The Hawthorne Experiments consisted of four parts conducted between 1924-1932 at Western Electric in the US. The experiments found that productivity increased even when lighting levels were changed, showing that social factors beyond physical conditions impacted work. Subsequent studies found that allowing worker participation, informal social relationships, and respect from management improved productivity more than incentives alone. The experiments concluded that psychological and social factors are key to worker satisfaction and output.
The Hawthorne Experiments consisted of four parts conducted between 1924-1932 at Western Electric Works in the US. The first experiment varied lighting levels and found productivity increased regardless, showing factors beyond lighting impacted work. The second experiment gave workers flexibility and found productivity rose. Interviews in the third experiment revealed productivity increased when workers could freely discuss important issues. The fourth embedded observers and found workers set their own standards. The conclusions determined social and psychological factors beyond physical conditions most impact productivity.
George Elton Mayo conducted the famous Hawthorne Studies in the 1920s and 1930s to understand what motivates workers. The studies found that social and psychological factors like feeling important, involvement in decision-making, and good relationships with coworkers significantly improved worker motivation and productivity, more so than physical working conditions or financial incentives alone. Specifically, two groups of women saw higher productivity when involved in management decisions and able to freely communicate, showing the importance of meeting workers' social and psychological needs to maximize performance.
The document provides a timeline of management thought from classical to humanistic theories. It discusses key contributors and findings. Classical theories like Taylor's scientific management and Fayol's administrative theory focused on tasks and control. The Hawthorne Studies in the 1920s-30s found that social relationships and worker satisfaction impacted productivity more than physical conditions. This led to human relations theory emphasizing the individual and two-way communication over production. Thinkers like Follett, Mayo, and Barnard incorporated social and psychological factors into management.
The Hawthorne experiments conducted between 1924-1932 at the Western Electric Company in Chicago studied the impact of various workplace factors on worker productivity. The first experiment tested different light intensity levels but found no clear relationship with output, prompting further study of social and psychological factors. Subsequent experiments manipulated incentives, work hours, breaks and supervision. Across studies, productivity generally increased in response to changes and attention, regardless of the specific changes, highlighting the importance of human relationships in the workplace.
The Hawthorne studies consisted of four phases of experiments conducted between 1924-1927. The studies found that increased productivity resulted from workers receiving consideration and attention from managers, rather than just changes to physical work conditions like lighting. Later phases found productivity increased further when workers were allowed more freedom and input, and that group dynamics had a strong influence on individual worker productivity. The implications were that psychological and social factors in the workplace are important for motivation, and that managers should recognize informal work groups and treat employees well to improve productivity.
The Hawthorne Studies conducted experiments at Western Electric Company in Chicago from 1924-1932 to understand how human behavior affects productivity. The studies found that productivity increased with any changes made, including increased lighting or shorter hours, due to the attention paid to workers rather than the changes themselves. Later experiments confirmed social bonds between workers and feeling valued by management positively impacted productivity more than financial incentives alone. The studies established that social and psychological factors are more important for motivation than physical working conditions.
The Hawthorne studies, which were conducted by Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger in the 1920s with the workers at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company, were part of an emphasis on socio-psychological aspects of human behavior in organizations.
The Hawthorne Experiments consisted of four parts conducted between 1924-1932 at Western Electric in the US. The experiments found that productivity increased even when lighting levels were changed, showing that social factors beyond physical conditions impacted work. Subsequent studies found that allowing worker participation, informal social relationships, and respect from management improved productivity more than incentives alone. The experiments concluded that psychological and social factors are key to worker satisfaction and output.
The Hawthorne Experiments consisted of four parts conducted between 1924-1932 at Western Electric Works in the US. The first experiment varied lighting levels and found productivity increased regardless, showing factors beyond lighting impacted work. The second experiment gave workers flexibility and found productivity rose. Interviews in the third experiment revealed productivity increased when workers could freely discuss important issues. The fourth embedded observers and found workers set their own standards. The conclusions determined social and psychological factors beyond physical conditions most impact productivity.
George Elton Mayo conducted the famous Hawthorne Studies in the 1920s and 1930s to understand what motivates workers. The studies found that social and psychological factors like feeling important, involvement in decision-making, and good relationships with coworkers significantly improved worker motivation and productivity, more so than physical working conditions or financial incentives alone. Specifically, two groups of women saw higher productivity when involved in management decisions and able to freely communicate, showing the importance of meeting workers' social and psychological needs to maximize performance.
The document provides a timeline of management thought from classical to humanistic theories. It discusses key contributors and findings. Classical theories like Taylor's scientific management and Fayol's administrative theory focused on tasks and control. The Hawthorne Studies in the 1920s-30s found that social relationships and worker satisfaction impacted productivity more than physical conditions. This led to human relations theory emphasizing the individual and two-way communication over production. Thinkers like Follett, Mayo, and Barnard incorporated social and psychological factors into management.
The Hawthorne experiments conducted between 1924-1932 at the Western Electric Company in Chicago studied the impact of various workplace factors on worker productivity. The first experiment tested different light intensity levels but found no clear relationship with output, prompting further study of social and psychological factors. Subsequent experiments manipulated incentives, work hours, breaks and supervision. Across studies, productivity generally increased in response to changes and attention, regardless of the specific changes, highlighting the importance of human relationships in the workplace.
The Hawthorne studies consisted of four phases of experiments conducted between 1924-1927. The studies found that increased productivity resulted from workers receiving consideration and attention from managers, rather than just changes to physical work conditions like lighting. Later phases found productivity increased further when workers were allowed more freedom and input, and that group dynamics had a strong influence on individual worker productivity. The implications were that psychological and social factors in the workplace are important for motivation, and that managers should recognize informal work groups and treat employees well to improve productivity.
The Hawthorne Studies conducted experiments at Western Electric Company in Chicago from 1924-1932 to understand how human behavior affects productivity. The studies found that productivity increased with any changes made, including increased lighting or shorter hours, due to the attention paid to workers rather than the changes themselves. Later experiments confirmed social bonds between workers and feeling valued by management positively impacted productivity more than financial incentives alone. The studies established that social and psychological factors are more important for motivation than physical working conditions.
The Hawthorne studies, which were conducted by Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger in the 1920s with the workers at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company, were part of an emphasis on socio-psychological aspects of human behavior in organizations.
The Hawthorne studies were a series of experiments conducted between 1924-1932 at the Western Electric Company in Chicago to study the impact of workplace conditions on worker productivity. The studies found that improved lighting had little impact on productivity, but that worker productivity and satisfaction increased in response to being studied, regardless of changes made. The researchers concluded that social and psychological factors strongly influence worker performance.
Principle of Management _Hawthorne-Experiments.pptxSaumyaDwivedi44
George Elton Mayo conducted the famous Hawthorne Experiments between 1924-1932 at Western Electric's Hawthorne plant in Chicago to study the impact of human relations on productivity. The experiments found that productivity increased regardless of changes made, demonstrating that social and psychological factors like feelings of recognition, job satisfaction and group dynamics significantly influence worker output. The Hawthorne Experiments highlighted the importance of these human/social aspects in management and helped establish the human relations movement in organizational theory.
This document provides an overview of organizational behaviour. It defines organizational behaviour as the study of human behavior in organizations. The document outlines several key aspects of organizational behaviour including its nature and scope as an interdisciplinary field, various approaches to studying it, and importance. It also summarizes findings from seminal studies on organizational behaviour like the Hawthorne studies from the 1920s-1930s which explored how variables like lighting, work hours, and breaks impacted productivity. The document is intended as a teaching aid to introduce students to the topic of organizational behaviour.
The Hawthorne Experiment conducted between 1924-1932 at the Western Electric Company in the United States studied the effects of various factors on worker productivity. It consisted of four parts: illumination experiments which found factors other than light affected productivity; a relay assembly study that found increased breaks and social conditions improved output; mass employee interviews to understand attitudes; and a wiring observation study where group incentives increased standards. The experiment concluded that good communication, participation, respect, and social/psychological factors improved job satisfaction, performance, and supervisor-employee relations.
The Hawthorne experiments from 1924-1932 studied how worker productivity was affected by changes in physical work conditions like lighting and break times. Researchers found that productivity increased regardless of the changes, due to the psychological effect of workers feeling valued by being observed. The experiments highlighted the importance of social and emotional factors in the workplace over physical ones alone, and helped establish the field of human relations in management.
The document summarizes the Hawthorne experiments which studied the impact of various working conditions on productivity. The experiments found that informal social groups among workers had a significant influence on attitudes and behavior, rather than physical conditions like illumination levels. Interviews with over 20,000 workers also revealed that informal groups established social norms within the workplace that influenced members' productivity.
The document summarizes key aspects of organizational behaviour including:
1) Organizational behaviour is concerned with studying human behaviour in organizations. It examines individuals and groups in organizations.
2) The Hawthorne studies from 1924-1932 explored how variables like lighting, work hours, breaks and food impacted productivity of workers at the Hawthorne plant. They found that workers responded positively simply from the attention of being studied.
3) The relay assembly experiments and bank wiring room experiments further explored how social and group dynamics within organizations influenced worker behaviour and productivity more than financial incentives alone. Informal groups formed among workers that impacted their responses.
Hawthrone studies ( Human Relation Theory) RajThakuri
The document summarizes the Human Relation Theory developed by Elton Mayo based on findings from the Hawthorne Studies conducted between 1924-1933. The studies consisted of several experiments to understand how social and psychological factors in the workplace impact productivity. A key finding was that productivity increased when workers felt valued by managers and coworkers through social interaction and attention to their needs, not just physical working conditions or financial incentives. The theory emphasizes the importance of human relationships over workers being mere cogs in the production process.
Elton Mayo conducted a series of experiments known as the Hawthorne Experiments between 1924-1932 at the Hawthorne Works of Western Electric Company in Chicago. The experiments studied how various physical and social factors impacted worker productivity. They found that productivity increased in response to changes in lighting, breaks, and incentives, but also increased even when conditions returned to normal. This introduced the concept of the "Hawthorne Effect" where workers' productivity is impacted simply by being studied. The experiments highlighted the importance of social and psychological factors in influencing worker behavior over physical factors alone.
Elton Mayo conducted a series of experiments known as the Hawthorne Experiments between 1924-1932 at the Hawthorne Works of Western Electric Company in Chicago. The experiments studied how various physical and social factors impacted worker productivity. They found that productivity increased in response to changes in lighting, breaks, and incentives, but also increased even when conditions returned to normal. This introduced the concept of the "Hawthorne Effect" where workers' productivity is impacted simply by being studied. The experiments highlighted the importance of social and psychological factors in influencing worker behavior over physical factors alone.
Human Relation Theory: The Hawthorne ExperimentMd Perwez
The Hawthorne experiments conducted between 1924-1932 studied the impact of workplace conditions on worker productivity. The experiments occurred in four phases where test groups had variations in illumination, work hours, supervision, and payment incentives compared to control groups. The researchers found that increased productivity could not be solely attributed to better conditions, as social factors also influenced workers. The experiments concluded that employees are social beings affected by group dynamics, supervision styles, and morale more than technical or economic reasons.
The Hawthorne experiments conducted in the 1920s and 1930s studied the effects of various workplace conditions on productivity. Led by Elton Mayo, the studies found that social and psychological factors strongly influenced worker behavior and output. Specifically, participation in decision-making, attention from managers, good social relationships among coworkers, and feeling valued on the job all increased productivity, regardless of physical working conditions. The experiments concluded that non-financial motivations are important for worker satisfaction and performance.
The Hawthorne experiments conducted between 1924-1932 at the Western Electric Company in Chicago consisted of several studies to determine the impact of various workplace factors on worker productivity. The initial illumination experiments found no correlation between lighting levels and output. Subsequent relay assembly room tests manipulated incentives, hours, breaks and found productivity increased with attention alone. Interviews of over 20,000 workers revealed the importance of social dynamics, status and group pressures in influencing individual performance. The experiments marked a shift toward understanding human behavior in organizations.
The document discusses two behavioral theories: human relation theory and human behavior theory. It summarizes the key phases and findings of the Hawthorne experiments, which helped establish human relation theory. The experiments found that social and psychological factors, not just physical working conditions, influenced productivity. Human behavior theory is based on concepts from psychology and emphasizes that people have different needs and behaviors based on individual factors. Both theories view employees as social beings influenced by groups rather than just responding to financial incentives.
The document summarizes the findings of the Hawthorne studies conducted in the 1920s. The studies originally aimed to examine how environmental factors like lighting impacted productivity. However, researchers found that both the test and control groups improved productivity regardless of changes, likely due to the attention from the studies. This led to insights about social and psychological factors being important motivators beyond just economic incentives. The Hawthorne studies helped establish social psychology and human relations aspects in organizational management.
The behavioral approach to management focuses on employees as individuals and as part of work groups, with an emphasis on meeting their needs. The Hawthorne studies from 1924-1932 examined how social and emotional factors impact worker productivity. The studies found that workers performed better when they felt respected and part of a team. Simply showing concern for employees can motivate better performance due to the "Hawthorne Effect", where people work harder because they feel somebody cares. The behavioral approach led to a greater understanding of human behavior in organizations.
Here are the key findings of the Hawthorne experiments in 5 sentences:
1. The experiments found no direct relationship between physical factors like lighting and worker productivity.
2. Worker motivation is influenced by psychological and social factors like feelings, attitudes, and relationships rather than just economic incentives.
3. Work is best viewed as a group activity shaped by social interactions rather than just individual tasks.
4. Attention to human and social factors can positively impact worker development and performance.
5. Informal social groups formed by workers and can influence productivity norms and behavior more than formal management structures.
1. Elton Mayo and other researchers conducted a series of experiments known as the Hawthorne Experiments between 1924-1932 at the Hawthorne Works of Western Electric Company in Chicago.
2. The experiments sought to study the impact of various workplace conditions like illumination, incentives, breaks and supervision on worker productivity but found no conclusive relationship between physical factors and output.
3. They discovered that social and psychological factors have a greater influence on worker behavior and productivity than physical factors alone, giving rise to the field of human relations in management. The experiments demonstrated that workers seek recognition, a sense of belonging and job security.
The Hawthorne experiments conducted between 1924-1932 at Western Electric's factory in Chicago examined how workplace conditions affected productivity. The experiments found that productivity increased even when lighting levels were reduced, showing no relationship between lighting and output. Subsequent studies found that allowing workers more flexibility and participation in decision-making, as well as greater attention from managers, led to higher morale and productivity among employees. The experiments concluded that socio-psychological factors have a greater influence on worker performance and satisfaction than mere physical conditions alone.
This presentation provides an overview of Mahindra and Mahindra's digital marketing strategies. It discusses key topics like what digital marketing is, the elements of digital marketing, segmentation, targeting and positioning of customers, social media marketing campaigns on platforms like Facebook and Twitter, SEO strategies to increase organic traffic, influencer marketing partnerships with celebrities, e-commerce strategies including online vehicle sales, and mobile apps for services. The goal of Mahindra's digital efforts is to promote its automotive products to target upper-middle income customers seeking luxury vehicles.
The document discusses non-monetary incentives and economic benefits. It defines non-monetary incentives as rewards given for exceptional performance that are not cash-based. Examples include flexible work schedules and training opportunities. While low-cost, non-monetary incentives can boost engagement, full participation is not guaranteed. Economic benefits are quantified advantages like income, profits, and tax revenues from growth. Higher economic growth leads to lower unemployment and better public services due to increased tax revenues. Common types of economic benefits include economies of scale and bargaining power. Potential downsides include inconsistent income and business expenses for the self-employed.
The Hawthorne studies were a series of experiments conducted between 1924-1932 at the Western Electric Company in Chicago to study the impact of workplace conditions on worker productivity. The studies found that improved lighting had little impact on productivity, but that worker productivity and satisfaction increased in response to being studied, regardless of changes made. The researchers concluded that social and psychological factors strongly influence worker performance.
Principle of Management _Hawthorne-Experiments.pptxSaumyaDwivedi44
George Elton Mayo conducted the famous Hawthorne Experiments between 1924-1932 at Western Electric's Hawthorne plant in Chicago to study the impact of human relations on productivity. The experiments found that productivity increased regardless of changes made, demonstrating that social and psychological factors like feelings of recognition, job satisfaction and group dynamics significantly influence worker output. The Hawthorne Experiments highlighted the importance of these human/social aspects in management and helped establish the human relations movement in organizational theory.
This document provides an overview of organizational behaviour. It defines organizational behaviour as the study of human behavior in organizations. The document outlines several key aspects of organizational behaviour including its nature and scope as an interdisciplinary field, various approaches to studying it, and importance. It also summarizes findings from seminal studies on organizational behaviour like the Hawthorne studies from the 1920s-1930s which explored how variables like lighting, work hours, and breaks impacted productivity. The document is intended as a teaching aid to introduce students to the topic of organizational behaviour.
The Hawthorne Experiment conducted between 1924-1932 at the Western Electric Company in the United States studied the effects of various factors on worker productivity. It consisted of four parts: illumination experiments which found factors other than light affected productivity; a relay assembly study that found increased breaks and social conditions improved output; mass employee interviews to understand attitudes; and a wiring observation study where group incentives increased standards. The experiment concluded that good communication, participation, respect, and social/psychological factors improved job satisfaction, performance, and supervisor-employee relations.
The Hawthorne experiments from 1924-1932 studied how worker productivity was affected by changes in physical work conditions like lighting and break times. Researchers found that productivity increased regardless of the changes, due to the psychological effect of workers feeling valued by being observed. The experiments highlighted the importance of social and emotional factors in the workplace over physical ones alone, and helped establish the field of human relations in management.
The document summarizes the Hawthorne experiments which studied the impact of various working conditions on productivity. The experiments found that informal social groups among workers had a significant influence on attitudes and behavior, rather than physical conditions like illumination levels. Interviews with over 20,000 workers also revealed that informal groups established social norms within the workplace that influenced members' productivity.
The document summarizes key aspects of organizational behaviour including:
1) Organizational behaviour is concerned with studying human behaviour in organizations. It examines individuals and groups in organizations.
2) The Hawthorne studies from 1924-1932 explored how variables like lighting, work hours, breaks and food impacted productivity of workers at the Hawthorne plant. They found that workers responded positively simply from the attention of being studied.
3) The relay assembly experiments and bank wiring room experiments further explored how social and group dynamics within organizations influenced worker behaviour and productivity more than financial incentives alone. Informal groups formed among workers that impacted their responses.
Hawthrone studies ( Human Relation Theory) RajThakuri
The document summarizes the Human Relation Theory developed by Elton Mayo based on findings from the Hawthorne Studies conducted between 1924-1933. The studies consisted of several experiments to understand how social and psychological factors in the workplace impact productivity. A key finding was that productivity increased when workers felt valued by managers and coworkers through social interaction and attention to their needs, not just physical working conditions or financial incentives. The theory emphasizes the importance of human relationships over workers being mere cogs in the production process.
Elton Mayo conducted a series of experiments known as the Hawthorne Experiments between 1924-1932 at the Hawthorne Works of Western Electric Company in Chicago. The experiments studied how various physical and social factors impacted worker productivity. They found that productivity increased in response to changes in lighting, breaks, and incentives, but also increased even when conditions returned to normal. This introduced the concept of the "Hawthorne Effect" where workers' productivity is impacted simply by being studied. The experiments highlighted the importance of social and psychological factors in influencing worker behavior over physical factors alone.
Elton Mayo conducted a series of experiments known as the Hawthorne Experiments between 1924-1932 at the Hawthorne Works of Western Electric Company in Chicago. The experiments studied how various physical and social factors impacted worker productivity. They found that productivity increased in response to changes in lighting, breaks, and incentives, but also increased even when conditions returned to normal. This introduced the concept of the "Hawthorne Effect" where workers' productivity is impacted simply by being studied. The experiments highlighted the importance of social and psychological factors in influencing worker behavior over physical factors alone.
Human Relation Theory: The Hawthorne ExperimentMd Perwez
The Hawthorne experiments conducted between 1924-1932 studied the impact of workplace conditions on worker productivity. The experiments occurred in four phases where test groups had variations in illumination, work hours, supervision, and payment incentives compared to control groups. The researchers found that increased productivity could not be solely attributed to better conditions, as social factors also influenced workers. The experiments concluded that employees are social beings affected by group dynamics, supervision styles, and morale more than technical or economic reasons.
The Hawthorne experiments conducted in the 1920s and 1930s studied the effects of various workplace conditions on productivity. Led by Elton Mayo, the studies found that social and psychological factors strongly influenced worker behavior and output. Specifically, participation in decision-making, attention from managers, good social relationships among coworkers, and feeling valued on the job all increased productivity, regardless of physical working conditions. The experiments concluded that non-financial motivations are important for worker satisfaction and performance.
The Hawthorne experiments conducted between 1924-1932 at the Western Electric Company in Chicago consisted of several studies to determine the impact of various workplace factors on worker productivity. The initial illumination experiments found no correlation between lighting levels and output. Subsequent relay assembly room tests manipulated incentives, hours, breaks and found productivity increased with attention alone. Interviews of over 20,000 workers revealed the importance of social dynamics, status and group pressures in influencing individual performance. The experiments marked a shift toward understanding human behavior in organizations.
The document discusses two behavioral theories: human relation theory and human behavior theory. It summarizes the key phases and findings of the Hawthorne experiments, which helped establish human relation theory. The experiments found that social and psychological factors, not just physical working conditions, influenced productivity. Human behavior theory is based on concepts from psychology and emphasizes that people have different needs and behaviors based on individual factors. Both theories view employees as social beings influenced by groups rather than just responding to financial incentives.
The document summarizes the findings of the Hawthorne studies conducted in the 1920s. The studies originally aimed to examine how environmental factors like lighting impacted productivity. However, researchers found that both the test and control groups improved productivity regardless of changes, likely due to the attention from the studies. This led to insights about social and psychological factors being important motivators beyond just economic incentives. The Hawthorne studies helped establish social psychology and human relations aspects in organizational management.
The behavioral approach to management focuses on employees as individuals and as part of work groups, with an emphasis on meeting their needs. The Hawthorne studies from 1924-1932 examined how social and emotional factors impact worker productivity. The studies found that workers performed better when they felt respected and part of a team. Simply showing concern for employees can motivate better performance due to the "Hawthorne Effect", where people work harder because they feel somebody cares. The behavioral approach led to a greater understanding of human behavior in organizations.
Here are the key findings of the Hawthorne experiments in 5 sentences:
1. The experiments found no direct relationship between physical factors like lighting and worker productivity.
2. Worker motivation is influenced by psychological and social factors like feelings, attitudes, and relationships rather than just economic incentives.
3. Work is best viewed as a group activity shaped by social interactions rather than just individual tasks.
4. Attention to human and social factors can positively impact worker development and performance.
5. Informal social groups formed by workers and can influence productivity norms and behavior more than formal management structures.
1. Elton Mayo and other researchers conducted a series of experiments known as the Hawthorne Experiments between 1924-1932 at the Hawthorne Works of Western Electric Company in Chicago.
2. The experiments sought to study the impact of various workplace conditions like illumination, incentives, breaks and supervision on worker productivity but found no conclusive relationship between physical factors and output.
3. They discovered that social and psychological factors have a greater influence on worker behavior and productivity than physical factors alone, giving rise to the field of human relations in management. The experiments demonstrated that workers seek recognition, a sense of belonging and job security.
The Hawthorne experiments conducted between 1924-1932 at Western Electric's factory in Chicago examined how workplace conditions affected productivity. The experiments found that productivity increased even when lighting levels were reduced, showing no relationship between lighting and output. Subsequent studies found that allowing workers more flexibility and participation in decision-making, as well as greater attention from managers, led to higher morale and productivity among employees. The experiments concluded that socio-psychological factors have a greater influence on worker performance and satisfaction than mere physical conditions alone.
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This presentation provides an overview of Mahindra and Mahindra's digital marketing strategies. It discusses key topics like what digital marketing is, the elements of digital marketing, segmentation, targeting and positioning of customers, social media marketing campaigns on platforms like Facebook and Twitter, SEO strategies to increase organic traffic, influencer marketing partnerships with celebrities, e-commerce strategies including online vehicle sales, and mobile apps for services. The goal of Mahindra's digital efforts is to promote its automotive products to target upper-middle income customers seeking luxury vehicles.
The document discusses non-monetary incentives and economic benefits. It defines non-monetary incentives as rewards given for exceptional performance that are not cash-based. Examples include flexible work schedules and training opportunities. While low-cost, non-monetary incentives can boost engagement, full participation is not guaranteed. Economic benefits are quantified advantages like income, profits, and tax revenues from growth. Higher economic growth leads to lower unemployment and better public services due to increased tax revenues. Common types of economic benefits include economies of scale and bargaining power. Potential downsides include inconsistent income and business expenses for the self-employed.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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2. HAWTHRONE STUDY
The Human Relation Movement began with the
Hawthrone Study.
They were conducted at Western Electrical
Works in USA, in between 1924-1932.
It was initially designed by Western Electric
Industrial Engineers.
3. Four Parts of Hawthrone Study
Part I- illumination Experiment (1924-27)
Part II- Relay Assembly Test Room Study (1927-
29)
Part III- Mass Interviewing Programme (1928-
1930)
Part IV- Bank Wiring Observation Room
Experiment (1932)
4. Part I- illumination Experiment (1924-
27)
These experiments were performed to find out the effect of different of illumination
(lighting) or productivity of labours.
The brightness of light was increased and decreased to find out the effect on the
productivity of the test group. The productivity increased even when the level of
illumination was decreased.
It was concluded that factors other than light were also important.
5. Part II- Relay Assembly Test Room Study (1927-29)
Under these test two small group of six female telephone relay assemblers were selected.
Each group was kept in a separate room. From time to time, change were made in
working hours, rest periods, lunch breaks etc.
They were allowed to choose their own rest periods and to give suggestion.
It was concluded the social relationship among workers, participation in decision-making,
etc. had greater effect on productivity than working condition.
6. Part III- Mass Interviewing Programme (1928-20)
21,000 employees interviewed over a period of three years to find out reasons for
increased productivity.
It was concluded that productivity can be increased if workers are allowed to talk freely
about matters that are important to them.
7. Part IV- Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiment (1932)
A group of 14 male workers in bank wiring room were placed under observation of six
months.
The researchers thoughts that the efficient workers would put pressure on the less efficient
workers to complete the work.
However, it was found that the group establish it own was found standards of output and
social pressure was use to achieved the standards of output.
8. Criticism of Hawthrone Study
The Hawthrone Study are criticized on the followings:
1. Lacks Validity.
2. More important to Human Aspects.
3. More Group-Decision Making.
4. Over importance to freedom to workers.
9. Conclusion of Hawthrone Study
1. The social factors are responsible for worker’s productivity and job
satisfaction. Only physical working conditions are no enough to increase
productivity.
2. The informal relations among workers influences worker’s behavior and
performance more than formal relations in thee organization.
3. Employees will perform better if they are allowed to participate in decision-
making affecting their interests.
4. Employees will also work more efficiency when they believe that the
management is interested in their welfare.
5. When employees are treated with respect and dignity, their performance will
improve.