Stitching refers to the process of sewing or stitching together pages or signatures to create a book binding. There are several types of stitching including side stitching, saddle stitching, and wire stitching. Wire stitching uses wire staples to bind pages together, creating a durable finished product. Thread stitching uses thread instead of staples, passing the thread through marked holes along the spine. Sewing materials commonly used for binding and stitching include fabrics, threads, needles, pins, and scissors.

4. Stitching
 Stitching in binding refers to the process of sewing or stitching
together the pages or signatures of a book or document to create a
secure binding. This stitching is typically done along the fold or spine
of the pages and is designed to hold the pages together in a durable
and functional manner.
Stitching is classified as
 Side Stitching
 Saddle Stitching or Center Stitching

5. Side stitching
 When the sections are
stitched using thread on
the side of the book, then
it is called side stitching.

6. Saddle Binding
 When the sections are
stitched using thread in the
centre of the book, then it
is called centre or saddle
stitching.

7. Wire stitching
 Wire stitching, also known as wire binding or wire stapling, is a
popular method used in bookbinding and print finishing to secure
pages together. It involves the use of wire staples or stitches to bind
the pages, creating a durable and professional-looking finished
product. Here's an overview of the wire stitching process:

8.  Collate and prepare the pages : Gather the pages that will be
bound together in the desired order. Ensure that the pages are
aligned properly and any necessary trimming or cutting has been
done.
 Position the pages : Place the pages on a flat surface, such as a
table or binding machine, making sure they are stacked evenly and
aligned along one edge. This edge will be the binding edge.

9.  Set up the wire stitching machine : If you're using a wire stitching
machine, follow the manufacturer's instructions to set it up. This may
involve adjusting the settings for the desired stitch length, wire size,
and positioning.
 Insert the wire staples : Depending on the machine you're using, you
may need to manually insert the wire staples into the machine's
magazine or use a pre-loaded staple cartridge. Ensure that the
wire staples match the size and specifications required for your
project.

10.  Position the binding edge: Align the binding edge of the pages
against the side guide of the stitching machine or against the edge of
a flat surface if using a handheld stapler. Make sure the pages are held
securely in place.
 Activate the stitching mechanism : Depending on the machine, you
may need to press a foot pedal or push a button to activate the
stitching mechanism. The machine will drive the wire staples through
the pages, securing them together along the binding edge.

11.  Inspect and finish : After the stitching is complete, carefully
inspect the bound pages to ensure that all staples are properly
inserted and the pages are secure. Trim any excess wire protruding
from the edges if necessary.
 Wire stitching offers several advantages for binding, such
as durability, flexibility, and the ability to lay flat when
opened. It is commonly used for binding booklets, brochures,
catalogs, magazines, and other printed materials. Depending on the
volume of your binding needs, you can choose between manual
handheld staplers or automated wire stitching machines for efficiency
and convenience.

12. Thread stitching
 Thread stitching, also known as sewn binding or saddle stitching, is a
method used in bookbinding to secure pages together using thread
instead of staples or wire. It is a popular binding technique for small
booklets, magazines, brochures, and other publications.

13. Here's an overview of the thread stitching process:
 Collate and prepare the pages : Gather the pages that will be bound
together in the desired order. Ensure that the pages are aligned
properly and any necessary trimming or cutting has been done.
 Mark the sewing stations : Along the binding edge of the collated
pages, make evenly spaced marks or holes where the thread will pass
through. These marks should be positioned equidistant from each
other and close to the spine edge of the pages.
 Prepare the needle and thread : Thread a needle with a suitable
thread for binding. Use a strong, durable thread such as linen thread
or bookbinding thread. The length of the thread will depend on the
size and thickness of the book, but it should be long enough to stitch
through all the sewing stations with extra length for tying off.

14.  Begin stitching : Starting from the inside of the book, insert the
threaded needle through the first marked hole, leaving a tail of
thread on the inside. Pull the thread all the way through until the tail
is secured.
 Stitch through the remaining holes : Working your way through the
marked holes, pass the needle and thread in and out, forming a
continuous stitch. Keep the tension consistent, but not too tight,
to ensure the pages lie flat and the binding remains secure.
 Tie off the thread : Once you reach the last sewing station, loop the
thread around the last stitch or create a knot to secure it. You can
also make additional knots or loops for added strength if desired. Trim
any excess thread, leaving a short tail.

15.  Inspect and finish: Carefully inspect the sewn binding to ensure that
all stitches are secure and evenly spaced. Check that the pages are
aligned properly and lie flat when opened. Trim any uneven edges if
necessary.
 Thread stitching provides a professional and aesthetically pleasing
binding method. It allows the book to lay flat when opened, making it
easier to read and handle. While it may require more time and
manual effort compared to other binding methods, thread stitching
offers a durable and elegant solution for smaller publications.

16. Adhesive Binding
 Perfect Binding Perfect binding is
also known as adhesive binding.
In this style of binding adhesive
is used as the only securing
material. A hot-melt adhesive is
applied to the spine of the
gathered pages. When the
adhesive dries it securely bounds
the book.

17.  Clamping Station : The sections to be bound are clamped in the
clamping station. The sections need to be jogged before clamping.
The spine side of the sections is to be clamped downside in the
clamp.
 Milling Station : In the milling station, there is a rotary knife. The
clamp takes the sections to the milling station. The rotary knife at the
bottom mills the spine side of the sections. This enables the
penetration of the glue completely into all the individual sheets of the
sections.
 Gluing Station : In the gluing station, there is a glue pot. Hot melt
glue is melted in the glue pot. When the clamp takes the milled
sections above the glue pot, the hot melt glue is applied into the
individual sheets of the sections.

18.  Nipping Station : Immediately after application of the glue on the
spine side, the clamp takes the sections of the book to the nipping
station. In the nipping station, the cover is fed. When the sections of
the book come above the cover, the nipping mechanism presses the
cover against the book. The cover gets attached firmly on to the
book.
 Delivery Station : After the cover is attached the competed book is
delivered onto the delivery tray.

19. Sewing
 Sewing is a versatile and widely used technique in various contexts,
including crafts, garment making, and bookbinding. It involves using a
needle and thread to join fabric, materials, or pages together.

20. Types of sewing
French Sewing or Library
Sewing
 The sections to be sewn are
jogged well by knocking the
head and spine of the
sections on the table. The
sections are held in between
the plates of a nipping press.
Saw cuts are made on the
spine for making holes for
sewing.

21. Tape Sewing or
(Sewing on Tapes)
 This is similar to French
sewing but, tapes are used
as a reinforcing material at
the spine side. The number
of tapes depends upon the
length of the book. The
position of the tapes and
holes are marked using
pencil. The thread passes
over the tapes while sewing.
Finally the tapes are
attached to the end paper.
This gives extra strength to
the book and board.

22. Raised Cord Sewing or Flexible
Sewing
 In raised cord sewing, instead
of tapes, cords are used as
the reinforcing material. This
is similar to tape sewing but
the thread encircles the cord
while sewing. This gives a
raised effect on the spine.
The cords are spread and
laced to the boards. This kind
of sewing gives flexibility to
the spine. Costlier books are
sewn by this method. This is
also called as flexible sewing.

23. Recessed Cord Sewing or
( Sawn-in Sewing )
 In recessed cord sewing
grooves are made at the spine
of the book for placing the
cords. The cords are placed in
the grooves while sewing.
This avoids the raised effect
of the cord on the spine. This
sewing is also called as sawn-
in sewing

24. Over cast Sewing
 Loose sheets or the books
with narrow margins are sewn
by this method. The spine
side is trimmed (in case of
old books or uneven sheets)
and glued. After drying, the
book is separated into
sections and sewn using thin
thread and thin needles
through the glued sections.

25. Two-on or All Along Sewing
 Thick book (i.e.) book
containing more sections in
bulk causes extra bulk on the
spine due to threads. To avoid
this bulk, two-on or all along
sewing is used. In this style,
while the thread passes from
one end to the other end
(i.e.) from tail to head, it
links two or three sections.
Due to this the bulge caused
by the thread in the spine is
reduced.

26. Sewing Feeders and Delivery
When it comes to sewing feeders and delivery systems, there are
different components and mechanisms involved to ensure the smooth and
accurate movement of fabric or materials during the sewing process.
Here are some key aspects related to sewing feeders and delivery:
 Feeders : Sewing feeders are mechanisms that control the movement
of fabric or materials through the sewing machine. There are different
types of feeders, including:
 Drop feed : This is the most common type of feeder found in most
household sewing machines. The fabric is placed under the presser
foot, and the feed dogs underneath the presser foot move the fabric
along as the machine stitches.

27.  Differential feed : Used in specialized sewing machines, differential
feed systems have two sets of feed dogs that can be adjusted
independently. This allows for the feeding of different types of fabric
or for specific sewing techniques like gathering or stretching.
 Puller feed : Puller feed systems use additional mechanisms, such as
wheels or belts, to assist in the feeding of fabric or materials. They
are often used for heavy-duty sewing or for materials that require
extra control during the sewing process.

28.  Delivery Systems : The delivery system in sewing refers to how the
fabric or materials are handled and delivered after being sewn. It
ensures that the sewn fabric moves smoothly away from the sewing
machine and is properly stacked or rolled for further processing or
finishing. The delivery system may include:
 Conveyor belts : In industrial sewing operations, conveyor belts can
be used to transport the sewn fabric away from the sewing machine.
They provide continuous movement, allowing for efficient production.

29.  Accumulator systems : These systems are used when sewing
operations require a pause or interruption in the fabric flow. An
accumulator temporarily stores the sewn fabric while the sewing
machine continues to run. Once ready, the fabric is released in a
controlled manner.
 Stackers or rollers : In some sewing applications, stackers or rollers
are used to neatly collect and stack the sewn fabric for further
processing or packaging. They can be manual or automated,
depending on the scale of the operation.

30. Control and adjustments:
 Sewing feeders and delivery systems often feature controls and
adjustments to fine-tune the feeding and delivery process. These can
include speed controls, stitch length adjustments, tension settings,
and other parameters that allow for optimal feeding and delivery
based on the fabric or materials being sewn.
 It's important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines
when setting up, operating, and maintaining sewing feeders and
delivery systems. Regular cleaning, lubrication, and inspection of
these components are essential to ensure their proper function and to
prevent any issues during the sewing process.
 Overall, sewing feeders and delivery systems play a crucial role in
achieving accurate and consistent stitching results, as well as
efficient fabric handling and production flow in sewing operations.

31. Mechanical Sewing
 Mechanical sewing refers to the process of using a mechanical sewing
machine to stitch fabrics together. Mechanical sewing machines are
powered by hand or foot-operated mechanisms, and they utilize
mechanical components to create stitches. Here's an overview of
mechanical sewing:
 Set up the machine : Place the mechanical sewing machine on a
stable surface, ensuring it is properly secured. Thread the machine by
following the threading path indicated on the machine and the user
manual. Wind the bobbin and insert it into the bobbin case.
 Select the stitch type and settings : Mechanical sewing machines
typically offer a variety of stitch options, such as straight stitch,
zigzag stitch, buttonhole stitch, and decorative stitches. Choose the
desired stitch type on the machine's stitch selector and adjust any
necessary settings, such as stitch length and width, using the
machine's dials or levers.

32.  Prepare the fabric : Place the fabric you want to sew under the
presser foot, ensuring that the fabric edge lines up with the desired
seam allowance. Lower the presser foot to hold the fabric in place.
 Operate the machine : Start sewing by slowly turning the handwheel
towards you or pressing the foot pedal, depending on the type of
mechanical machine you have. The machine will create stitches as the
fabric is guided through the machine's feed dogs.
 Guide the fabric : As you sew, guide the fabric through the machine,
keeping it aligned with the desired seam line or stitch pattern.
Maintain a steady and even pace, avoiding pulling or pushing the
fabric excessively, which can affect stitch quality.

33.  Backstitch or secure stitches : To secure the stitches at the
beginning and end of a seam, perform a few reverse stitches
(backstitching) or use the machine's built-in stitch locking function if
available.
 Finish and trim excess threads : When you've sewn the desired
length or completed the seam, lift the presser foot and gently pull the
fabric away from the machine. Trim any excess threads using scissors
or a thread cutter.
 Mechanical sewing machines are reliable and suitable for a wide range
of sewing projects. They are often preferred for their simplicity and
durability. Regular maintenance, such as cleaning, oiling, and timely
replacement of needles and bobbins, will help keep the mechanical
sewing machine in good working condition.
 Remember to consult the machine's user manual for specific
instructions and safety guidelines. With practice, you can become
proficient in using a mechanical sewing machine to create various
stitches and complete sewing projects efficiently.

34. Loose leaf Binding
Loose-leaf binding is the most common form of stationary binding. There
are many kinds of loose-leaf binding. But two methods are most
commonly used.
They are:
 Spiral Binding
 Comb Binding

35. Spiral Binding
 A Spiral Binding consists of a
continuous wire, which is
coiled through evenly spaced
holes that have been punched
into the pages of a book. The
spiral wire can be made of
metal, plastic or plastic –
coated metal. Plastic is
available in verity of colors,
but the metal spiral is not
available in many colors.
When the books are open, the
pages lie flat. The spiral
binding is used for binding
training manuals, cook books,
note books and calendars.

36. Comb Binding
 This is a method of binding
using plastic “comb” through
rectangular holes in the
paper. This type of binding
allows book to open flat. This
type of binding also allows
addition or removal of pages
from a book.

37. Sewing Materials
 When it comes to sewing, there are various materials and supplies
that are commonly used to create garments, accessories, home decor
items, and more. Here are some essential sewing materials:
 Fabrics: Fabrics are the primary material used in sewing. There are
countless options available, including cotton, linen, silk, wool,
polyester, rayon, denim, and many more. Fabrics come in different
weights, colors, patterns, and textures, allowing for endless creative
possibilities.
 Thread: Thread is used to stitch fabrics together. It comes in various
colors and thicknesses. Polyester and cotton threads are commonly
used for general sewing purposes, while specialty threads like silk or
nylon may be used for specific projects.

38.  Needles : Sewing needles
are used to hand sew or to
thread a sewing machine.
They come in different sizes
and types, such as sharps,
ballpoints, embroidery
needles, and more. The type
of needle you choose
depends on the fabric and
the sewing technique.
 Pins and needles : Straight
pins are used to temporarily
hold fabric pieces together
before stitching. They come
in different lengths and
thicknesses. Needles with
large heads, called sewing
needles or hand needles, are
useful for tasks like basting
or attaching buttons.

39.  Scissors : Good-quality
sewing scissors are essential
for cutting fabrics. Fabric
shears have long, sharp
blades that allow for precise
cutting. It's important to use
fabric scissors exclusively for
fabric to maintain their
sharpness.
 Measuring tools : Measuring
tools such as a tape measure
or ruler are necessary for
taking measurements and
ensuring accurate cuts. A
clear grid ruler is handy for
measuring and marking
straight lines.

40. Sewing Styles & Purpose of each
Method
There are several sewing styles or techniques used in the world of
sewing, each serving a specific purpose and achieving different
outcomes. Here are some common sewing styles and their purposes:
 Straight Stitch : The straight stitch is the most basic and commonly
used stitch in sewing. It is a simple, straight line of stitching created
by the sewing machine or hand sewing. It is suitable for general
sewing, seaming, and hemming.
 Zigzag Stitch : The zigzag stitch creates a series of back-and-forth
diagonal stitches. It is commonly used to finish raw fabric edges,
prevent fraying, add stretchability, and create decorative effects. It is
especially useful for sewing knit fabrics or sewing stretchable seams.

41.  Overlock Stitch : The overlock stitch, also known as a serged edge, is
created by an overlock machine or a sewing machine with an overlock
function. It trims the fabric edge and sews over it simultaneously,
creating a neat and professional finish. Overlock stitches are commonly
used for seaming, finishing raw edges, and sewing knits.
 Flat-felled Seam : A flat-felled seam is a strong and durable seam
commonly used in denim or heavy-duty fabrics. It involves sewing two
fabric edges with a combination of seam allowances, and then folding
and topstitching to create a flat and secure seam with finished edges
on both sides.
 Blind Hem : The blind hem is a nearly invisible stitch used for hemming
garments. It involves creating small, hidden stitches that catch only a
few threads of the fabric on the right side, while the bulk of the stitch
remains hidden on the wrong side. It creates a clean and professional-
looking hem.

42.  Appliqué : Appliqué is a decorative sewing technique where fabric shapes
or motifs are sewn onto a base fabric to create a design. It can be done
by hand or machine and is used to add embellishments, patterns, or
patches to garments, accessories, or home decor items.
 These are just a few examples of sewing styles, and there are many more
specialized techniques used in different sewing projects. The choice of
sewing style depends on the specific purpose, fabric type, desired finish,
and the overall design of the project. Understanding and mastering
different sewing styles allow you to expand your sewing skills and create
a wide variety of garments and items with different techniques and
effects.