The document describes the design of a self-powered plant sensor node that can harvest energy from plant electrical signals and transmit sensor data via scatter radio. The node uses electrodes to measure plant signals, which are converted to radio frequencies using FM modulation. It harvests energy from the plant using a microbial fuel cell approach to power circuitry including a signal conditioner and voltage-controlled oscillator. A power management unit provides energy storage and distribution using a self-oscillating DC-DC converter. The receiver incorporates duty cycling and frequency division multiple access to receive scattered signals from multiple sensor nodes. The overall aim is to develop a scalable and low-cost wireless sensor network for precision agriculture applications using plants as biological energy sources and sensors.
The Minilabotron 2000 is a 2 kW microwave reactor system designed for laboratory use. It features a stainless steel cavity with temperature and power monitoring for safe operation. The system can be configured with batch reactors up to 3 L or continuous flow reactors. It provides uniform microwave heating and is constructed for durability and user safety.
The Salevo Mini Power Station kit allows users to harness heat to generate electricity and power small electronic devices. The kit includes a circuit panel that converts heat into voltage, a lithium polymer battery bank for storing and regulating the produced electricity, and a booster and USB adapters for increasing output. Connecting a portable heat source like a butane stove allows users to effectively charge and power smart devices anywhere without needing a power outlet. The kit provides an alternative portable power source for outdoor use during activities like camping, travel, and work.
IRJET- Design and Development of Arduino based Radiation Survey Meter wit...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of an Arduino-based radiation survey meter with two scintillation detectors. Key features include:
- Uses an Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller to control the system and display results on an LCD screen.
- Incorporates two thallium-doped sodium iodide scintillation detectors, along with pre-amplifier and amplifier circuits to process detector signals.
- Includes a high voltage power supply circuit to provide 1200V to activate the detectors, as well as a summing circuit to combine output from both detectors.
- Programming in C controls pulse generation, counting, and display. Testing showed it performed comparably to a CANBERRA N
Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 3.2 - control system components and inf...Leonardo ENERGY
This document discusses the components, infrastructure, and monitoring of photovoltaic systems. It describes the key elements of a PV facility including panels, inverters, meters, transformers, and how they connect to the power grid. It also outlines the monitoring system for a PV plant, including sensors that measure radiation, wind speed, temperature, voltage and current. The monitoring system gathers data, analyzes performance, detects incidents, and generates alerts.
The hybrid inverter provides automatic control of solar energy as self-consumption or power sold back to the grid. It allows for full solar energy storage in the battery and self-consumption from the battery. The inverter is suitable for complex installation environments and has anti-shading functionality. It provides flexible monitoring of the system and has a 7 year standard warranty.
Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 2.7 - Commissioning testsLeonardo ENERGY
This document outlines the steps for commissioning a photovoltaic system, including testing the plant's productive capacity, generator performance, and inverter characteristics. Key tests include measuring instantaneous power output, irradiance, and cell temperature over time; verifying sun tracker performance; obtaining capacitance-voltage curves; and testing inverters' efficiency and maximum power point tracking abilities. The goal is to ensure the system is functioning as designed and producing optimal power.
This document describes a project to design and implement a SCADA system for a photovoltaic (PV) farm. It includes a level 0 and level 1 decomposition of the system. At level 1, the main components are PV panels, an inverter, a PLC, and InduSoft software. The PV panels will be Yingli panels and will generate DC power. The inverter will convert the DC power to 3-phase AC power. The PLC will read data from the inverter via Modbus and send it to the InduSoft software over Ethernet. The InduSoft software will generate daily reports, allow real-time monitoring via a web page, and provide access to PV farm data.
This document provides information about various academic projects related to embedded systems and electrical engineering. It lists 30 projects focused on areas like power electronics, power systems, renewable energy, and various applications. Each project listing includes a title, brief description, and estimated cost. It also provides contact information for anyone seeking further details about the projects.
The Minilabotron 2000 is a 2 kW microwave reactor system designed for laboratory use. It features a stainless steel cavity with temperature and power monitoring for safe operation. The system can be configured with batch reactors up to 3 L or continuous flow reactors. It provides uniform microwave heating and is constructed for durability and user safety.
The Salevo Mini Power Station kit allows users to harness heat to generate electricity and power small electronic devices. The kit includes a circuit panel that converts heat into voltage, a lithium polymer battery bank for storing and regulating the produced electricity, and a booster and USB adapters for increasing output. Connecting a portable heat source like a butane stove allows users to effectively charge and power smart devices anywhere without needing a power outlet. The kit provides an alternative portable power source for outdoor use during activities like camping, travel, and work.
IRJET- Design and Development of Arduino based Radiation Survey Meter wit...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of an Arduino-based radiation survey meter with two scintillation detectors. Key features include:
- Uses an Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller to control the system and display results on an LCD screen.
- Incorporates two thallium-doped sodium iodide scintillation detectors, along with pre-amplifier and amplifier circuits to process detector signals.
- Includes a high voltage power supply circuit to provide 1200V to activate the detectors, as well as a summing circuit to combine output from both detectors.
- Programming in C controls pulse generation, counting, and display. Testing showed it performed comparably to a CANBERRA N
Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 3.2 - control system components and inf...Leonardo ENERGY
This document discusses the components, infrastructure, and monitoring of photovoltaic systems. It describes the key elements of a PV facility including panels, inverters, meters, transformers, and how they connect to the power grid. It also outlines the monitoring system for a PV plant, including sensors that measure radiation, wind speed, temperature, voltage and current. The monitoring system gathers data, analyzes performance, detects incidents, and generates alerts.
The hybrid inverter provides automatic control of solar energy as self-consumption or power sold back to the grid. It allows for full solar energy storage in the battery and self-consumption from the battery. The inverter is suitable for complex installation environments and has anti-shading functionality. It provides flexible monitoring of the system and has a 7 year standard warranty.
Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 2.7 - Commissioning testsLeonardo ENERGY
This document outlines the steps for commissioning a photovoltaic system, including testing the plant's productive capacity, generator performance, and inverter characteristics. Key tests include measuring instantaneous power output, irradiance, and cell temperature over time; verifying sun tracker performance; obtaining capacitance-voltage curves; and testing inverters' efficiency and maximum power point tracking abilities. The goal is to ensure the system is functioning as designed and producing optimal power.
This document describes a project to design and implement a SCADA system for a photovoltaic (PV) farm. It includes a level 0 and level 1 decomposition of the system. At level 1, the main components are PV panels, an inverter, a PLC, and InduSoft software. The PV panels will be Yingli panels and will generate DC power. The inverter will convert the DC power to 3-phase AC power. The PLC will read data from the inverter via Modbus and send it to the InduSoft software over Ethernet. The InduSoft software will generate daily reports, allow real-time monitoring via a web page, and provide access to PV farm data.
This document provides information about various academic projects related to embedded systems and electrical engineering. It lists 30 projects focused on areas like power electronics, power systems, renewable energy, and various applications. Each project listing includes a title, brief description, and estimated cost. It also provides contact information for anyone seeking further details about the projects.
Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 6.1 - Introduction to offgrid PVLeonardo ENERGY
This document discusses off-grid photovoltaic systems. It explains that off-grid systems are designed for self-consumption and require electricity storage like batteries. The objective is to meet demand on any day of the year, so the design focuses on maximizing production during the worst month. Module tilt is set based on the location to optimize winter performance. Backup systems are often used for the worst days. Tables show monthly solar irradiance data for two locations to illustrate their winter production differences.
This document provides an overview and discussion of system survivability, data communication links, fault isolators, and performance nomenclature in fire alarm systems. The key points are:
1) Data communication links are critical for system reliability and survivability during fires. Lessons from failed systems show life safety systems can fail early in fires.
2) Fault isolators are used to isolate short circuits and ensure normal operation of devices is not affected if a fault occurs within a floor area.
3) NFPA 72 has updated its performance designations, replacing circuit styles with classes (A, B, C, etc.) based on their fault tolerance and annunciation capabilities.
The LABOTRON series provides integrated microwave reactor and transmission systems for batch and continuous flow microwave-assisted processes. Key features include SAIREM's patented INTLI technology, enhanced safety, compact size, and lower costs. The LABOTRON can efficiently process chemicals from a few grams/hour to over 1 kg/hour using its INTLI to selectively concentrate microwave energy inside reactions. It improves performance with optimized reactor geometry and external cooling to concentrate energy and control temperatures. A variety of batch and continuous flow reactors are available with quick-change connections.
The document is a catalog for the RBEFC electromagnetic flowmeter converter. It provides specifications for the converter including its features, applications, technical data, accuracy levels, output options, and electrical isolation capabilities. The converter is used with a magnetic-inductive sensor to form an accurate flow measurement unit for fluid flow speeds up to 15 m/s. It has programmable excitation, digital processing, and a user-friendly interface.
The Sunny Tripower 15000TL three-phase inverter has maximum efficiency of 98.2% and innovative grid management functions like integrated plant control and reactive power available 24/7. It has a flexible design with input voltage up to 1000V and two MPP trackers. Reliability is ensured through triple protection of electronic string fuse, string failure detection, and surge arrester.
The NukAlert Automated Radiation Measurement Station (ARMS-2) is designed to be mounted on a roof to continuously monitor radiation levels. It contains dual radiation detectors that provide concurrent measurements of radiation in the air ("Cloud Shine") and on the ground ("Ground Shine"). The ARMS-2 can automatically shut off a building's HVAC system when radiation levels reach a user-defined threshold to protect occupants from radiation exposure. It measures radiation from 1μR/hr to 700R/hr without saturating below 1,000R/hr and sends alerts and data to emergency response agencies.
Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 3.3 - Control system data managementLeonardo ENERGY
The document discusses control system data management for photovoltaic plant operations. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring key metrics like radiation, temperature, and energy production to maximize output and detect issues early. Remote monitoring systems help reduce costs but local staff are still needed for maintenance and repairs. Regular preventative maintenance is important to prevent failures for inverters, sun trackers, and other equipment to minimize downtime and optimize productivity of the solar plant.
The document discusses electrical security requirements for photovoltaic power plants connected to low voltage networks in Spain, referencing relevant regulations. It outlines the key components of photovoltaic systems, including photovoltaic panels, inverters, switches, circuit breakers, surge protectors, and meters. Safety measures are explained, such as ensuring no earth leakage current and short circuit protection.
The document describes an integrated current sensor that provides precise current sensing for industrial and commercial applications. It features low noise analog signal conditioning, adjustable bandwidth via an external filter pin, and 5 microsecond rise time. The sensor outputs a voltage proportional to AC or DC current in a range of ±5, ±20, or ±30 amps, with 1.5% maximum error and 80 kHz bandwidth. It is provided in a small SOIC8 package.
This document contains technical specifications for 3 bipolar junction transistors:
1) The Motorola BC546 transistor has a maximum collector-emitter voltage of 65V and beta range not specified.
2) The Motorola BC547 transistor has a maximum collector-emitter voltage of 45V and beta range not specified.
3) The Motorola BC548 transistor has a maximum collector-emitter voltage of 30V and beta range not specified.
The document discusses various topics related to industrial robots, electronics, and RFID technology. It defines key terms like servo-controlled, programmable, resonant circuits, and the laws of robotics. It also covers RFID tag classification, test equipment classes, magnetic and semiconductor properties, flip-flops, electron and conventional flow, maintenance procedures, and RFID regulations and permit fees. Measurement units like lux, candela, and proximity reader power ratings are also listed.
This document describes a digital temperature adjustment system for controlling temperature in closed-chamber or open-chamber wall hung boilers. The system consists of a mother board that controls the boiler parts and connections to other boards. It also includes an ignition and control module and a remote control board. The system provides features such as temperature adjustment, flame modulation, priority for domestic hot water, and diagnostic functions.
Automatic plant monitoring system have recently attracted tremendous interest due to the potential application in emerging technology. More importantly, this technique have improved and may be used to enhance the performance of existing techniques or to develop and design new techniques for the growth of plants . This project will shows the new source for watering the plants in the farms which is reducing the man power . This system will ensure that plants will be monitered without direct influence of men. For designing this system electronic devices like arduino ,sensors (pressure ,soil moisture) and servo , relay , display are used . we mainly introduced automatic watering of plants which shows much efficiency for watering plants compared to other techniques used which facilitates more effective multi-type harvesting the farms and clarifies a mechanism for realizing multi-functional practices in farms using electronic devices.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Wind generator monitoring and control system_Jakab ZsoltJakab Zsolt
This document describes a wind generator monitoring and control system with the following key points:
1. The system measures parameters of a small wind generator like voltage, current, power and wind speed. It uses microcontrollers for monitoring and wireless communication between the wind generator and a remote system.
2. The hardware includes a wind generator system that measures parameters and controls circuit breakers, and a remote station. It allows data logging, plotting and display on a PC.
3. The software provides communication between the microcontrollers, applications to control the systems, and a user interface using LabWindows. This allows monitoring and control of the wind generator to stabilize power supplied.
Electromagnetic Interference and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMI/EMCAishwary Singh
• Characterizing the threat
• Setting standards for emission and susceptibility levels
• Testing of Equipment on heavy Vibrations
• Testing for standards compliance
For queries,
Aishwarya
palsinghaishwarya@gmail.com
Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 6.1 - Introduction to offgrid PVLeonardo ENERGY
This document discusses off-grid photovoltaic systems. It explains that off-grid systems are designed for self-consumption and require electricity storage like batteries. The objective is to meet demand on any day of the year, so the design focuses on maximizing production during the worst month. Module tilt is set based on the location to optimize winter performance. Backup systems are often used for the worst days. Tables show monthly solar irradiance data for two locations to illustrate their winter production differences.
This document provides an overview and discussion of system survivability, data communication links, fault isolators, and performance nomenclature in fire alarm systems. The key points are:
1) Data communication links are critical for system reliability and survivability during fires. Lessons from failed systems show life safety systems can fail early in fires.
2) Fault isolators are used to isolate short circuits and ensure normal operation of devices is not affected if a fault occurs within a floor area.
3) NFPA 72 has updated its performance designations, replacing circuit styles with classes (A, B, C, etc.) based on their fault tolerance and annunciation capabilities.
The LABOTRON series provides integrated microwave reactor and transmission systems for batch and continuous flow microwave-assisted processes. Key features include SAIREM's patented INTLI technology, enhanced safety, compact size, and lower costs. The LABOTRON can efficiently process chemicals from a few grams/hour to over 1 kg/hour using its INTLI to selectively concentrate microwave energy inside reactions. It improves performance with optimized reactor geometry and external cooling to concentrate energy and control temperatures. A variety of batch and continuous flow reactors are available with quick-change connections.
The document is a catalog for the RBEFC electromagnetic flowmeter converter. It provides specifications for the converter including its features, applications, technical data, accuracy levels, output options, and electrical isolation capabilities. The converter is used with a magnetic-inductive sensor to form an accurate flow measurement unit for fluid flow speeds up to 15 m/s. It has programmable excitation, digital processing, and a user-friendly interface.
The Sunny Tripower 15000TL three-phase inverter has maximum efficiency of 98.2% and innovative grid management functions like integrated plant control and reactive power available 24/7. It has a flexible design with input voltage up to 1000V and two MPP trackers. Reliability is ensured through triple protection of electronic string fuse, string failure detection, and surge arrester.
The NukAlert Automated Radiation Measurement Station (ARMS-2) is designed to be mounted on a roof to continuously monitor radiation levels. It contains dual radiation detectors that provide concurrent measurements of radiation in the air ("Cloud Shine") and on the ground ("Ground Shine"). The ARMS-2 can automatically shut off a building's HVAC system when radiation levels reach a user-defined threshold to protect occupants from radiation exposure. It measures radiation from 1μR/hr to 700R/hr without saturating below 1,000R/hr and sends alerts and data to emergency response agencies.
Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 3.3 - Control system data managementLeonardo ENERGY
The document discusses control system data management for photovoltaic plant operations. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring key metrics like radiation, temperature, and energy production to maximize output and detect issues early. Remote monitoring systems help reduce costs but local staff are still needed for maintenance and repairs. Regular preventative maintenance is important to prevent failures for inverters, sun trackers, and other equipment to minimize downtime and optimize productivity of the solar plant.
The document discusses electrical security requirements for photovoltaic power plants connected to low voltage networks in Spain, referencing relevant regulations. It outlines the key components of photovoltaic systems, including photovoltaic panels, inverters, switches, circuit breakers, surge protectors, and meters. Safety measures are explained, such as ensuring no earth leakage current and short circuit protection.
The document describes an integrated current sensor that provides precise current sensing for industrial and commercial applications. It features low noise analog signal conditioning, adjustable bandwidth via an external filter pin, and 5 microsecond rise time. The sensor outputs a voltage proportional to AC or DC current in a range of ±5, ±20, or ±30 amps, with 1.5% maximum error and 80 kHz bandwidth. It is provided in a small SOIC8 package.
This document contains technical specifications for 3 bipolar junction transistors:
1) The Motorola BC546 transistor has a maximum collector-emitter voltage of 65V and beta range not specified.
2) The Motorola BC547 transistor has a maximum collector-emitter voltage of 45V and beta range not specified.
3) The Motorola BC548 transistor has a maximum collector-emitter voltage of 30V and beta range not specified.
The document discusses various topics related to industrial robots, electronics, and RFID technology. It defines key terms like servo-controlled, programmable, resonant circuits, and the laws of robotics. It also covers RFID tag classification, test equipment classes, magnetic and semiconductor properties, flip-flops, electron and conventional flow, maintenance procedures, and RFID regulations and permit fees. Measurement units like lux, candela, and proximity reader power ratings are also listed.
This document describes a digital temperature adjustment system for controlling temperature in closed-chamber or open-chamber wall hung boilers. The system consists of a mother board that controls the boiler parts and connections to other boards. It also includes an ignition and control module and a remote control board. The system provides features such as temperature adjustment, flame modulation, priority for domestic hot water, and diagnostic functions.
Automatic plant monitoring system have recently attracted tremendous interest due to the potential application in emerging technology. More importantly, this technique have improved and may be used to enhance the performance of existing techniques or to develop and design new techniques for the growth of plants . This project will shows the new source for watering the plants in the farms which is reducing the man power . This system will ensure that plants will be monitered without direct influence of men. For designing this system electronic devices like arduino ,sensors (pressure ,soil moisture) and servo , relay , display are used . we mainly introduced automatic watering of plants which shows much efficiency for watering plants compared to other techniques used which facilitates more effective multi-type harvesting the farms and clarifies a mechanism for realizing multi-functional practices in farms using electronic devices.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Wind generator monitoring and control system_Jakab ZsoltJakab Zsolt
This document describes a wind generator monitoring and control system with the following key points:
1. The system measures parameters of a small wind generator like voltage, current, power and wind speed. It uses microcontrollers for monitoring and wireless communication between the wind generator and a remote system.
2. The hardware includes a wind generator system that measures parameters and controls circuit breakers, and a remote station. It allows data logging, plotting and display on a PC.
3. The software provides communication between the microcontrollers, applications to control the systems, and a user interface using LabWindows. This allows monitoring and control of the wind generator to stabilize power supplied.
Electromagnetic Interference and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMI/EMCAishwary Singh
• Characterizing the threat
• Setting standards for emission and susceptibility levels
• Testing of Equipment on heavy Vibrations
• Testing for standards compliance
For queries,
Aishwarya
palsinghaishwarya@gmail.com
This document is a project report on developing an electronic mosquito repellent circuit. It includes an abstract describing the goal of creating a device that emits ultrasonic frequencies to repel mosquitoes without affecting humans. The report contains chapters on the circuit diagram, components used including a 555 timer IC, resistors, capacitors and speaker. It describes how the circuit works by generating ultrasonic pulses at a frequency of 29.2 kHz using the 555 timer in astable mode. Testing showed this frequency was an annoying noise for insects like mosquitoes. The conclusion is that preliminary results show the device has potential for eliminating mosquitoes.
This document describes the design of a 16-channel audio mixer. It begins with an introduction to audio mixers and their uses. It then discusses the design methodology, considering factors like the number of input/output channels, power requirements, cost, and portability. The design is divided into several stages: a power stage using a step-down transformer and rectification circuit, a stereo stage for each channel with gain, bass, and treble controls, an auxiliary stage to boost the output signal, and a volume control stage to jointly control the levels. Block diagrams and circuit diagrams are provided to illustrate the design. In conclusion, the 16-channel audio mixer is tested by connecting it to an external amplifier and speakers.
To provide better insight into energy consumption, Iskra installed electrical measuring instruments at various points in Kovis Livarna's factory. This included 44 low-end instruments and 5 high-end network recorders to monitor energy use, power quality, and other metrics. Wireless devices were also used to measure consumption from large machines and compressed air. This new system allows Kovis Livarna to remotely monitor consumption data in real-time, better analyze equipment performance, and improve energy management.
Why Use SAW Sensors and Tags?
- Frequency/time are measured with greatest accuracy compared to any other physical measurement (10-10 - 10-14).
- External stimuli affects device parameters (frequency, phase, amplitude, delay)
- Operate from cryogenic to >1000oC
- Ability to both measure a stimuli and to wirelessly, passively transmit information
- Frequency range ~10 MHz – 3 GHz
- Monolithic structure fabricated with current IC photolithography techniques, small, rugged
IRJET- Wireless RF Energy Harvesting using Inverted F AntennaIRJET Journal
This document describes a project to develop a wireless RF energy harvesting system using an inverted F antenna. Key points:
- An array of 20 inverted F antennas will be used to harvest RF energy from surrounding wireless devices like mobile phones and WiFi routers.
- The antennas will capture RF signals and convert them to AC which will then be rectified to DC using Schottky diodes.
- The DC output will be stored in a supercapacitor and can then be used to charge batteries for low-power applications.
- Simulation software HFSS was used to design and optimize the inverted F antenna, achieving a maximum gain of 3.1 dB. PCB design software KiCad was used to lay
The document discusses electrical safety solutions from Bender Group. It provides an overview of Bender's insulation monitoring devices, insulation fault location systems, measuring and monitoring relays, residual current monitors, and residual current monitoring systems. These products monitor key electrical parameters to ensure safety, reliability, and efficiency for applications such as industrial installations, power plants, medical facilities, and more. Bender's solutions help reduce costs through early fault detection, increased uptime, and minimized maintenance needs.
Clipper circuits were studied including series, parallel, and dual clipper configurations. Various clipper circuits were simulated using Multisim software and tested using hardware. Key aspects:
1) Series, parallel, and dual clipper circuits were designed to clip either the positive or negative portions of input signals.
2) Biased and unbiased clipper circuits were analyzed both in simulation and using hardware. External biasing was applied to parallel clipper circuits.
3) Input signals of 5V were clipped in various ways depending on the circuit configuration and applied biases. Output waveforms were observed on an oscilloscope.
4) Clipper circuits have applications in limiting signal amplitudes for applications like FM radio
The document discusses protective relays used in power systems. It describes how electrical energy is generated, transmitted, and distributed and some common causes of faults like weather, equipment failures, and human errors. It explains different types of faults and their effects. The need for protection systems is outlined to minimize equipment damage, safety hazards, and power interruptions. Components of a protection system like current transformers, potential transformers, relays, and circuit breakers are identified. The document discusses various types of protection schemes and relay functions. It describes zones of protection, selectivity, and speed requirements of relays. Reliability aspects like dependability and security are also covered.
IRJET- 4 FT 3 Element Rustproof Marine AntennaIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a 4 foot, 3 element rustproof marine antenna. It aims to prevent breakdown of communication at sea by developing an antenna that does not require frequent polishing to remove rust, as is commonly needed with conventional antennas. The new antenna design uses powder coated holders and brackets to protect connections from moisture and extend the life of coaxial cables. It simulates the antenna design using ANSYS HFSS software to analyze parameters like directivity, gain, efficiency and view the radiation pattern before finalizing the design. The omnidirectional antenna is intended to allow long distance communication for ships at sea.
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique that encodes information like an audio signal onto a carrier wave by varying the amplitude of the carrier wave. The key aspects of AM include the modulation index which determines the variation of the carrier amplitude, double sideband transmission where the modulated signal has components at the sum and difference frequencies of the carrier and modulating signals, and envelope detection receivers which recover the audio signal by detecting the envelope of the AM signal. Practical AM systems are implemented using circuits like RF amplifiers, mixers, filters and audio amplifiers in both transmitters and receivers.
This document describes the development of a remote control based phase selector system. The system uses RF signals from a remote control transmitter to sequentially switch between three phases - red, yellow, and blue. The main components include an RF transmitter and receiver, power supply, clock unit, decade counter, switching unit, and three phase unit. When the transmitter button is pressed, it sends a 300MHz signal that is received by the RF receiver. This triggers the clock unit to generate a pulse signal that is counted by the decade counter. The counter outputs are then used by the switching unit to sequentially activate each phase through relays and contactors. The system was tested and analyzed to function as intended in switching between phases remotely using RF signals.
The document discusses renewable energy sources like solar and wind power and issues related to integrating them into the electric grid. It focuses on photovoltaic (PV) systems and multilevel inverters that can convert the DC power from PV modules into AC power that can be fed into the grid. A five-level diode-clamped inverter topology is proposed for PV applications that reduces harmonic distortion and switching losses compared to traditional three-level inverters. A PID current control scheme and PWM modulation are used to generate sinusoidal current synchronized to the grid for unity power factor operation under varying solar irradiance conditions. Experimental results show lower total harmonic distortion compared to three-level inverters.
The document summarizes the key components of a CDMA antenna and feeder system. The system comprises antennas, antenna jumpers, main feeders, lightning arresters, cabinet-top jumpers, and grounding parts. Antennas have electrical properties like frequency range, impedance, VSWR, polarization, and gain. They also have mechanical properties like dimensions, weight, operating temperature range, and lightning protection. Common antenna types include directional and omnidirectional antennas. The main feeder connects the antenna to other components and has specifications for material, maximum frequency, impedance, and bending radius. A GPS antenna feeder system is also included to capture clock signals for CDMA use.
IRJET- Design and Implementation of Three Feet Three Element VHF Antenna for ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a three-foot, three-element VHF antenna for use with an ICOM 2300h transceiver. It aims to address issues like damage caused by reverse currents and high standing wave ratios when frequencies are changed. The antenna was simulated using ANSYS HFSS software. Key parameters like voltage standing wave ratio, bandwidth, directivity, gain and efficiency were evaluated. Results showed the VSWR was below 2.5:1 over the operating band and average power gain was 13dBi, making it suitable for point-to-point communication. A protection coil was also developed to nullify reverse currents and reduce standing wave ratios.
IRJET- Design and Implementation of Three Feet Three Element VHF Antenna for ...
presFinal
1. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 1/40
Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter
Radio
Christos
Konstantopoulos
M.Sc. Diploma defense
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Technical University of Crete
March 2015
2. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 2/40
Exploitation of biological sensors and energy sources
Outline
1 Exploitation of biological sensors and energy sources
Precision agriculture
Plant electrical signals
Biological sources of energy
Our approach
2 Plant Signal Acquisition Network
3 Energy harvesting from plants
4 Receiver Design
5 Experimental Results
3. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 3/40
Exploitation of biological sensors and energy sources
Precision agriculture
Precision agriculture
A need of large scale, low cost
environmental sensing & early
plant stress detection.
WSNs contribute to
monitoring of remote crop
fields
Sensing of environmental
variables
Optimal resource
management
4. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 4/40
Exploitation of biological sensors and energy sources
Plant electrical signals
Plant electrical signals
Correlation between
plant’s electrical signals
and external stimuli:
pollination
watering
wounding
temperature change
Common ECG electrodes
are used
No scalable
measurement
architectures so far
Cooling
response
Cooling
stimuli
50mV
5 s
12 s
70mV
Cutting
response
Cutting stimuli
leaf petioleb)
a)
Electrical signaling in Mimosa pudica: a) after
spontaneous cooling, b) stimulated by cutting
(J. Fromm and S. Lautner, Electrical signals and their
physiological significance in plants, Plant Cell and
Environment, 2006)
5. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 5/40
Exploitation of biological sensors and energy sources
Biological sources of energy
Harvesting energy from biological sources
Biological sources:
Endocochlear
potential
Microbial fuel cell
Plant electrical
potential
Common practice:
Anode electrode collect
electrons from the
oxidation of organic matter
Cathode electrode act as a
sink for electrons
8H+
8H+
8e–
8e–
8e–
8e–
Selectivemembrane
4O2
4H2O
8H+
edohtaCedonA
10H+
2CO2
2CH3COO–
e–
e–
e–
HO
O
HO
2H2O OH
OH
OH
e–
Example of microbial fuel cell producing electricity through a mechanism of
electron transfer to the anode (Derek R. Lovley, Bug juice: harvesting
electricity with microorganisms, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2006)
6. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 6/40
Exploitation of biological sensors and energy sources
Our approach
Self-powered plant sensor node
Our approach:
Treat plants as biological
sensors and energy
sources
Scatter radio nodes that
sense and harvest the
plant electrical signals
A large scale network of
plants
Massive acquisition of
plant electrical signals
7. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 7/40
Plant Signal Acquisition Network
Outline
1 Exploitation of biological sensors and energy sources
2 Plant Signal Acquisition Network
Network of Plants
WSN node
Plant signal acquisition
FM modulation
3 Energy harvesting from plants
4 Receiver Design
5 Experimental Results
8. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 8/40
Plant Signal Acquisition Network
Network of Plants
Plant Signal Acquisition Network
One WSN node per
plant
Low cost
Scalability
Ultra low
consumption
Plant signal
sensing
Sensor node #N
Emitter
Reader
Sensor node #2
Sensor node #1
Sensor node #1
9. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 9/40
Plant Signal Acquisition Network
WSN node
Scatter Radio Sensor Node
FM modulation:
Plant signal amplitude to frequency conversion
Semi-passive
Scatter Radio
architecture
Mixed signal
design
Energy
Sustainable
Design
Harvests and
interfaces the
electrical signals
V-
V+
Plant sensor node
+
-
Antenna
Voltage
Controlled
Oscillator
Signal
Conditioner
VDD
Vplant
Vcond RF
choke
10. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 10/40
Plant Signal Acquisition Network
Plant signal acquisition
Signal Conditioning
Signal Conditioner
• Triple op-amp
instrumentation
amplifier
architecture
Long term
measurement
stability
• Ag pin electrodes
Desensitization from
environmental noise
• Braid shield
driven by the Vref
V-
V+
Vplant
+
-
Ag pins
Signal
Conditioner
VDD
Vref
Vcond
Shield
Braid
11. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 11/40
Plant Signal Acquisition Network
FM modulation
MAC networking
Frequency Division Multiple Access modulation
The same guard-band among the nodes
Same spectrum band allocated at every node
F#1 F#2
Flower
Fupper
BW#1
BandGuard Node#1
3rd
Harmonic
Carrier
Fcarrier F#3 F#N
12. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 12/40
Plant Signal Acquisition Network
FM modulation
WSN Frequency allocation
VCO characteristic:
F#N =
−Fswmax
Vcondmax
∗ Vcond + Fswmax (1)
Fsw
F#1
#2
F#3
..
F#N
Vcond
0 Vref#1
Vref#2
Vref#3
.. Vref#N
Fswmax
Vcond
Vrange
BW#1
F
BandGuard
Fupper
F
max
lower
Vcond = G ∗ Vplant + Vref#N
(2)
#Nodes =
Fupper − Flower
BW#N + BandGuard
(3)
BandWSN =
N
i=1
(BW#i + BandGuard) (4)
13. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 13/40
Energy harvesting from plants
Outline
1 Exploitation of biological sensors and energy sources
2 Plant Signal Acquisition Network
3 Energy harvesting from plants
Signal Acquisition and Energy Harvesting
Power Management Unit
4 Receiver Design
5 Experimental Results
14. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 14/40
Energy harvesting from plants
Signal Acquisition and Energy Harvesting
Electrodes setup
Plant signal measurement
electrodes
Ag pins
Plant signal harvesting
electrodes
Anode (Mg or Zinc alloy)
Cathode (Cu alloy)
Electrodes setup that reassure
measurement integrity
Vharvest
Vcm
Ag pins
Mg or Zinc alloy foil Vplant
Cu foil
V-
V+
branch
stem
15. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 15/40
Energy harvesting from plants
Signal Acquisition and Energy Harvesting
Plant Power-Voltage characteristics
P-V Measurements
across the day
Correlation related to
temperature and solar
irradiation
MPPs range across
the day: 0.5-0.8 V
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400 12:00 680 W/m2
22.3 o
C
14:00 450 W/m2
21.0 o
C
16:00 100 W/m2
19.5 o
C
18:00 0 W/m2
16.1 o
C
20:00 0 W/m2
15.7 o
C
MPP
Vharvest
(V)
Pharvest
(nW)
16. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 16/40
Energy harvesting from plants
Power Management Unit
Energy harvesting scheme
Harvest the low power plant signals (hundreds of nW)
One way approach:
Duty cycle operation
Static operational voltage levels
Power management
unit:
Energy storage
capacitance
Voltage Detector
Self-oscillating
DC-DC converter
Linear regulator
Self-powered plant sensor node
+
-
Voltage
Controlled
Oscillator
Signal
Conditioner
Vplant
Vcond
Power distribution
RF reflective
switch
Antenna
Power Management Unit
Voltage level
detector
Self-oscillating
DC/DC converter
Linear regulator
Cin
Iharvest
Vharvest RF
front-end
V+
V-
17. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 17/40
Energy harvesting from plants
Power Management Unit
Duty cycle operation
Linear regulator
V-
V+
Self-powered plant sensor node
+
-
Voltage
Controlled
Oscillator
Signal
Conditioner
Vplant
Vcond
Power distribution
RF reflective
switch
Antenna
Power Management Unit
Voltage level
detector
Self-oscillating
DC/DC converterCin
Vharvest RF
front-end
VL
VH
toff
0
VL
VH
0
Vharvest
Pharvest
Vharvest
Wait until Csto is charged towards the VH voltage level
System on state OFF
18. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 18/40
Energy harvesting from plants
Power Management Unit
Duty cycle operation
Linear regulator
V-
V+
Self-powered plant sensor node
+
-
Voltage
Controlled
Oscillator
Signal
Conditioner
Vplant
Vcond
Power distribution
RF reflective
switch
Antenna
Power Management Unit
Voltage level
detector
Self-oscillating
DC/DC converterCin
Vharvest RF
front-end
VL
VH
toff
0
Vharvest
VL
VH
0
Vharvest
Pharvest
Voltage Detector triggers when the VH level is reached
System remains on OFF state
19. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 19/40
Energy harvesting from plants
Power Management Unit
Duty cycle operation
Linear regulator
V-
V+
Self-powered plant sensor node
+
-
Voltage
Controlled
Oscillator
Signal
Conditioner
Vplant
Vcond
Power distribution
RF reflective
switch
Antenna
Power Management Unit
Voltage level
detector
Self-oscillating
DC/DC converterCin
Vharvest RF
front-end
VL
VH
toff
ton
0
Vharvest
Input capacitance Cin discharges towards VL voltage level
Signal Conditioner, VCO and RF switch units on ON state
20. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 20/40
Energy harvesting from plants
Power Management Unit
Voltage Level Detector
High impedance input for
harvesting
tens of MOhm input
impedance
Schmitt trigger
architecture
Bistable circuit
Temperature
compensation
NTC Thermistor (Rth)
Voltage level
detector
p
Cf
L2
L1
Ct Rt
Cout
Rd
n
Positive
feedback
control
Hysteresis
loop
R1
R2
Rf
Rth
Power Management Unit
Linear regulator
Cin
I harv
Vharvest
Self-oscillating DC/DC
power converter
VDD
21. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 21/40
Energy harvesting from plants
Power Management Unit
Self-oscillating DC-DC power converter
Cold start-up operation
Oscillation driven power
converter
Tuned for efficient
operation close to plant
MPPs
Efficient operation
0.5-0.7 V Vharvest input
Step-up voltage
conversion 0.58 V to 1.6
V
Planar core-less PCB
transformer
Voltage level
detector
p
Cf
L2
L1
Ct Rt
Cout
Rd
n
Positive
feedback
control
Hysteresis
loop
R1
R2
Rf
Rth
Power Management Unit
Linear regulator
Cin
I harv
Vharvest
Self-oscillating DC/DC
power converter
VDD
22. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 22/40
Receiver Design
Outline
1 Exploitation of biological sensors and energy sources
2 Plant Signal Acquisition Network
3 Energy harvesting from plants
4 Receiver Design
Duty cycle handler
5 Experimental Results
23. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 23/40
Receiver Design
Duty cycle handler
Duty cycle handler
FDMA implementation on
Software Defined Radio
Noise Floor Estimation
Carrier Frequency
Offset estimation &
correction
Signal power detection
Node
Detected?
Store
Yes
No
Noise floor
estimation
CFO
estimation
Band pass
filtering
Node Frequency
Calculation
CFO
estimation
Packet
acquisition
Packet
acquisition
24. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 24/40
Experimental Results
Outline
1 Exploitation of biological sensors and energy sources
2 Plant Signal Acquisition Network
3 Energy harvesting from plants
4 Receiver Design
5 Experimental Results
Prototypes
Self-powered node
Calibration
Plant Measurements
25. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 25/40
Experimental Results
Prototypes
Self-powered scatter radio sensor
Plant signal harvester
Mixed signal design
10 uW Comm. and
Signal Processing
consumption
Vplant range
−600 mV to +600 mV
Sensitivity 56.5 Hz/10
mV (BW 6.7 kHz).
Current
Implementation
capable of 10 Nodes
BOM at 8.70e(1 piece)
Signal
Conditioning
Unit
Voltage
Controlled
Oscillator
120 mm
71 mm
26. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 26/40
Experimental Results
Prototypes
Self-powered scatter radio sensor
Plant signal harvester
Mixed signal design
10 uW Comm. and
Signal Processing
consumption
Vplant range
−600 mV to +600 mV
Sensitivity 56.5 Hz/10
mV (BW 6.7 kHz).
Current
Implementation
capable of 10 Nodes
BOM at 8.70e(1 piece)
27. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 27/40
Experimental Results
Prototypes
Battery-assisted scatter radio sensor
Sensitivity 40 Hz/ 5 mV
(BW 4.5 kHz)
Measurement range
−250 mV to +250 mV
40uW power consumption
Current Implementation
capable to 43 Nodes
Signal
Conditioning
Unit
Voltage
Controlled
Oscillator
DGND
AGND
53 mm
47 mm
29. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 29/40
Experimental Results
Self-powered node
PMU Operation
PMU signals during
operation
Cf
L2
L1
Ct Rt
Cout
Rd
n
Vcon
Vdrain Vout
Vharvest
Linear regulator
VDD
Voltage
Level
Detector
Cin
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4
−1.0
−0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0
x10-6
Time (s)
V
Vcon
Vdrain
PMU Efficiency for different
input (Vharvest) voltage levels
Vharvest(V) 0.826 0.784 0.647
ηPMU % 0.64 0.80 2.1
30. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 30/40
Experimental Results
Self-powered node
PMU Operation
DC-DC converter operation with unregulated output
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1.00
1.25
1. 50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
Vout
(V)
Pout
(uW)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Pout
(uW)
ηDC/DC(%)
583 mV
659 mV
716 mV
812 mV
Voltage output (Vout) and conversion efficiency for various loads
and different Vharvest input levels.
31. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 31/40
Experimental Results
Self-powered node
Example of duty cycle operation
tcold−start = 1130 s
ton = 176 ms
toff = 450 s
Duty cycle = 3.80 ∗ 10−4
ηeff−ener = 1.3%
Cin (uF) 2350 2820 3350 3820 4350
ton (ms) 176 194 247 266 274
Table: Transmission time for various input
capacitance
Vout
(V)
Time (s)
ton
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0 0.1
0.401
0.456
0.513
0.568
0.624
0.680
0.737
0.794
0.849
Vharvest
(V)
toff
Vharvest
(V)
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Time (s)
tcold-start
32. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 32/40
Experimental Results
Self-powered node
Range Measurements
Signal to Noise Ratio, Mean Absolute Error and Root Mean
Square Error for two alternative bi-static configurations
Distance d
Reader Carrier
Emitter
Self-powered
WSN Node
r-n
dn-e
Error
Topology
Configuration
SNR (dB) RMS (mV) MAE (mV)
dr−n = 14.6 m & dn−e = 27.9 m 25.57 16.04 14.58
dr−n = 19.3 m & dn−e = 35.7 m 23.80 25.40 25.35
33. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 33/40
Experimental Results
Calibration
Calibration setup
VCO sensitivity according to temperature change
Calibration with
varying differential
input for different
environmental
conditions.
Emulation of energy
source in case of the
self-powered WSN
node.
V-
V+
Self-powered plant sensor node
+
-
Voltage
Controlled
Oscillator
Signal
Conditioner
Vplant
Vcond
Power distribution
RF reflective
switch
Antenna
Power Management Unit
Voltage level
detector
Self-oscillating
DC/DC converter
Linear regulator
Cin
Iharvest
Vharvest RF
front-end
+
-
35. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 35/40
Experimental Results
Plant Measurements
Measurements from the self-powered node
Measurement of plant
signals across the day
Evidence of correlation
with environmental
variables
28/9 29/9 30/9 1/10 2/10 3/10 4/10
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
200
400
600
800
1000
15
20
25
30
−50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
23:59 23:59 23:59 23:59 23:59 23:59 23:59
5/10
23:59
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
Node
mV
Temperature
oC
Solar
Irradiance
W/m2
Humidity
%RH
Irrigation Events
Days
36. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 36/40
Experimental Results
Plant Measurements
Measurements from the battery-assisted WSN nodes
Measurement of plant
signals across the day
Evidence of correlation
with environmental
variables
0
400
800
20
25
30
35
40
−250
0
250
−250
0
250
−250
0
250
−250
0
250
−250
0
250
−250
0
250
−250
0
250
−250
0
250
21/7
00:00 00:00 00:00 00:00 00:00
29/7
00:0000:00
22/7 23/7 26/7 28/7
00:00
27/7
Node 1
Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6
Node 7
Node 8
mV
Days
Temperature
oC
Solar
Irradiance
W/m2
37. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 37/40
Experimental Results
Plant Measurements
Battery-assisted plant Sensor
Left -Battery-assisted WSN node
Right -Plant signal acquisition test-bed
38. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 38/40
Experimental Results
Plant Measurements
Self-powered plant sensor
Vharvest GND
V+
V-
Left -Self-powered WSN node
Right -Electrodes setup
39. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 39/40
Publications
Journal publications related to this work
Konstantopoulos C., Koutroulis E., Mitianoudis N. and
Bletsas A., "Converting a Plant to a Battery and Wireless
Sensor with Scatter Radio and Ultra Low-Cost”, IEEE
Sensors, Submitted
Kampianakis E. ,Kimionis J. ,Tountas K. ,Konstantopoulos
C. ,Koutroulis E. ,Bletsas A. "Wireless Environmental
Sensor Networking with Analog Scatter Radio and Timer
Principles", Special Issue of IEEE Sensors, Volume:14 ,
Issue: 10
40. Self-Powered Plant Sensor Node for Scatter Radio 40/40
Thank you for you attention!
Questions?
This work was supported by the ERC-04-BLASE project, executed in the context of the Education & Lifelong
Learning Program of General Secretariat for Research & Technology (GSRT) and funded through European Union -
European Social Fund and national funds