The document discusses Thinking-Based Learning (TBL) and Competency-Based Learning (CBL), emphasizing the importance of nurturing critical thinking and practical skills in education. TBL encourages higher-order thinking through discussions, problem-solving, and reflective practices, while CBL focuses on predefined competencies that students must master through personalized and active learning approaches. Implementation strategies for both methods include collaborative efforts, hands-on activities, and continuous assessment to foster student autonomy and real-world application.