The Nobel Assembly awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discoveries of the mechanisms of autophagy. Ohsumi used yeast to identify genes essential for autophagy, the process by which cells degrade and recycle components. Through brilliant experiments in the early 1990s, he elucidated the underlying mechanisms of autophagy in yeast and showed that similar machinery operates in human cells, fundamentally changing understanding of how cells recycle content.
Successful implantation of the embryos in the uterus after IVF cycle is about 20%. It represents the bottleneck in the procedure of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. In this presentation we look at factors affecting implantation and how to improve it.
INTRACYTOPLASMIC MORPHOLOGICALLY SELECTED SPERM INJECTION is a technique used in IVF treatment to examine and select sperm using a high-magnification digital imaging microscope for microinjection into the egg.
This document provides an overview of stem cell research including different types of stem cells, their potential medical applications, and the processes of embryonic stem cell derivation and therapeutic cloning. It discusses embryonic stem cells' ability to differentiate into any cell type compared to adult stem cells' more limited potential. Current research aims to develop stem cell therapies for conditions like diabetes, spinal cord injury, and heart disease. However, significant challenges remain regarding controlling stem cell behavior and ensuring therapies are long-lasting without tumor formation.
Exosomes - Diagnostics and TherapeuticsSumedhaBobade
This document discusses exosomes, which are extracellular vesicles that originate inside cells and are released outside. It provides background on the discovery of exosomes and their structure. Exosomes are 40-150nm in size and have a phospholipid bilayer. They are secreted by various immune cells, epithelial cells, and are present in many body fluids. The document outlines their biogenesis pathway and composition. It discusses the many potential roles and applications of exosomes in diagnostics and therapeutics for diseases like cancer, neurological disorders, and infectious diseases. Exosomes show promise as novel biomarkers for diagnosis and as vehicles for drug delivery.
This document discusses stem cells, including their potential uses in medicine and ethical issues surrounding research. It covers embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and can differentiate into many cell types, as well as adult stem cells found in tissues like blood, brain, and muscle that replenish and repair those tissues. While stem cells show promise for treating diseases, practical and ethical barriers must still be addressed.
Azoospermia is an challenging subject either on the diagnostic side or on the therapeutic issues. Types of testicular biopsy must be employed in selected patients as regard their background diagnosis e.g. obstructive, Klinefelter's,... etc.
This document discusses oocyte grading and quality assessment based on morphological characteristics. It describes the ideal characteristics of a mature human oocyte and factors that can compromise oocyte quality. Components of a normal oocyte are described before and after denudation. Oocyte cumulus complexes are graded based on morphology. Oocytes are assessed based on size, shape, cytoplasmic anomalies, extra-cytoplasmic anomalies, ageing, and viscosity. Characteristics like granulations, inclusions, vacuoles, SER clusters, and dark cytoplasm are discussed in detail. Morphology of the first polar body, perivitelline space, zona pellucida, and plasma membrane response during ICSI are also covered.
Tissue engineering aims to create functional human tissues for repair or replacement of damaged organs. It involves obtaining cells, expanding them in culture, seeding them onto a scaffold to grow new tissue, and implanting the construct. Stem cells offer potential due to their ability to differentiate and self-renew. Research applications include creating artificial organs like livers, pancreases, and bladders. Challenges remain in vascularizing tissues and preventing immune rejection, but tissue engineering offers hope for treating diseases.
Successful implantation of the embryos in the uterus after IVF cycle is about 20%. It represents the bottleneck in the procedure of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. In this presentation we look at factors affecting implantation and how to improve it.
INTRACYTOPLASMIC MORPHOLOGICALLY SELECTED SPERM INJECTION is a technique used in IVF treatment to examine and select sperm using a high-magnification digital imaging microscope for microinjection into the egg.
This document provides an overview of stem cell research including different types of stem cells, their potential medical applications, and the processes of embryonic stem cell derivation and therapeutic cloning. It discusses embryonic stem cells' ability to differentiate into any cell type compared to adult stem cells' more limited potential. Current research aims to develop stem cell therapies for conditions like diabetes, spinal cord injury, and heart disease. However, significant challenges remain regarding controlling stem cell behavior and ensuring therapies are long-lasting without tumor formation.
Exosomes - Diagnostics and TherapeuticsSumedhaBobade
This document discusses exosomes, which are extracellular vesicles that originate inside cells and are released outside. It provides background on the discovery of exosomes and their structure. Exosomes are 40-150nm in size and have a phospholipid bilayer. They are secreted by various immune cells, epithelial cells, and are present in many body fluids. The document outlines their biogenesis pathway and composition. It discusses the many potential roles and applications of exosomes in diagnostics and therapeutics for diseases like cancer, neurological disorders, and infectious diseases. Exosomes show promise as novel biomarkers for diagnosis and as vehicles for drug delivery.
This document discusses stem cells, including their potential uses in medicine and ethical issues surrounding research. It covers embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and can differentiate into many cell types, as well as adult stem cells found in tissues like blood, brain, and muscle that replenish and repair those tissues. While stem cells show promise for treating diseases, practical and ethical barriers must still be addressed.
Azoospermia is an challenging subject either on the diagnostic side or on the therapeutic issues. Types of testicular biopsy must be employed in selected patients as regard their background diagnosis e.g. obstructive, Klinefelter's,... etc.
This document discusses oocyte grading and quality assessment based on morphological characteristics. It describes the ideal characteristics of a mature human oocyte and factors that can compromise oocyte quality. Components of a normal oocyte are described before and after denudation. Oocyte cumulus complexes are graded based on morphology. Oocytes are assessed based on size, shape, cytoplasmic anomalies, extra-cytoplasmic anomalies, ageing, and viscosity. Characteristics like granulations, inclusions, vacuoles, SER clusters, and dark cytoplasm are discussed in detail. Morphology of the first polar body, perivitelline space, zona pellucida, and plasma membrane response during ICSI are also covered.
Tissue engineering aims to create functional human tissues for repair or replacement of damaged organs. It involves obtaining cells, expanding them in culture, seeding them onto a scaffold to grow new tissue, and implanting the construct. Stem cells offer potential due to their ability to differentiate and self-renew. Research applications include creating artificial organs like livers, pancreases, and bladders. Challenges remain in vascularizing tissues and preventing immune rejection, but tissue engineering offers hope for treating diseases.
The document discusses potential futures where children are manufactured rather than born naturally. It explores scenarios where artificial wombs, genetic engineering, and humanoid robots could change human reproduction and child-rearing. Some key changes discussed include children being genetically designed with selected traits, raised in artificial wombs, or forming close relationships with intelligent robots rather than other humans. The document also notes potential issues like increased addiction to technology or a resurgence of eugenics from these scientific advances.
This document summarizes immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques. IHC combines immunological and histological methods to identify specific proteins in tissues using antigen-antibody reactions. The document discusses common IHC methods like direct, indirect, and enzyme-linked techniques. It also covers important considerations for IHC like antibody selection, tissue fixation and processing, antigen retrieval, blocking, and controls. The goal of IHC is to visualize the distribution and localization of cellular components, but the quality of results depends highly on proper sample preparation.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can develop into different cell types. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent, and somatic or adult stem cells, which are multipotent, unipotent, or oligopotent. Stem cell division is triggered by internal genetic signals and external chemical and physical signals from other cells. Stem cells divide through obligate asymmetric or stochastic methods to maintain their numbers. Induced pluripotent stem cells are generated by genetically reprogramming adult cells, while cord blood contains pluripotent stem cells that can be used for regenerative medicine.
This document provides an overview of IVF and ICSI procedures. It discusses that IVF involves fertilizing eggs with sperm in a lab dish, then transferring embryos into the uterus. ICSI is used for severe male factor infertility and involves injecting a single sperm into each egg. Both aim to increase the chances of fertilization and pregnancy by positioning sperm closer to eggs. The document outlines the various steps of IVF including ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, sperm preparation, fertilization, embryo culture, and embryo transfer.
Yoshinori Ohsumi's seminal work in the early 1990s dramatically advanced the understanding of autophagy. Using yeast as a model organism, he identified 15 essential autophagy genes and developed yeast strains that allowed him to discover the first autophagy gene, Atg1. His subsequent cloning and characterization of additional autophagy genes elucidated their protein products and roles in autophagosome formation. This included delineating how stress signals initiate autophagy through the Atg1 kinase complex and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, and the two ubiquitin-like conjugation systems that promote phagophore extension and autophagosome maturation. Ohsumi
Yoshinori Ohsumi's research in the 1990s using yeast cells was pivotal in advancing the understanding of autophagy. He discovered 15 genes essential for autophagy by observing the accumulation of autophagosomes when he disrupted protein degradation pathways in starved yeast cells. Ohsumi's work led to the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and demonstrated that autophagy is a normal process in cells for degrading and recycling components. Autophagy is important for many cellular functions and diseases, playing both protective and pathological roles in conditions like cancer, neurodegeneration, and infection.
Yoshinori Ohsumi won the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries regarding autophagy, a process by which cells recycle their own contents. Over nearly three decades, Ohsumi conducted fundamental research on autophagy in yeast that changed the understanding of this important cellular process and has potential applications for treating diseases. As a researcher, Ohsumi focused on science rather than awards, but he is now recognized amongst the global scientific community for his seminal contributions to the field.
General Biology 1 - Lesson 1: Cell (structure,function, and theory)marvinnbustamante1
This document provides an overview of a General Biology 1 subject that covers cell biology. It discusses the cell theory, structures and functions of the cell and its organelles including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endomembranes, mitochondria, chloroplasts and more. The key topics are life at the cellular level, cellular transport mechanisms, biological molecules, and cellular energy transformation through processes like photosynthesis and respiration. The document includes lesson objectives, content, performance tasks and rubrics for assessing student understanding of cellular biology concepts.
cell biology.pptx structure and cells and cognitiveAmnajabbar13
The document summarizes key aspects of cell biology, including the emergence and development of the cell theory. It describes the main contributors to cell theory from Anton van Leeuwenhoek to Rudolf Virchow. The two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic - are defined. Finally, the main organelles of plant and animal cells are described, including their structures and functions, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, centrioles, and cell wall.
this ppt contains:
*CELLS are the fundamental structural units of living organisms and basic units of life. It performs all life functions like nutrition, excretion, metabolism, respiration, etc. It is a
tiny mass of protoplasm which is surrounded by a membrane and is capable of performing all functions of life
*In 1665, Robert Hooke-an English scientist ,saw
cells for the first time in a thin slice of cork. He
observed them as “Honey Comb” like structures
and named them “cellulae” or “cells”(little room).
In 1674, A. Van Leeuwenhoek- a Dutch scientist,
studied living cells(bacteria, protozoa, etc.) for
the first time.
In 1831, a Scottish botanist, Robert Brown,
discovered and named the nucleus in the cell.
J.E. Purkinje, in 1839, used the term protoplasm for
the living substance present inside the cell
*and many more...................................................................................................................................................................
The document discusses the key components and functions of the cell. It begins by explaining that the cell is the basic unit of life and was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. It then provides details about the main parts of animal and plant cells, including their shapes, structures, and distinguishing characteristics. The remainder of the document delves into the important organelles found within animal cells, such as the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and vacuoles. It provides a brief description of the structure and role of each organelle.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function:
1. Early microscopes led to the discovery of cells by Hooke and establishment of the cell theory by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow.
2. Cells are classified as prokaryotic without membrane-bound structures or eukaryotic with organelles surrounded by membranes.
3. Organelles such as the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria have specialized functions like directing cell activities, photosynthesis, and releasing energy from food.
The document discusses Yoshinori Ohsumi winning the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his decades of research elucidating autophagy, the process by which cells recycle their own contents. Ohsumi's work changed the understanding of this fundamental cellular process and has implications for developing potential treatments for chronic diseases. As a researcher, Ohsumi focused solely on science rather than accolades, though he had dreamed of receiving the Nobel Prize as a child.
Autophagy is a process where cells deliver cytoplasmic components and organelles to lysosomes for degradation. It plays an important role in development, nutrient deprivation, and aging. Recent evidence suggests autophagy is key to how caloric restriction and mutations in insulin signaling can promote longevity. Autophagy helps maintain cellular homeostasis and removes damaged organelles, likely contributing to longevity by reducing free radical production over time. It is regulated by the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway and other molecular machinery that are highly conserved from yeast to humans.
INTRODUCTION TO CELLS
INTRODUCTION TO CELL THEORY
HISTORY
FORMULATION OF CELL THEORY
CLASSICAL CELL THEORY
DRAWBACKS OF CLASSICAL THEORY
MORDEN CELL THEORY
EXCEPTION OF CELL THEORY
SIGNIFICANCE OF CELL THEORY
HOW HAS THE CELL THEORY BEEN USED
CONCLUSION
Lysosomes are spherical organelles that contain digestive enzymes called hydrolases. They are produced in the Golgi apparatus and contain hydrolytic enzymes that help break down macromolecules through processes like phagocytosis, endocytosis, and autophagy. Lysosomes function to digest cellular waste and debris and are sometimes referred to as the cell's "garbage disposal" or "recycling unit." Diseases can occur if lysosomal enzymes do not function properly or reach the lysosome, preventing the breakdown of cellular components and leading to their accumulation.
This document discusses prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It begins by listing the learning objectives, which are to state the cell theory, compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and compare typical animal and plant cells under electron microscopes. It then provides background on the origins of cell theory and the scientists involved. It states the principles of cell theory and describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Finally, it compares the structures of typical animal and plant cells as seen under electron microscopes.
Cell biology is the study of cells, including their structure, function, growth, reproduction, and genetics. A cell is the basic unit of life, composed of protoplasm enclosed within a membrane and containing a nucleus. The development of the cell theory began with early philosophers and microscopists observing plant and animal tissues as being made up of smaller units. In the 19th century, scientists such as Schleiden and Schwann formulated the cell theory stating that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things. The modern cell theory recognizes that all living things are made of cells, cells carry out metabolic functions, cells only arise from preexisting cells, and cells contain hereditary information.
The document discusses potential futures where children are manufactured rather than born naturally. It explores scenarios where artificial wombs, genetic engineering, and humanoid robots could change human reproduction and child-rearing. Some key changes discussed include children being genetically designed with selected traits, raised in artificial wombs, or forming close relationships with intelligent robots rather than other humans. The document also notes potential issues like increased addiction to technology or a resurgence of eugenics from these scientific advances.
This document summarizes immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques. IHC combines immunological and histological methods to identify specific proteins in tissues using antigen-antibody reactions. The document discusses common IHC methods like direct, indirect, and enzyme-linked techniques. It also covers important considerations for IHC like antibody selection, tissue fixation and processing, antigen retrieval, blocking, and controls. The goal of IHC is to visualize the distribution and localization of cellular components, but the quality of results depends highly on proper sample preparation.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can develop into different cell types. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent, and somatic or adult stem cells, which are multipotent, unipotent, or oligopotent. Stem cell division is triggered by internal genetic signals and external chemical and physical signals from other cells. Stem cells divide through obligate asymmetric or stochastic methods to maintain their numbers. Induced pluripotent stem cells are generated by genetically reprogramming adult cells, while cord blood contains pluripotent stem cells that can be used for regenerative medicine.
This document provides an overview of IVF and ICSI procedures. It discusses that IVF involves fertilizing eggs with sperm in a lab dish, then transferring embryos into the uterus. ICSI is used for severe male factor infertility and involves injecting a single sperm into each egg. Both aim to increase the chances of fertilization and pregnancy by positioning sperm closer to eggs. The document outlines the various steps of IVF including ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, sperm preparation, fertilization, embryo culture, and embryo transfer.
Yoshinori Ohsumi's seminal work in the early 1990s dramatically advanced the understanding of autophagy. Using yeast as a model organism, he identified 15 essential autophagy genes and developed yeast strains that allowed him to discover the first autophagy gene, Atg1. His subsequent cloning and characterization of additional autophagy genes elucidated their protein products and roles in autophagosome formation. This included delineating how stress signals initiate autophagy through the Atg1 kinase complex and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, and the two ubiquitin-like conjugation systems that promote phagophore extension and autophagosome maturation. Ohsumi
Yoshinori Ohsumi's research in the 1990s using yeast cells was pivotal in advancing the understanding of autophagy. He discovered 15 genes essential for autophagy by observing the accumulation of autophagosomes when he disrupted protein degradation pathways in starved yeast cells. Ohsumi's work led to the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and demonstrated that autophagy is a normal process in cells for degrading and recycling components. Autophagy is important for many cellular functions and diseases, playing both protective and pathological roles in conditions like cancer, neurodegeneration, and infection.
Yoshinori Ohsumi won the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries regarding autophagy, a process by which cells recycle their own contents. Over nearly three decades, Ohsumi conducted fundamental research on autophagy in yeast that changed the understanding of this important cellular process and has potential applications for treating diseases. As a researcher, Ohsumi focused on science rather than awards, but he is now recognized amongst the global scientific community for his seminal contributions to the field.
General Biology 1 - Lesson 1: Cell (structure,function, and theory)marvinnbustamante1
This document provides an overview of a General Biology 1 subject that covers cell biology. It discusses the cell theory, structures and functions of the cell and its organelles including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endomembranes, mitochondria, chloroplasts and more. The key topics are life at the cellular level, cellular transport mechanisms, biological molecules, and cellular energy transformation through processes like photosynthesis and respiration. The document includes lesson objectives, content, performance tasks and rubrics for assessing student understanding of cellular biology concepts.
cell biology.pptx structure and cells and cognitiveAmnajabbar13
The document summarizes key aspects of cell biology, including the emergence and development of the cell theory. It describes the main contributors to cell theory from Anton van Leeuwenhoek to Rudolf Virchow. The two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic - are defined. Finally, the main organelles of plant and animal cells are described, including their structures and functions, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, centrioles, and cell wall.
this ppt contains:
*CELLS are the fundamental structural units of living organisms and basic units of life. It performs all life functions like nutrition, excretion, metabolism, respiration, etc. It is a
tiny mass of protoplasm which is surrounded by a membrane and is capable of performing all functions of life
*In 1665, Robert Hooke-an English scientist ,saw
cells for the first time in a thin slice of cork. He
observed them as “Honey Comb” like structures
and named them “cellulae” or “cells”(little room).
In 1674, A. Van Leeuwenhoek- a Dutch scientist,
studied living cells(bacteria, protozoa, etc.) for
the first time.
In 1831, a Scottish botanist, Robert Brown,
discovered and named the nucleus in the cell.
J.E. Purkinje, in 1839, used the term protoplasm for
the living substance present inside the cell
*and many more...................................................................................................................................................................
The document discusses the key components and functions of the cell. It begins by explaining that the cell is the basic unit of life and was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. It then provides details about the main parts of animal and plant cells, including their shapes, structures, and distinguishing characteristics. The remainder of the document delves into the important organelles found within animal cells, such as the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and vacuoles. It provides a brief description of the structure and role of each organelle.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function:
1. Early microscopes led to the discovery of cells by Hooke and establishment of the cell theory by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow.
2. Cells are classified as prokaryotic without membrane-bound structures or eukaryotic with organelles surrounded by membranes.
3. Organelles such as the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria have specialized functions like directing cell activities, photosynthesis, and releasing energy from food.
The document discusses Yoshinori Ohsumi winning the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his decades of research elucidating autophagy, the process by which cells recycle their own contents. Ohsumi's work changed the understanding of this fundamental cellular process and has implications for developing potential treatments for chronic diseases. As a researcher, Ohsumi focused solely on science rather than accolades, though he had dreamed of receiving the Nobel Prize as a child.
Autophagy is a process where cells deliver cytoplasmic components and organelles to lysosomes for degradation. It plays an important role in development, nutrient deprivation, and aging. Recent evidence suggests autophagy is key to how caloric restriction and mutations in insulin signaling can promote longevity. Autophagy helps maintain cellular homeostasis and removes damaged organelles, likely contributing to longevity by reducing free radical production over time. It is regulated by the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway and other molecular machinery that are highly conserved from yeast to humans.
INTRODUCTION TO CELLS
INTRODUCTION TO CELL THEORY
HISTORY
FORMULATION OF CELL THEORY
CLASSICAL CELL THEORY
DRAWBACKS OF CLASSICAL THEORY
MORDEN CELL THEORY
EXCEPTION OF CELL THEORY
SIGNIFICANCE OF CELL THEORY
HOW HAS THE CELL THEORY BEEN USED
CONCLUSION
Lysosomes are spherical organelles that contain digestive enzymes called hydrolases. They are produced in the Golgi apparatus and contain hydrolytic enzymes that help break down macromolecules through processes like phagocytosis, endocytosis, and autophagy. Lysosomes function to digest cellular waste and debris and are sometimes referred to as the cell's "garbage disposal" or "recycling unit." Diseases can occur if lysosomal enzymes do not function properly or reach the lysosome, preventing the breakdown of cellular components and leading to their accumulation.
This document discusses prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It begins by listing the learning objectives, which are to state the cell theory, compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and compare typical animal and plant cells under electron microscopes. It then provides background on the origins of cell theory and the scientists involved. It states the principles of cell theory and describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Finally, it compares the structures of typical animal and plant cells as seen under electron microscopes.
Cell biology is the study of cells, including their structure, function, growth, reproduction, and genetics. A cell is the basic unit of life, composed of protoplasm enclosed within a membrane and containing a nucleus. The development of the cell theory began with early philosophers and microscopists observing plant and animal tissues as being made up of smaller units. In the 19th century, scientists such as Schleiden and Schwann formulated the cell theory stating that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things. The modern cell theory recognizes that all living things are made of cells, cells carry out metabolic functions, cells only arise from preexisting cells, and cells contain hereditary information.
A cell is the fundamental unit of life that can carry out all functions necessary to sustain life, such as nutrition, respiration, transport, response to stimuli, growth, and reproduction. All living organisms are composed of cells, which come in various shapes and sizes. A typical cell is enclosed by a membrane and contains a nucleus and organelles that carry out specific functions necessary for the cell's activities and survival. Key organelles include the mitochondria, which generates energy for the cell, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which package and transport cellular products. The cell theory states that all living things are made of one or more cells and that the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
This document introduces key concepts about cells, including the three main points of the cell theory: 1) All living things are made of cells, 2) Cells are the basic unit of life, and 3) Cells come from pre-existing cells. It describes the early discoveries of plant and animal cells in the 17th-18th centuries and experiments disproving spontaneous generation. The structures and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are compared, including organelles in plant and animal cells. Different cell types are discussed based on their specialized structures and functions.
1. The cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
2. Unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life within a single cell, including metabolism, reproduction, response to stimuli, homeostasis, excretion, nutrition, and growth. These functions can be observed in organisms like Paramecium and Chlorella through processes like contracting vacuoles and photosynthesis.
3. As cells increase in size, their surface area to volume ratio decreases, limiting their ability to exchange materials and wastes. This limitation on cell size is an important factor in the cell theory.
This document provides an overview of cell theory and its historical development. It begins with learning outcomes about explaining cell theory postulates and creating 3D cell models. It then discusses the key figures in developing cell theory from Hooke's discovery of cells in 1665 to modern cell theory. Modern cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic functional units, cells come only from pre-existing cells, cells carry genetic material passed during cell division, and cells have the same basic structure and use biochemistry to generate energy.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
1.
The
Nobel
Assembly
at
Karolinska
Institutet
has
today
decided
to
award
the
2016
Nobel
Prize
in
Physiology
or
Medicine
to
Yoshinori
Ohsumi
for
his
discoveries
of
mechanisms
for
autophagy
Summary
This
year’s
Nobel
Laureate
discovered
and
elucidated
mechanisms
underlying
autophagy,
a
fundamental
process
for
degrading
and
recycling
cellular
components.
The
word
autophagy
originates
from
the
Greek
words
auto-‐,
meaning
“self”,
and
phagein,
meaning
“to
eat”.
Thus,
autophagy
denotes
“self
eating”.
This
concept
emerged
during
the
1960’s,
when
researchers
first
observed
that
the
cell
could
destroy
its
own
contents
by
enclosing
it
in
membranes,
forming
sack-‐
like
vesicles
that
were
transported
to
a
recycling
compartment,
called
the
lysosome,
for
degradation.
Difficulties
in
studying
the
phenomenon
meant
that
little
was
known
until,
in
a
series
of
brilliant
experiments
in
the
early
1990’s,
Yoshinori
Ohsumi
used
baker’s
yeast
to
identify
genes
essential
for
autophagy.
He
then
went
on
to
elucidate
the
underlying
mechanisms
for
autophagy
in
yeast
and
showed
that
similar
sophisticated
machinery
is
used
in
our
cells.
Ohsumi’s
discoveries
led
to
a
new
paradigm
in
our
understanding
of
how
the
cell
recycles
its
content.
His
discoveries
opened
the
path
to
understanding
the
fundamental
importance
of
autophagy
in
many
physiological
processes,
such
as
in
the
adaptation
to
starvation
or
response
to
infection.
Mutations
in
autophagy
genes
can
cause
disease,
and
the
autophagic
process
is
involved
in
several
conditions
including
cancer
and
neurological
disease.
2. Degradation
–
a
central
function
in
all
living
cells
In
the
mid
1950’s
scientists
observed
a
new
specialized
cellular
compartment,
called
an
organelle,
containing
enzymes
that
digest
proteins,
carbohydrates
and
lipids.
This
specialized
compartment
is
referred
to
as
a
“lysosome”
and
functions
as
a
workstation
for
degradation
of
cellular
constituents.
The
Belgian
scientist
Christian
de
Duve
was
awarded
the
Nobel
Prize
in
Physiology
or
Medicine
in
1974
for
the
discovery
of
the
lysosome.
New
observations
during
the
1960’s
showed
that
large
amounts
of
cellular
content,
and
even
whole
organelles,
could
sometimes
be
found
inside
lysosomes.
The
cell
therefore
appeared
to
have
a
strategy
for
delivering
large
cargo
to
the
lysosome.
Further
biochemical
and
microscopic
analysis
revealed
a
new
type
of
vesicle
transporting
cellular
cargo
to
the
lysosome
for
degradation
(Figure
1).
Christian
de
Duve,
the
scientist
behind
the
discovery
of
the
lysosome,
coined
the
term
autophagy,
“self-‐eating”,
to
describe
this
process.
The
new
vesicles
were
named
autophagosomes.
Figure
1:
Our
cells
have
different
specialized
compartments.
Lysosomes
constitute
one
such
compartment
and
contain
enzymes
for
digestion
of
cellular
contents.
A
new
type
of
vesicle
called
autophagosome
was
observed
within
the
cell.
As
the
autophagosome
forms,
it
engulfs
cellular
contents,
such
as
damaged
proteins
and
organelles.
Finally,
it
fuses
with
the
lysosome,
where
the
contents
are
degraded
into
smaller
constituents.
This
process
provides
the
cell
with
nutrients
and
building
blocks
for
renewal.
During
the
1970’s
and
1980’s
researchers
focused
on
elucidating
another
system
used
to
degrade
proteins,
namely
the
“proteasome”.
Within
this
research
field
Aaron
Ciechanover,
Avram
Hershko
and
Irwin
Rose
were
awarded
the
2004
Nobel
Prize
in
Chemistry
for
“the
discovery
of
ubiquitin-‐mediated
protein
degradation”.
The
proteasome
efficiently
degrades
proteins
one-‐by-‐one,
but
this
mechanism
did
not
explain
how
the
cell
got
rid
of
larger
protein
complexes
and
worn-‐out
organelles.
Could
the
process
of
autophagy
be
the
answer
and,
if
so,
what
were
the
mechanisms?
A
groundbreaking
experiment
Yoshinori
Ohsumi
had
been
active
in
various
research
areas,
but
upon
starting
his
own
lab
in
1988,
he
focused
his
efforts
on
protein
degradation
in
the
vacuole,
an
organelle
that
corresponds
to
the
lysosome
in
human
cells.
Yeast
cells
are
relatively
easy
to
study
and
consequently
they
are
often
used
as
a
model
for
human
cells.
They
are
particularly
useful
for
the
identification
of
genes
that
are
important
in
complex
3. cellular
pathways.
But
Ohsumi
faced
a
major
challenge;
yeast
cells
are
small
and
their
inner
structures
are
not
easily
distinguished
under
the
microscope
and
thus
he
was
uncertain
whether
autophagy
even
existed
in
this
organism.
Ohsumi
reasoned
that
if
he
could
disrupt
the
degradation
process
in
the
vacuole
while
the
process
of
autophagy
was
active,
then
autophagosomes
should
accumulate
within
the
vacuole
and
become
visible
under
the
microscope.
He
therefore
cultured
mutated
yeast
lacking
vacuolar
degradation
enzymes
and
simultaneously
stimulated
autophagy
by
starving
the
cells.
The
results
were
striking!
Within
hours,
the
vacuoles
were
filled
with
small
vesicles
that
had
not
been
degraded
(Figure
2).
The
vesicles
were
autophagosomes
and
Ohsumi’s
experiment
proved
that
authophagy
exists
in
yeast
cells.
But
even
more
importantly,
he
now
had
a
method
to
identify
and
characterize
key
genes
involved
this
process.
This
was
a
major
break-‐through
and
Ohsumi
published
the
results
in
1992.
Figure
2:
In
yeast
(left
panel)
a
large
compartment
called
the
vacuole
corresponds
to
the
lysosome
in
mammalian
cells.
Ohsumi
generated
yeast
lacking
vacuolar
degradation
enzymes.
When
these
yeast
cells
were
starved,
autophagosomes
rapidly
accumulated
in
the
vacuole
(middle
panel).
His
experiment
demonstrated
that
autophagy
exists
in
yeast.
As
a
next
step,
Ohsumi
studied
thousands
of
yeast
mutants
(right
panel)
and
identified
15
genes
that
are
essential
for
autophagy.
Autophagy
genes
are
discovered
Ohsumi
now
took
advantage
of
his
engineered
yeast
strains
in
which
autophagosomes
accumulated
during
starvation.
This
accumulation
should
not
occur
if
genes
important
for
autophagy
were
inactivated.
Ohsumi
exposed
the
yeast
cells
to
a
chemical
that
randomly
introduced
mutations
in
many
genes,
and
then
he
induced
autophagy.
His
strategy
worked!
Within
a
year
of
his
discovery
of
autophagy
in
yeast,
Ohsumi
had
identified
the
first
genes
essential
for
autophagy.
In
his
subsequent
series
of
elegant
studies,
the
proteins
encoded
by
these
genes
were
functionally
characterized.
The
results
showed
that
autophagy
is
controlled
by
a
cascade
of
proteins
and
protein
complexes,
each
regulating
a
distinct
stage
of
autophagosome
initiation
and
formation
(Figure
3).
4.
Figure
3:
Ohsumi
studied
the
function
of
the
proteins
encoded
by
key
autophagy
genes.
He
delineated
how
stress
signals
initiate
autophagy
and
the
mechanism
by
which
proteins
and
protein
complexes
promote
distinct
stages
of
autophagosome
formation.
Autophagy
–
an
essential
mechanism
in
our
cells
After
the
identification
of
the
machinery
for
autophagy
in
yeast,
a
key
question
remained.
Was
there
a
corresponding
mechanism
to
control
this
process
in
other
organisms?
Soon
it
became
clear
that
virtually
identical
mechanisms
operate
in
our
own
cells.
The
research
tools
required
to
investigate
the
importance
of
autophagy
in
humans
were
now
available.
Thanks
to
Ohsumi
and
others
following
in
his
footsteps,
we
now
know
that
autophagy
controls
important
physiological
functions
where
cellular
components
need
to
be
degraded
and
recycled.
Autophagy
can
rapidly
provide
fuel
for
energy
and
building
blocks
for
renewal
of
cellular
components,
and
is
therefore
essential
for
the
cellular
response
to
starvation
and
other
types
of
stress.
After
infection,
autophagy
can
eliminate
invading
intracellular
bacteria
and
viruses.
Autophagy
contributes
to
embryo
development
and
cell
differentiation.
Cells
also
use
autophagy
to
eliminate
damaged
proteins
and
organelles,
a
quality
control
mechanism
that
is
critical
for
counteracting
the
negative
consequences
of
aging.
Disrupted
autophagy
has
been
linked
to
Parkinson’s
disease,
type
2
diabetes
and
other
disorders
that
appear
in
the
elderly.
Mutations
in
autophagy
genes
can
cause
genetic
disease.
Disturbances
in
the
autophagic
machinery
have
also
been
linked
to
cancer.
Intense
research
is
now
ongoing
to
develop
drugs
that
can
target
autophagy
in
various
diseases.
Autophagy
has
been
known
for
over
50
years
but
its
fundamental
importance
in
physiology
and
medicine
was
only
recognized
after
Yoshinori
Ohsumi’s
paradigm-‐shifting
research
in
the
1990’s.
For
his
discoveries,
he
is
awarded
this
year’s
Nobel
Prize
in
physiology
or
medicine.
5. Key
publications:
Takeshige,
K.,
Baba,
M.,
Tsuboi,
S.,
Noda,
T.
and
Ohsumi,
Y.
(1992).
Autophagy
in
yeast
demonstrated
with
proteinase-‐deficient
mutants
and
conditions
for
its
induction.
Journal
of
Cell
Biology
119,
301-‐311
Tsukada,
M.
and
Ohsumi,
Y.
(1993).
Isolation
and
characterization
of
autophagy-‐defective
mutants
of
Saccharomyces
cervisiae.
FEBS
Letters
333,
169-‐174
Mizushima,
N.,
Noda,
T.,
Yoshimori,
T.,
Tanaka,
Y.,
Ishii,
T.,
George,
M.D.,
Klionsky,
D.J.,
Ohsumi,
M.
and
Ohsumi,
Y.
(1998).
A
protein
conjugation
system
essential
for
autophagy.
Nature
395,
395-‐398
Ichimura,
Y.,
Kirisako
T.,
Takao,
T.,
Satomi,
Y.,
Shimonishi,
Y.,
Ishihara,
N.,
Mizushima,
N.,
Tanida,
I.,
Kominami,
E.,
Ohsumi,
M.,
Noda,
T.
and
Ohsumi,
Y.
(2000).
A
ubiquitin-‐like
system
mediates
protein
lipidation.
Nature,
408,
488-‐492
Yoshinori
Ohsumi
was
born
1945
in
Fukuoka,
Japan.
He
received
a
Ph.D.
from
University
of
Tokyo
in
1974.
After
spending
three
years
at
Rockefeller
University,
New
York,
USA,
he
returned
to
the
University
of
Tokyo
where
he
established
his
research
group
in
1988.
He
is
since
2009
a
professor
at
the
Tokyo
Institute
of
Technology.
The
Nobel
Assembly,
consisting
of
50
professors
at
Karolinska
Institutet,
awards
the
Nobel
Prize
in
Physiology
or
Medicine.
Its
Nobel
Committee
evaluates
the
nominations.
Since
1901
the
Nobel
Prize
has
been
awarded
to
scientists
who
have
made
the
most
important
discoveries
for
the
benefit
of
mankind.
Nobel
Prize®
is
the
registered
trademark
of
the
Nobel
Foundation