister Lara
http://onlineschoolofprayer.webs.com
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to a textbook on linguistic stylistics. The textbook aims to provide Slovak university students with theory and practical application of stylistics. It explores stylistic analysis through a variety of texts and emphasizes the linguistic aspects of stylistic study. The textbook is based on several theoretical sources from the Slovak, British, American and Slavonic traditions. It covers topics such as definitions of style, stylistic devices, expressive means, functional styles of English, and a stylistic classification of English vocabulary. The goal is for students to familiarize themselves with different language usages and apply stylistic analysis to texts.
This document provides an overview of basic harmony principles including melody writing, vertical structures, voice leading, cadences, and modulation. It is a training circular published by the US Army that teaches musicians the fundamentals of writing music through topics such as scale degrees, triads, inversions, non-harmonic tones, seventh chords, and key relationships. The document contains various music examples and exercises for students to practice and learn compositional techniques.
This document provides an overview of the basic elements of music including time elements, pitch elements, and how time and pitch elements are combined. It discusses topics such as rhythm, meter, tempo, dynamics, timbre, melody, harmony, texture, counterpoint, and musical form. Various activities are also presented to help teach concepts related to musical time elements, such as rhythm imitation, keeping a steady beat, and exploring musical styles through percussion parts. The document is intended as a guide for educators to understand and teach the core components of music.
This document is a project report submitted by Eric Ballestero for the Graduate Diploma in Acoustics and Noise Control at the Institute of Acoustics. The report investigates reverberation time as a characterizing criterion for architectural spaces like halls. It aims to show how reverberation time is influenced by factors like room volume and absorption. Measurements were taken in three different halls - a theatre, concert hall, and lecture hall. The results are analyzed and rooms are modeled in software to simulate improvements to reverberation times. The report examines how reverberation time relates to other acoustic criteria and guidelines for optimal reverberation times in different types of spaces.
The Warehouse Phenomenon - A Study Of Temporary Unconventional Venues For Un...Bibi Todaro
This document provides a study of temporary underground dance music events held in unconventional warehouse venues in Shoreditch, London. It includes a literature review on relevant event, leisure, and cultural theories. It discusses the historical background of dance culture and rave culture from the late 1980s. The methodology section outlines the mixed methods research approach, including surveys of ravers and interviews with promoters. Key findings are that ravers value music quality and atmosphere over venue characteristics. Promoters have diverging views on warehouses versus clubs but agree warehouses allow more freedom. The warehouse phenomenon is defined as part of an ongoing movement from the origins of dance culture in the 1980s.
This document discusses the English language and people. It covers the history and origins of the English nationality and people from the early Middle Ages through modern times. It also discusses the global dispersion of English communities through migration to places like the United States, Canada, Australia and elsewhere. Finally, it examines the development and current status of the English language, including its classification, history, geographical distribution and technical linguistic characteristics like phonology, grammar and vocabulary.
This document discusses various Rabbinical translations of the Gospel of Matthew into Hebrew and Aramaic between the 600s CE and 1800s CE. It notes that early rabbis occasionally cited Matthew, and the earliest full translation was by Shem Tov in 1385. Later translations were produced by Sebastian Münster in 1537, Jean du Tillet in 1555, Rahabi Ezekiel in 1750, and Elias Soloweyczyk in 1869. Christian missionaries also produced some Hebrew versions of Matthew. Shem Tov's translation became part of debates around whether the original gospel was written in Aramaic or Greek.
The movies Videodrome and Lawnmower Man deal with the relationship between inner and outer reality controlled by "demiurgic" or "alchemical" media technology. The ability to change reality to our wishes. To input a wish, a magic word, and get a result, getting instant cybernetic feedback - which is how today's Internet works, it's an alchemagickal machine, the point of the apocalypse.
The first movie uses TV and videos, the second uses computers and VR to re-establish a re-ligious link between mind and matter. In both of them the initial positive use of the technology gets corrupted by an evil establishment, (shadow) government, for destructive purposes.
Videodrome's Brian (Brain) Oblivion is Marshall McLuhan. Modern media "spiritualizes" the material world - however the interface to form the world according to our wishes is still blocked by the bourgeoisie - the owners of the world that force us to use money.
Then there is Serial Experiments Lain in which computers and global networks help the main character to become god-like in consciousness - everywhere and nowhere. This can be achieved today by anyone with internet access who possesses a soul - a drive to knowledge.
A similar event is portrayed in Neon Genesis Evangelion although here it's less about the technology and more about the pure consciousness itself that unites all of mankind into a single unity - into God. It's about the Magnum Opus, the Great Work. Return to paradise and obliteration of space and time, which is what the internet represents in a microcosm, but like everything, it is held captive by worldly powers - state, police, etc. thus blocking the last transmutation to a heaven on earth.
"Media is mind manifest" - we see how the computer mirrors spiritual principles.
The key to understanding the relationship between the computer and Saturn is the myth of Prometheus who is often equated with evil. It is man's dividing mind at work. Exponentially progressing, intellectual knowledge multiplication - the mind focused on the external world instead on the inner world. The mind that transforms matter the dead Prima Materia - by thinking The man who sleeps and dreams a dark dream of competition, war, decay, scarcity, and so on.
Prometheus is thus associated with alchemy. Technology is the result of an alchemical process. Concretely this means the ability to change reality through devices. It means to extract an essence of life (Gold - Sun) from that which denies it (Lead - Saturn), to perfect nature. This is the whole body of scientific knowledge, a modern large-scale alchemy. It was born out of the Fall from Grace but ironically leads us back into paradise.
The goal is NOT the technology for its own sake - it is the reunification with the Holy Spirit - with Christ. Thus the fallen lost son Lucifer who was punished like Adam re-creates paradise by his own hands - exactly what organized religion fears. From the darkness of matter/evil into the light of spirit/love.
Archaeology in the Holy Bible List of Artifacts in Biblical Studies of Archae...Sister Lara
This document provides a list of artifacts significant to biblical archaeology studies. It includes artifacts from 2000 BCE to the 1st century CE that have been discovered and analyzed. The artifacts are organized chronologically by century. Several individual artifacts, like the Merneptah Stele and Mesha Stele, are discussed in more detail with descriptions of their historical context and significance. The document also references external lists of artifacts and museums where significant biblical archaeological finds are housed.
Petr Simon - Procedural Lexical Semantics (PhD Thesis)Petr Šimon
The document discusses the development of a theory of semantic well-formedness that takes a procedural approach to lexical semantics. It evaluates proposals from Generative Lexicon theory and extends Transparent Intensional Logic to provide a richer analysis of meaning at the lexical and compositional levels. The goal is to describe a flexible formal system for analyzing meaning variation, change, and what makes expressions meaningful.
Gospel of Matthew Authorship of the Bible and Textual VariantsSister Lara
Gospel of Matthew
Authorship of the Bible and Textual Variants is on Online School of Prayer Learning Center Book for Students to Study the Gospel of Matthew and Authorship of the Bible. http://onlineschoolofprayer.webs.com
Turkey has a rich musical heritage that includes both classical and folk traditions. Turkish classical music developed from the musical traditions of neighboring regions and is based on melodic modes and human voices. It uses various instruments and can be divided into religious and non-religious styles. The history of Turkish music spans different periods starting from the Ottoman Empire and includes the modernization efforts of the early Turkish Republic. Today, Turkish music blends classical, folk, Ottoman and Western influences and remains an integral part of Turkish culture.
This document summarizes the activities of the Romanian Cultural Association Horizon Cultural T, founded in 2006. It organizes cultural events and educational programs with the goals of promoting European cultural values, fighting social disadvantage, and raising awareness of issues in the EU. Some of its projects include ones focused on audiovisual languages for young adults, intergenerational solidarity in Portugal, and integrating adults through music in Turkey. It involves learners of all ages in programs about European citizenship, cultural diversity, and developing international connections. Horizon Cultural T also participates in the Comenius Regio network through the Dolj County Council in Romania.
Turkish art music has developed in two areas: classical and folk music. It originated from Ottoman court music which was influenced by Arabic, Persian, and Turkish styles and based on modes and human voices. There are approximately 24 unequal intervals and over 200 musical modes in Turkish music. Many traditional instruments are used like the ud, tanbur, kemence, ney, kanun, and kudum. Turkish music is also categorized into religious, military, mosque, and mystical styles. The history of Turkish art music spans from the 9th century to today and progressed through pre-classical, classical, romantic, and contemporary periods as musical notation was introduced.
Associação de cultura musical de lousada (4)Baris Ekici
The Associação de Cultura Musical de Lousada was founded in 1975 to manage the Wind Band created in 1855. It oversees the Banda de Música with 58 musicians under 25, the Conservatório do Vale do Sousa music school founded in 1994 which now has 418 students and 40 teachers, and newer groups like the Lousada Big Band formed in 2009 and ballet started in 2005.
Tanburi Cemil Bey was an influential Turkish musician born in 1873 in Istanbul who greatly contributed to the taksim genre of Ottoman classical music. He was a virtuoso of multiple string instruments including the tanbur, kemençe, and lavta. He reformed the playing technique of the tanbur and was also the inventor of the bowed tanbur. Though a sensitive person, he suffered from alcoholism later in life. Many of his compositions were preserved in his recordings.
Münir Nurettin Selçuk was a renowned Turkish classical musician and tenor singer born in 1900 in Istanbul. He studied music in Hungary as a youth before returning to Turkey to become a musician. Selçuk furthered his musical education in Paris in 1927 and later worked at the Istanbul Conservatory, where he served as director for sixteen years. He is remembered as establishing the role of lead singer in Turkish music and for his two musically talented sons before passing away in 1981.
Dede Efendi (1778-1846) was a renowned Turkish composer of classical music who studied under Mehmed Emin Efendi and Ali Nutki Dede. He composed hundreds of songs and Mevlevi rituals, mastering all forms of Turkish music and developing new musical modes. Considered one of Turkey's greatest composers, over 200 of his compositions survive today.
Haci Arif Bey (1831-1885) was a prolific Turkish composer known for şarkı compositions. He studied under Dede Efendi and taught at the Imperial Military Music School. He fell in love with and had children with concubines in the sultan's harem
The document discusses two traditional Turkish musical instruments:
The tambur is a fretted string instrument that is played with a plectrum or bow. It has a semi-spherical wooden body made of strips of wood joined together.
The ney is an end-blown flute that is prominent in Middle Eastern music. It is made of hollow cane or reed with finger and thumb holes. The ney is considered one of the oldest instruments still in use today.
Oud is a pear-shaped stringed instrument used in Middle Eastern music that descended from a common ancestor as the European lute. It is distinguished by its lack of frets and smaller neck. The ancient Turkic peoples had a similar instrument called the kopuz, which was thought to have magical powers and was used in military bands. Today's oud differs from old prototypes and the Turkish oud has a different playing style and shape than the Arabic oud, developed by a Greek luthier in Istanbul in the late 19th century.
The document provides information about the kanun and kemence instruments found in Near Eastern traditional music. The kanun is a zither-like instrument with nylon or PVC strings stretched over a single bridge on fish skins. It is played on the lap by plucking the strings with picks or fingernails and has a range of over three octaves. Turkish kanuns typically have 26 courses of three strings each and levers called mandals that can slightly alter string lengths. The kemence is a pear-shaped lyre played either sitting or standing with the tuning head up using a bow called a doksar.
This document provides recipes for three Turkish soups - Red Lentil Soup, Rice and Yogurt Soup, and Red Lentil and Bulgur Soup. The Red Lentil Soup recipe calls for red lentils, potato, onion, flour, salt, dry mint and red pepper. The Rice and Yogurt Soup recipe includes rice, flour, egg, yogurt, salt and dry mint. The Red Lentil and Bulgur Soup recipe lists red lentils, onion, fine bulgur, rice, tomato paste, salt, dry mint and red flake pepper as ingredients.
Turkish cuisine features meat dishes like sarma and dolma, which are vine leaves or cabbage stuffed with a ground meat and rice filling that is cooked. Recipes for sarma and dolma are provided, with instructions to mix the meat and rice filling, stuff it into the leaves, and simmer in a tomato sauce to allow the flavors to blend.
The recipe is for a dish called "The Sultan Liked It". It requires chicken, onions, tomatoes, garlic, spices like cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves and saffron. The chicken is cooked with the onions and spices until tender, then tomatoes are added to complete the dish.
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Introduction
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Early Life and Backgrounds
Orpah Winfrey: From Humble Beginnings to Media Mogul
Orpah Winfrey, often known as Oprah due to a misspelling on her birth certificate. was born on January 29, 1954, in Kosciusko, Mississippi. Raised in poverty by her grandmother, Winfrey's early life was marked by hardship and adversity. Despite these challenges. she demonstrated a keen intellect and an early talent for public speaking.
Winfrey's journey to success began with a scholarship to Tennessee State University. where she studied communication. Her first job in media was as a co-anchor for the local evening news in Nashville. This role paved the way for her eventual transition to talk show hosting. where she found her true calling.
Dwayne Johnson: From Wrestling Royalty to Hollywood Superstar
Dwayne Johnson, also known by his ring name "The Rock," was born on May 2, 1972, in Hayward, California. He comes from a family of professional wrestlers, with both his father, Rocky Johnson. and his grandfather, Peter Maivia, being notable figures in the wrestling world. Johnson's early life was spent moving between New Zealand and the United States. experiencing a variety of cultural influences.
Before entering the world of professional wrestling. Johnson had aspirations of becoming a professional football player. He played college football at the University of Miami. where he was part of a national championship team. But, injuries curtailed his football career, leading him to follow in his family's footsteps and enter the wrestling ring.
Career Milestones
Orpah Winfrey: The Queen of All Media
Winfrey's career breakthrough came in 1986 when she launched "The Oprah Winfrey Show." The show became a cultural phenomenon. drawing millions of viewers daily and earning many awards. Winfrey's empathetic and candid interviewing style resonated with audiences. helping her tackle diverse and often challenging topics.
Beyond her talk show, Winfrey expanded her empire to include the creation of Harpo Productions. a multimedia production company. She also launched "O, The Oprah Magazine" and OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network, further solidifying her status as a media mogul.
Dwayne Johnson: From The Ring to The Big Screen
Dwayne Johnson's wrestling career took off in the late 1990s. when he became one of the most charismatic and popular figures in WWE. His larger-than-life persona and catchphrases endeared him to fans. making him a household name. But, Johnson had ambitions beyond the wrestling ring.
In the early 20
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The landscape of independent filmmaking is evolving at an unprecedented pace. Technological advancements, changing consumer preferences, and new distribution models are reshaping the industry, creating new opportunities and challenges for filmmakers and film industry jobs. This article explores the future of independent filmmaking, highlighting key trends and emerging job opportunities.
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The television landscape in the UK has evolved significantly with the rise of Internet Protocol Television (IPTV). IPTV offers a modern alternative to traditional cable and satellite TV, allowing viewers to stream live TV, on-demand videos, and other multimedia content directly to their devices over the internet. This review provides an in-depth look at the top IPTV UK providers, their features, pricing, and what sets them apart.
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Leonardo DiCaprio, a name synonymous with Hollywood stardom and acting excellence. has captivated audiences for decades with his talent and charisma. But, the Leonardo DiCaprio haircut is one aspect of his public persona that has garnered attention. From his early days as a teenage heartthrob to his current status as a seasoned actor and environmental activist. DiCaprio's hairstyles have evolved. reflecting both his personal growth and the changing trends in fashion. This article delves into the many phases of the Leonardo DiCaprio haircut. exploring its significance and impact on pop culture.
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5. I: Historical Context 1
CHAPTER I:
THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF TURKISH ART MUSIC
In the modern Republic of Turkey, the term “Turkish” has
come to mean many things. In a quest for a national identity in
the 20th century, some Turks have been led to claim equally
the civilization of the ancient Hittites and the language of the
present Turkic tribes of Central Asia as Turkish. On the other
hand, the much closer heritage of the Ottoman period is often
rejected by these same people, who wish to disassociate
themselves from this latter symbol of backwardness and
corruption.
Turkish art music (Türk sanat musikisi) is clearly the
product of the Ottoman civilization and, as such, suffers from
a conscious opposition by those who reject that culture for
ideological reasons. The force of tradition has been so powerful,
though, that this music continues to find superb interpreters
and capacity audiences after half a century of official and
unofficial suppression.
The present study is an attempt to explain some aspects
of a major organizing principle of Turkish art music, the
Xmakam (modal) system. Because of the vitality of the
contemporary tradition, the current state of the art is
emphasized. Nevertheless, a summary of the historical origins
of the music at the outset should give some perspective to the
subsequent discussion.
Traditional Turkish art music today draws its strength
from a rich past. Its vast repertoire includes compositions
numbering in the thousands and spanning a period of at least
five centuries. During that time, several native Turkish not-
ational systems were developed to better preserve that rep-
6. 10 Makam: Modal Practice in Turkish Art Music
CHAPTER II:
THE CLASSICAL TRADITION IN
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE
Since this study is concerned with the makam (modal)
system in the context of Turkish classical music, this chapter is
devoted to defining that genre in terms of current practice.
First, it will be necessary to differentiate the classical genre
from other types of music played today in Turkey. Next, the
types of performances and instruments used in classical music
will be briefly examined. And finally, the basic principles and
forms of classical music will be reviewed.
NonnClassical Genres
In Turkey at the present, a wide variety of music can be
heard. Aside from the classical genre, the following types of
nonnWestern music can be distinguished: folk, popular,
seminclassical, mosque, and dervish. To some extent these
categories overlap, yet each has its own style, forms and
instruments. All of these genres are distinct from Turkish
classical music, but each has some relationship to it.
Originally, folk music meant village music. The archetypal
examples are the shepherd on the mountain playing his kaval
(flute), the farm wife singing a lullaby to her child, and the
gypsy musician performing at a wedding. A quasi-improvisatory
epic form for solo voice is called uzun hava, a dance tune is
called oyun hava, and a folk song is called türkü. Each region
of Turkey has its own variants on these forms. Folk music has
a great variety of musical instruments, of which the most
common are: davul and zurna (bass drum and shawm),
ba—lama saz2 (longnnecked lute), kemençe (Black Sea fiddle),
and darbuka (Arab vase drum). A neonfolk music style has
developed in recent years for urban consumption, charact-
7. 22 Makam: Modal Practice in Turkish Art Music
CHAPTER IV:
INTERVALIC STRUCTURE OF TURKISH ART MUSIC
There are many structural aspects to the Turkish makam
system, but of these, the intervalic structure is the most
fundamental. A recognized succession of intervals forms a scale
and, as Gürmeriç expresses it, a makam is first and foremost
a scale. The exact size of various intervals is important because
minute inflections of pitch are often one basis for distinction
between one makam and another. The microtonal differences
between similar scales are the source of unending debate
between practicing musicians.
Current theory of intervals, scales, and notation is almost
entirely derived from the work of Yekta, Ezgi, and Arel. The first
part of this chapter is a summary of the main points pertaining
to these subjects. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to
an evaluation of that theory in terms of current practice.
Intervals
Yekta, Ezgi, and Arel came to an agreement on the basic
intervals which they said would account for the difference
between any two adjacent tones of any scale. These basic
intervals are five in number and their names are: (1) bakiye;
(2) küçük mücennep; (3) büyük mücennep; (4) tanini; (5) art2k
ikili (Arel 1968:5). The best English terms for these would
seem to be: (1) small half tone; (2) large half tone; (3) small
whole tone; (4) large whole tone; (5) augmented second. To
these we can add the koma (Pythagorean comma), which is not
an interval in itself but is commonly used in Turkish theory and
practice as a discrete increment. Table I below shows these
theoretical intervals, the rounded off value of each in commas,
1
and the respective values in cents (also roundedn off).
8. 24 Makam: Modal Practice in Turkish Art Music
One of the purposes of the EzginArel notation system
would seem to be that of bringing Turkish conventions more
into conformity with European ones. The Turkish scale closest
to the European major one would be that of the makam
ÇARGÂH. The fivenline Western staff without accidentals would
therefore represent the diatonic ÇARGÂH scale. Absolute pitch
would not be implied. All intervals represented on the Western
staff would derive from the diatonic ÇARGÂH scale. Example 1
below shows the scale of ÇARGÂH and the corresponding
intervals in both commas and cents.
The EzginArel notation system uses six accidentals to
express the necessary inflections to produce the intervals of all
scales from this scale:
The scale shown in example 1, transposed up a fourth,
will require a “5ncommanflat” accidental. Example 2 below
gives this scale (known as ACEMAÔ1RAN).
*in all scales examples, whole notes are tonics, half notes, dominants
11. 66 Makam: Modal Practice in Turkish Art Music Modulation
VI:
CHAPTER VI:
MODULATION BETWEEN MAKAM nS
The realization of the seyir of a makam, as we saw in the
previous chapter, is not a random wandering up and down a
given scale, but a purposeful melodic movement regulated by
rules. A great deal of modulation from one makam to another
takes place in Turkish art music. The rules governing mod-
ulation are the subject of this chapter.
Modulation occurs when, during the course of a
composition or improvisation in a given makam, a note, a
phrase, or an entire passage is introduced from another
makam. Modulation should not be confused with transposition.
the latter term refers to the similarity of scales at different pitch
levels (between two separate pieces of music) in Turkish music.
(See Chapter VIII: Transposed Makamns.)
A “pure” statement of a given makam would be one
which would contain no passages, no motives, nor even a single
note from another makam. The purpose of the published
seyir ns given in the previous chapter was to present the
melodic progression of a single makam in its purest form.
Modulation in some degree or another is characteristic
of every formnlarge or small, instrumental or vocal, composed
or improvisednin Turkish art music, with the exception of some
of the very briefest and simplest pieces. In improvisation for
example, a musician who would remain blandly in the same
makam for more than, say, three minutes would be considered
to have played something “tads2z” (taste-less), or “renksiz”
(colorless). Yet one would be hard put to find more than a
sentence or two in the literature on this subject, despite its
obvious importance.
12. VII: Stereotyped Phrases 125
CHAPTER VII:
STEREOTYPED MOTIVES AND PHRASES
A native Turkish musician can often identify the makam
of a piece long before the finalis is sounded, sometimes merely
from the briefest of openings alone. This cognitive process would
seem to depend to a great extent directly on a system of
stereotyped motives and phrases. Presumably, such stereotyped
melodies could not exist independently of the makam
characteristics thus far discussed in this study: scale, melodic
direction, modulation, etc. This brief chapter attempts to answer
this question as well as others concerning stereotyped melodies.
Many makamns have distinctive phrases or motives which
immediately identify them. Some of these melodies are the
“personal property” of their creators; others are “in the public
domain.”
At an informal concert one evening, I was listening to the
beginning of a taksim (improvisation) on the ney (flute). The
makam had not been announced, but after only three notes it
was apparent that it was SABÂ. Those three notes are shown as
Example 84. The temporal values and the barline are intended
to suggest the melodic shape and emphasis more than literal
values, since the original was performed in “free” rhythm. It
should be noted that less than a tetrachord is revealed, indeed,
the most characteristic note of SABÂ, Hicaz (d ), is not yet
included. This fact suggests the possibility that very short
motives exist which somehow contain the critical essence of a
makam. This idea led me to prepare a test to determine whether
such motives could be recognized by Turkish musicians.
13. 134 Makam: Modal Practice in Turkish Art Music
CHAPTER VIII:
TESSITURA AND TRANSPOSED MAKAMnS
According to the YektanEzginArel theory, every makam
belongs to one of three categories: (1) basit (basic); (2)
mürekkep (compound); or (3) Õed (trans-posed). This chapter
examines the nature of the soncalled “transposed” makam in
both theory and actual practice.
Transposition refers to an identity or similarity of
intervalic structure between two abstract scales. Numerous
examples of transposition have been mentioned earlier in this
study: ÇARGÂH transposed up a fourth (ACEMAÔ¤RAN),
H¤CAZ tetrachord on d (passing modulation in BEYAT¤),
KÜRD¤nonnG (KÜRD¤L¤n H¤CAZKAR), etc. Transposition may
be considered in two slightly different aspects; the problems
involving transposition of an entire makam are more difficult
than those involving fragments.
Transposed Fragments
In the course of a composition, as we have already
seen, many modulations can take place. In an ilâhi shown
earlier, the principal makam was SABÂ and the modulation was
to H¤CAZ. Neither makam was transposed, i.e., both were in
their accustomed places, on Dügâh (A). In a Õarki by Dede
Efendi, also given earlier, the principal makam was BEYAT¤ (in
its accustomed place). The modulation, in this case, was to
“H¤CAZ onnd,” a transposed fragment. The characteristic
intervals of H¤CAZ, instead of being found on Dügâh, were
transposed up a fourth to Nevâ (d).
SABÂ, probably because of its distinctive intervalic
structure, is often used in such passing modulations using
transposed fragments. It appears in many environments under
14. Summary 149
SUMMARY
The five criteria developed in this studynintervalic
structure, sequence of tonal centers, modulation, stereotyped
melodies, and tessiturancan be used to explain the difference
between any two makamns. Not all five of the criteria will
always be distinctive, but at least one of them should be; as
the Indian musician, Ravi Shankar, is fond of saying (apropos
of the rules of the raga system). “There is nothing fixed, yet
some things are fixed.” If a composer uses a different makam
name for a piece, presumably there are musical reasons which
can be not only subjectively felt but also objectively explained.
These five factors seem to be the most readily observable
although there are probably other factors not touched on in
this study.
I should hasten to point out that many of the fine
distinctions between makamns mentioned in these pages are
not always and everywhere observed. The guiding principle for
me has been, “What have the most respected composers
done?” and “What does Niyazi Say2n (Necdet YaÕar, Kâni
Karaca, etc.) say?” One does not have to look far to find a
taksim (improvisation) which conforms poorly to the repertoire
of its nominal makam. If one performs regularly, examples of
compositions labeled with the “wrong” makam, e.g.,
MUHAYYERnKÜRD¤ instead of KÜRDIL¤nH¤CAZKÂR, are not
infrequently encountered. It is interesting to note, however,
that the musician who improvises a taksim in the “wrong”
makam and the composer who mislabels the makam of his
piece both would admit the finer distinctions if pointed out to
them.