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This document provides an introduction to behaviorism in psychology. It discusses key aspects of behaviorism such as defining behavior as responses to external stimuli that can be observed, the view that the mind is a "black box" that cannot be observed, and the idea that learning is defined as behavior changes due to environmental experiences. The document also summarizes the history of behaviorism including the influential work of John Watson and B.F. Skinner, and discusses concepts like classical conditioning, reinforcement, and how behaviorism influenced education with a focus on external motivation and reinforcement of behaviors.
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The document discusses behaviorist views of learning, which focus on observable and measurable behaviors rather than internal mental processes. Key aspects of behaviorism covered include:
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The document discusses behaviorist views of learning, which focus on observable and measurable behaviors as responses to environmental stimuli. Key aspects of behaviorism covered include:
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- Learning is defined as behavioral changes due to experiences in the environment. Behaviorists believe the environment solely shapes individuals like blank slates.
- Reinforcement and punishment are used to modify behaviors. Positive and negative reinforcement increase behaviors, while punishment decreases behaviors.
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- Albert Bandura was born in 1925 in Alberta, Canada. He became interested in psychology after taking a class to pass time while commuting to university.
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The document discusses behaviorist views of learning, which focus on observable and measurable behaviors rather than internal mental processes. Key aspects of behaviorism covered include:
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- Learning is broken down into incremental steps and strengthened through repetition of stimulus-response bonds like drill-and-practice activities.
EDUC 108-CONNECTIONISM.pptx
The document discusses behaviorist views of learning, which focus on observable and measurable behaviors as responses to environmental stimuli. Key aspects of behaviorism covered include:
- Behaviorists study external behaviors and see the mind as a "black box" that cannot be observed.
- Learning is defined as behavioral changes due to experiences in the environment. Behaviorists believe the environment solely shapes individuals like blank slates.
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Albert Bandura developed social learning theory which posits that people can learn through observation of others. The theory includes three core concepts: observational learning, modeling behavior, and reciprocal determinism. Bandura demonstrated observational learning through his famous Bobo doll experiment which showed children imitating aggressive behaviors they observed in adults. However, the experiment had some limitations and criticisms including questioning its real-world applicability and ethics. Social learning theory emphasizes that learning is a cognitive process that occurs in a social context with reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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This document summarizes Habit #1 of being proactive from Stephen Covey's work. It discusses how being reactive is like shaking up a soda bottle until it explodes, while being proactive is remaining calm and in control of one's reactions even when faced with challenges, like a bottle of water. It contrasts the circles of influence and concern, emphasizing focusing one's time and energy on things that can be controlled rather than worrying over factors that cannot be changed. The document encourages the reader to reflect on how to carry more positive attitudes and make constructive choices to become more proactive in their own life.
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This document outlines Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory. Some key points include:
- Bandura viewed people as agents who can intentionally influence their own experiences through forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness.
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- Observational learning occurs through attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation processes. Factors like characteristics of the model, attributes of the observer, and consequences influence modeling.
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2. Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli through learned involuntary responses. Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs demonstrated this.
3. B.F. Skinner developed operant conditioning which examines how voluntary behaviors are influenced by consequences like reinforcement and punishment.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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Presentation.pptx
- 1. Name:Shekhar Manohar Jadhav Roll no.210054 Class:FYBA Topic: Behviorism Sub: Psychology
- 2. INTRODUCTION OF BEHVIORISM ▪ An attempt to make psychology more scientific by studying only external behavior ▪ Behavior: response of an organism to stimuli; objective & observable ▪ The study of how environmental stimuli bring about changes in people’s behaviors ▪ Behaviorists ignore what goes on inside our mind since it can’t be seen or measured Mind is a “black box”
- 3. •According to Behaviorists, we are born as: •“blank slates” one’s environment writes on; “vessels” to pour knowledge into •“lumps of clay” that can be shaped by one’s environment •Believed the environment (extrinsic forces) is the only thing that matters •Learning = Behavior change due to experience •Doesn’t consider/believe in intrinsic motivation
- 4. HISTORY OF BEHVIORSM Very popular in U.S. before Piaget and Vygotsky’s writings were translated and brought here • Behaviorism via Thorndike beat out John Dewey’s theories to become the dominant theory in U.S. • U.S. schools were structured after Behaviorism rather than Dewey’s model • Americans very interested in a scientific way to parent and educate
- 5. •History of Behaviorism: Watson “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to be any type of specialist I might select – a doctor, a lawyer, artist…” - John B. Watson 1924
- 6. Classical Conditioning Explains learning of involuntary emotional &/or physiological responses • Happens when two stimuli are presented at the same time • Being kicked by a horse; associating horse with kick; severe anxiety around horses • Important for teachers since school can cause unintentional learning through classical conditioning, especially anxiety • Test anxiety, general school anxiety, fear, frustration, humiliation
- 7. Examples of Classical Conditioning Hearing a teacher, friend, boy/girlfriend say to you, “We need to talk” • Upon hearing this phrase your stomach“flutters” • Any of your own examples? • The point is, we learn to associate a stimulus with a response, & eventually our body does this automatically in the presence of the stimulus. Our response is involuntary.
- 8. Consequences for Behaviors Positive Reinforcement – You behave in a way that results in a reward – so you are more likely to repeat that behavior • Negative Reinforcement – You behave in a way that results in the removal of something unpleasant – so you are more likely to repeat that behavior (ex: doing a paper early) • In both cases, something happened that you saw as “good” and as a result, you exhibited the behavior more.
- 9. Negative Reinforcement & Punishment Negative reinforcement: Something unpleasant is removed & as a result you are more likely to do it again • You see this as “good” • Punishment: A consequence happens that you don’t like and you are less likely to do it again. The punishment can add something or take something away. • You see this as “bad”
- 10. •Behaviorism & Education • Focus on Rewards & Punishments • Classroom Management • External rather than Internal Motivation • Incremental View of Learning • Learning broken down into small chunks • Ex: must pass part 1 before beginning part 2 • Repetition to strengthen stimulus response bonds – “Drill & Practice” activities • Mastery Learning • Focused on the Individual rather than Social
- 11. Motivation in Behaviorism External motivation only • Skinner didn’t believe in internal motivation • We do things only for a reward or to avoid punishment • Grades • Praise • Stickers • Money • Social Status