Cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth and can be malignant or benign. Malignant tumors can spread throughout the body while benign tumors do not. The top causes of cancer deaths are tobacco use, obesity, poor diet, alcohol, certain infections, radiation, and pollution. Cancer prevention includes not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol, and eating plenty of fruits and vegetables. Common cancer treatments involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. The goals, dosages, schedules, and potential side effects of chemotherapy are considered based on the type and stage of a patient's cancer.

1. By : Sandeep Bansal

2. •Cancer is a group of diseases
involving abnormal cell growth.
•Cancer is two types:
1. Malignant tumour
2. benign tumour
• Malignat tumour spreads on the
body parts.
• Benign tumour do not spreads
on the body part

3. CAUSES OF CANCER
1. Tobacco use is the cause of about
22% of cancer deaths.
2. 10% is due to obesity, poor diet,
lack of physical activity and
drinking alcohol.
3. The factors include certain
infections,exposure to ionising
radiations and enviornmental
pollutants.

4. PREVENTION OF CANCER
 Many cancer can be prevented by
not smoking, maintaing a healthy
weight.
 Not drinking to much alcohol.
 Eating plenty of vegetables,fruits
and whole grains.
 Vaccination against certain
infectious diseases.

5.  Cancer is often treated with some
combination of radiation thearphy,
surgery, chemotheraphy, and
targated theraphy.
 Pain and symptoms management
are an important part of care.

6. TYPES OF CANCER
 the most common types of cancer
are:
 In males:
1. Lung cancer
2. Prostate cancer
3. Colorectal cancer
4. Stomach cancer

7.  In females:
1. Breast cancer
2. Colorectal cancer
3. Lung cancer
4. Cervical cancer

8. OTHERS TYPES OF
CANCER
 SKIN CANCER other than melanoma
included in total new cancers each
year it would account for around
40% of cases.
 In childrens acute lymphoblastic
leukaemia and brain tumours are
most common except in africa.

9. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
1. When cancer begins, it produces no
symptoms.
2. Signs and symptoms appear as the
mass grows or ulcerates. The
findings that result depends on the
cancers types and location And few
symptoms are specific.

10. LOCAL SYMPTOMS
 Local symptoms may occurs due to
the mass of the tumour or its
ulceration.
 For examples: mass effects from
lung cancer can block the bronchus
resulting in cough and pneumonia
 Easophagul cancer can cause
narrowing of the easophagus.

11.  Colorectal cancer may lead to
narrowing or blockage in the bowel,
Affecting bowel habits.
 Ulceration can cause bleeding that if
it occurs in the lung will lead to
coughing up blood.
 Some cancer can cause a buildup of
fluid within the chest or abdomen.

12. SYSTEMIC SYMPTOMS
 Symptoms oocur due to effects that
are not related to direct or
metastatic spread.
 these may include unintentional
weight loss, fever, excessive fatigue
and changes to the skin.
 Hodgkin diseases leukemias and
cancer of the liver or kidney can
cause a persistent fever.

13. TREATMENT BY DRUGS
 Alkylating agents, anti metabolites,
antibiotics, miro tubule inhibitors,
steropids harmones and their
antagonist, miscellaneous agents
etc.
 For example: melphalan,
methotrexate, bleomycin ,
vinblastine, etc

14. CHEMOTHERAPY FOR
CANCER
 Chemotherapy is the use of any drug
to treat any diseases. But to most
people, the word chemotherpy means
drug used for cancer treatment and it
is also called CHEMO.
 Surgery and radiation theraphy
remove, kill, or damage cancer cells in
certain area, but chemo can work
throughout the whole body.

15.  Chemo can kill cancer cells that
have spread to parts of the body far
away from the original tumour.

16. GOALS OF
CHEMOTHERAPY
TREATMENT
 There are three main goals fpr
chemotheraphy in cancer
treatment:
1. Cure
2. Control
3. palliation

17. PLANING OF
CHEMOTHERPY
TREATMENT
 Chemo may be used to shrink a
tumour before surgery or radiation
theraphy.
 It may be used after surgery or
radiation thearphy to help kill any
remaining cancer cells.
 It may be used with other
treatments if cancer comes back.

18. FACTORS OF DRUG
CHOOSING
1. The type of cancer.
2. The stage of cancer.
3. The patients age.
4. The patients overall health.
5. Other serious health problems like:
( heart , liver, or kidney diseases).
6. Types of cancer treatments givenin the
past.

19. CHEMOTHERPHY DOSES
 for some reasons, dosage of some
drugs may also be adjusted for people
who:
1. Are elderly
2. Are obese
3. Have poor nutritional status
4. Have already taken or currently
taking other medicines.
5. Have low blood cells counts
6. Have liver or kidney diseases.

20. CHEMOTHERAPHY
SCHEDULE
 Chemotheraphyis commonly given at
regilar intervals called cycles.
 Each drug is given on a schedule that
makes the most of its anti cancer actions
and minimize side effects.
 The number of cycles given may be decided
before treatment starts, based on the type
and stage of cancer.
 In some cases the no. is flexible , and will
take into account how the treatment affects
the cancer and the persons overall health.

21. CHANGING
CHEMOTHERAPHY DOSE
AND SCHEDULE
 In most cases, the most effective doses
and schedule of drugs to treat specific
cancer have been found by testing
them in CLINICAL TRIALS.
 It is important, when possible to get
the full course of chemo, the full dose,
and keep the cycle on schedule. This
gives a persons the best chance of
getting the maximum benefit from
treatment.

22.  When serious side effects require
adjusting the chemo plan ( dose/
schedule) to allow you time to
recover.
 Sometimes, you might be given
supportive medicines to help your
body recover more quickly.
 Again, the key is to give enough chemo
to kill the cancer cells without causing
other serious problems.

23. thankyou