Chemotherapy drugs are managed by the trained healthcare professional with many standard precautions. Most of the cancer patients must gone through the chemotherapy treatment
This document discusses tyrosine kinase inhibitors and their role in cancer therapy. It begins by introducing tyrosine kinases and their importance in cellular signaling pathways. Tyrosine kinases are implicated in cancer development and progression. The document then discusses the classification, structure, and mechanisms of tyrosine kinase receptors. It provides examples of FDA-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors for various cancers. The document discusses strategies for inhibiting EGFR signaling, including monoclonal antibodies and small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors. It also provides information on trastuzumab and its role and use for HER2-positive breast cancer.
- German chemist Paul Ehrlich coined the term "chemotherapy" to refer to treatment of disease with chemical drugs. By the 1950s, the term was primarily used to refer to drugs used to treat cancer.
- Chemotherapy involves using drugs to treat cancer and typically involves drugs that interfere with cell division, such as methotrexate or fluorouracil.
- The choice of chemotherapy depends on factors like the location and stage of the tumor and the patient's health. While it can cure some cancers, it is most effective against cancer before metastasis.
Sidney Farber is considered the father of modern chemotherapy. The history of chemotherapy began with early experiments using heavy metals and immunostimulants in the 1500s-1800s. Significant developments occurred during World Wars I and II, including the discovery of nitrogen mustard's ability to suppress the bone marrow and lymph nodes. In the post-war decades of the 1950s-1970s, chemotherapy drugs were developed and tested through the National Cancer Institute and Children's Cancer Group. Recent decades saw the growth of targeted therapies, monoclonal antibodies, and other novel agents, while many challenges of chemotherapy discovered by early researchers remain relevant today.
Chemotherapy drugs work by targeting rapidly dividing cancer cells. Historically, chemotherapy began with accidental discoveries of drug effects. Modern chemotherapy classifications include cell cycle phase-specific and non-specific drugs. Tumor growth models like Skipper's laws and Goldie-Coldman hypothesis informed chemo design and dosing. Combination chemo is now standard, aiming for maximal cell kill within toxicity limits to overcome resistance. Routes include intravenous, oral, intrathecal and others. Toxicities require careful management.
Overview and classification of chemotherapeutic agents and theorySaurabh Gupta
This document provides an overview of chemotherapy. It discusses key figures in the development of chemotherapy like Paul Ehrlich and Sidney Farber. It describes different classes of chemotherapeutic agents including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitubulins, topoisomerase inhibitors, antibiotics, and their mechanisms and uses for treating various cancers. Side effects of different drug classes are also outlined.
Immunosuppressive drugs used to treat transplant rejection include calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus and everolimus, anti-proliferatives like azathioprine and mycophenolic acid, corticosteroids like prednisolone and hydrocortisone, and antibodies like the monoclonal anti-IL-2Rα receptor antibodies basiliximab and daclizumab or polyclonal anti-T-cell antibodies like anti-thymocyte globulin. The IL-2 receptor antagonist daclizumab is approved for use in renal, cardiac transplant, and multiple sclerosis.
CANCER: A group of disease involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other part of the body.
CHEMOTHERAPY: the term chemotherapy is describe as the use of chemicals or drugs to treat cancer.
CYTOTOXIC DRUG: lysis both normal and cancer cells
This document discusses tyrosine kinase inhibitors and their role in cancer therapy. It begins by introducing tyrosine kinases and their importance in cellular signaling pathways. Tyrosine kinases are implicated in cancer development and progression. The document then discusses the classification, structure, and mechanisms of tyrosine kinase receptors. It provides examples of FDA-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors for various cancers. The document discusses strategies for inhibiting EGFR signaling, including monoclonal antibodies and small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors. It also provides information on trastuzumab and its role and use for HER2-positive breast cancer.
- German chemist Paul Ehrlich coined the term "chemotherapy" to refer to treatment of disease with chemical drugs. By the 1950s, the term was primarily used to refer to drugs used to treat cancer.
- Chemotherapy involves using drugs to treat cancer and typically involves drugs that interfere with cell division, such as methotrexate or fluorouracil.
- The choice of chemotherapy depends on factors like the location and stage of the tumor and the patient's health. While it can cure some cancers, it is most effective against cancer before metastasis.
Sidney Farber is considered the father of modern chemotherapy. The history of chemotherapy began with early experiments using heavy metals and immunostimulants in the 1500s-1800s. Significant developments occurred during World Wars I and II, including the discovery of nitrogen mustard's ability to suppress the bone marrow and lymph nodes. In the post-war decades of the 1950s-1970s, chemotherapy drugs were developed and tested through the National Cancer Institute and Children's Cancer Group. Recent decades saw the growth of targeted therapies, monoclonal antibodies, and other novel agents, while many challenges of chemotherapy discovered by early researchers remain relevant today.
Chemotherapy drugs work by targeting rapidly dividing cancer cells. Historically, chemotherapy began with accidental discoveries of drug effects. Modern chemotherapy classifications include cell cycle phase-specific and non-specific drugs. Tumor growth models like Skipper's laws and Goldie-Coldman hypothesis informed chemo design and dosing. Combination chemo is now standard, aiming for maximal cell kill within toxicity limits to overcome resistance. Routes include intravenous, oral, intrathecal and others. Toxicities require careful management.
Overview and classification of chemotherapeutic agents and theorySaurabh Gupta
This document provides an overview of chemotherapy. It discusses key figures in the development of chemotherapy like Paul Ehrlich and Sidney Farber. It describes different classes of chemotherapeutic agents including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitubulins, topoisomerase inhibitors, antibiotics, and their mechanisms and uses for treating various cancers. Side effects of different drug classes are also outlined.
Immunosuppressive drugs used to treat transplant rejection include calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus and everolimus, anti-proliferatives like azathioprine and mycophenolic acid, corticosteroids like prednisolone and hydrocortisone, and antibodies like the monoclonal anti-IL-2Rα receptor antibodies basiliximab and daclizumab or polyclonal anti-T-cell antibodies like anti-thymocyte globulin. The IL-2 receptor antagonist daclizumab is approved for use in renal, cardiac transplant, and multiple sclerosis.
CANCER: A group of disease involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other part of the body.
CHEMOTHERAPY: the term chemotherapy is describe as the use of chemicals or drugs to treat cancer.
CYTOTOXIC DRUG: lysis both normal and cancer cells
Chapter 24.1 kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodiesNilesh Kucha
Tyrosine kinases are enzymes that help transfer phosphate groups and play a role in cell signaling. There are two types: receptor tyrosine kinases which are transmembrane proteins, and non-receptor tyrosine kinases which act as intracellular signal transducers. When tyrosine kinases are mutated or overexpressed, they can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and survival contributing to cancer. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are small molecule drugs that target the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain to inhibit phosphorylation and downstream signaling, thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth and survival. Examples of tyrosine kinase inhibitors discussed in the document include imatinib, gefitinib, lapatinib, crizotinib, sorafenib, sunitin
Chemotherapy involves the use of cytotoxic drugs to treat cancer. The goals of chemotherapy are to cure cancer, improve survival rates, or relieve symptoms. Key principles of chemotherapy include: (1) using drug combinations to increase efficacy and decrease resistance, (2) treating micrometastatic disease early on, and (3) dose intensity being important for response. Adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery or radiation has improved survival rates for several cancers like breast cancer and osteosarcoma by targeting remaining micrometastatic disease.
The document discusses principles of chemotherapy, including common agents and their mechanisms of action, side effects, and clinical considerations. It covers conventional chemotherapy drugs like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, and antitumor antibiotics, as well as their uses in treating cancers and managing side effects. The goal of chemotherapy is to cure cancer through eliminating all cancer cells, achieving long-term disease control, or palliating cancer symptoms.
This document discusses chemotherapy for cancer treatment. It describes the main types of anticancer drugs as cytotoxic, targeted, and hormonal drugs. Cytotoxic drugs are further broken down into categories like alkylating agents, platinum coordination compounds, antimetabolites, and microtubule damaging agents. The document also covers general principles of chemotherapy like using combination therapy to achieve total tumour cell kill and targeting actively dividing cancer cells. Adverse effects of cytotoxic drugs are explained, like bone marrow depression and immunosuppression. The goal of cancer therapy is outlined as cure, prolonging remission, or palliation depending on the cancer type and stage.
Management of adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy 1Dr. Pooja
This document discusses the management of adverse effects from cancer chemotherapy. It covers nausea and vomiting, myelosuppression, alopecia, mucositis, and teratogenicity. For nausea and vomiting, it describes the physiology and classifications, as well as antiemetic agents used for low, moderate, and high emetogenic chemotherapy. It also discusses the use of growth factors to manage chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression and thrombocytopenia. Methods for preventing and treating alopecia and mucositis are summarized.
This document discusses pharmacology of antineoplastic agents. It begins by classifying antineoplastic agents into cell cycle specific agents, cell cycle non-specific agents, and miscellaneous agents like antibodies. It then discusses mechanisms of action, side effects, and drug resistance. Specific agents and their mechanisms, uses, and side effects are outlined. Alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide and mechanisms like crosslinking DNA are explained in detail.
This document discusses pain management in cancer patients. It notes that 75% of advanced cancer patients experience pain, with one third having a single pain site and one third having two or more pain sites. Pain management involves a multidimensional evaluation and may include modification of the pathological process, non-drug methods, interruption of pain pathways, modification of lifestyle, and use of analgesics like opioids, non-opioids, and adjuvants. Strong opioids combined with non-opioids and adjuvants are recommended for severe pain.
1) The document discusses a symposium on trastuzumab in early breast cancer treatment.
2) Trastuzumab requires HER2 overexpression for efficacy and is associated with improved overall survival when used in the adjuvant setting for breast cancers that overexpress HER2.
3) The symposium included a question and answer session on the appropriate use and efficacy of trastuzumab in breast cancer treatment.
this slide contain information about antibody mediated anti-cancer therapy like antibody drug conjugates (ADC), Bispecific monoclonal antibody, Immuno-checkpoint therapy, biomarkers, mechanism of action of all 3 therapies, approved drugs of each category
The document discusses various types of anticancer drugs including alkylating agents like cisplatin and cyclophosphamide, antimetabolites like methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil, and targeted drugs. It describes their mechanisms of action, toxicities, and common uses in treating cancers like breast cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and others. The goal of cancer chemotherapy is to cure cancer when possible or induce remission, but the drugs can also be used for palliation to reduce tumor size and prolong life when the cancer is not curable.
Immunosuppressant are drugs or medicines that lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted organ. Another term for these drugs is anti-rejection drugs. There are 2 types of immunosuppressants: Induction drugs: Powerful antirejection medicine used at the time of transplant.
This document discusses various targeted cancer therapies including monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and other targeted agents. It describes key targets of these therapies such as protein kinases, growth factor receptors, angiogenesis pathways, and nuclear factors. Specific drugs are discussed that target ABL, EGFR, VEGFR, mTOR, MAPK pathways, and the proteasome. Resistance mechanisms and combination approaches are also mentioned.
This document discusses various types of anticancer drugs, including targeted drugs, hormonal drugs, and unarmed monoclonal antibodies. It provides examples of each type of drug and describes their uses, pharmacokinetics, and common adverse effects. Specifically, it outlines tyrosine kinase inhibitors like imatinib that are used for chronic myeloid leukemia, EGF receptor inhibitors like gefitinib for lung cancer, aromatase inhibitors like letrozole and anastrozole for breast cancer, and the monoclonal antibody rituximab which targets B-cells and is used for hematological cancers and autoimmune diseases.
Chemotherapy uses cytotoxic drugs to destroy cancer cells throughout the body. It aims to do maximum damage to cancer cells while causing minimum damage to healthy tissue. Common goals of chemotherapy include cure, increased survival, palliation of symptoms, and adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment. Several classes of chemotherapy drugs exist including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors, antibiotics, and others. While chemotherapy can be effective, some tumors develop resistance over time requiring alternative treatment approaches.
Biological therapies are drugs derived from living organisms that are used to treat various medical conditions. Common biological therapies include monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and growth factors. These agents are used to treat diseases like cancer, arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. While effective, biological therapies can have significant side effects like increased risk of infection and autoimmune disorders. Ongoing research continues to develop new biological agents and dosing strategies to maximize benefits and minimize risks.
The document discusses various thrombolytic drugs (fibrinolytics), which are used to lyse blood clots and recanalize occluded blood vessels. It describes the mechanism of action of thrombolytic drugs like streptokinase, urokinase, alteplase, reteplase and tenecteplase. It provides details on the therapeutic uses, indications, contraindications and adverse effects of thrombolytic drugs in treating conditions like acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis and more. The document is authored by Dr. Lokendra Sharma, Professor of Pharmacology at SMS Medical College in Jaipur.
This document discusses various aspects of anticancer drugs and chemotherapy, including:
1. Types of chemotherapy drugs like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, and their mechanisms of action and cell cycle effects.
2. Goals and principles of cancer therapy like cure, remission, combination chemotherapy, and developing resistance.
3. Toxicities of chemotherapy drugs and methods to counter them, like growth factors and protective agents.
4. Targeted therapies like monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors used to treat specific cancers.
This document provides an overview of immunotherapy for cancer. It discusses how immunotherapy works by boosting the body's natural immune response against cancer cells. The main types of immunotherapy discussed are monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, and non-specific immunotherapies like cytokines and interferons. Monoclonal antibodies are engineered antibodies that target specific antigens on cancer cells, while cancer vaccines are designed to trigger an immune response against tumor antigens. Together, these immunotherapies help the immune system better recognize and destroy cancer cells.
The document summarizes various toxicities caused by anticancer drugs and their management. It discusses acute and delayed toxicities affecting organs like bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, lung and heart. It provides examples of drugs causing specific toxicities like neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia and strategies to ameliorate them, including hematopoietic growth factors, cytoprotective agents, dose adjustments and supportive care. The summary highlights management of common toxicities like nausea, diarrhea, stomatitis and alopecia through symptomatic measures and agents.
Chemotherapy is an aggressive form of chemical drug therapy meant to destroy rapidly growing cells in the body.It is usually used to treat cancer, as cancer cells grow and divide faster than other cells.
Chapter 24.1 kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodiesNilesh Kucha
Tyrosine kinases are enzymes that help transfer phosphate groups and play a role in cell signaling. There are two types: receptor tyrosine kinases which are transmembrane proteins, and non-receptor tyrosine kinases which act as intracellular signal transducers. When tyrosine kinases are mutated or overexpressed, they can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and survival contributing to cancer. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are small molecule drugs that target the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain to inhibit phosphorylation and downstream signaling, thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth and survival. Examples of tyrosine kinase inhibitors discussed in the document include imatinib, gefitinib, lapatinib, crizotinib, sorafenib, sunitin
Chemotherapy involves the use of cytotoxic drugs to treat cancer. The goals of chemotherapy are to cure cancer, improve survival rates, or relieve symptoms. Key principles of chemotherapy include: (1) using drug combinations to increase efficacy and decrease resistance, (2) treating micrometastatic disease early on, and (3) dose intensity being important for response. Adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery or radiation has improved survival rates for several cancers like breast cancer and osteosarcoma by targeting remaining micrometastatic disease.
The document discusses principles of chemotherapy, including common agents and their mechanisms of action, side effects, and clinical considerations. It covers conventional chemotherapy drugs like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, and antitumor antibiotics, as well as their uses in treating cancers and managing side effects. The goal of chemotherapy is to cure cancer through eliminating all cancer cells, achieving long-term disease control, or palliating cancer symptoms.
This document discusses chemotherapy for cancer treatment. It describes the main types of anticancer drugs as cytotoxic, targeted, and hormonal drugs. Cytotoxic drugs are further broken down into categories like alkylating agents, platinum coordination compounds, antimetabolites, and microtubule damaging agents. The document also covers general principles of chemotherapy like using combination therapy to achieve total tumour cell kill and targeting actively dividing cancer cells. Adverse effects of cytotoxic drugs are explained, like bone marrow depression and immunosuppression. The goal of cancer therapy is outlined as cure, prolonging remission, or palliation depending on the cancer type and stage.
Management of adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy 1Dr. Pooja
This document discusses the management of adverse effects from cancer chemotherapy. It covers nausea and vomiting, myelosuppression, alopecia, mucositis, and teratogenicity. For nausea and vomiting, it describes the physiology and classifications, as well as antiemetic agents used for low, moderate, and high emetogenic chemotherapy. It also discusses the use of growth factors to manage chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression and thrombocytopenia. Methods for preventing and treating alopecia and mucositis are summarized.
This document discusses pharmacology of antineoplastic agents. It begins by classifying antineoplastic agents into cell cycle specific agents, cell cycle non-specific agents, and miscellaneous agents like antibodies. It then discusses mechanisms of action, side effects, and drug resistance. Specific agents and their mechanisms, uses, and side effects are outlined. Alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide and mechanisms like crosslinking DNA are explained in detail.
This document discusses pain management in cancer patients. It notes that 75% of advanced cancer patients experience pain, with one third having a single pain site and one third having two or more pain sites. Pain management involves a multidimensional evaluation and may include modification of the pathological process, non-drug methods, interruption of pain pathways, modification of lifestyle, and use of analgesics like opioids, non-opioids, and adjuvants. Strong opioids combined with non-opioids and adjuvants are recommended for severe pain.
1) The document discusses a symposium on trastuzumab in early breast cancer treatment.
2) Trastuzumab requires HER2 overexpression for efficacy and is associated with improved overall survival when used in the adjuvant setting for breast cancers that overexpress HER2.
3) The symposium included a question and answer session on the appropriate use and efficacy of trastuzumab in breast cancer treatment.
this slide contain information about antibody mediated anti-cancer therapy like antibody drug conjugates (ADC), Bispecific monoclonal antibody, Immuno-checkpoint therapy, biomarkers, mechanism of action of all 3 therapies, approved drugs of each category
The document discusses various types of anticancer drugs including alkylating agents like cisplatin and cyclophosphamide, antimetabolites like methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil, and targeted drugs. It describes their mechanisms of action, toxicities, and common uses in treating cancers like breast cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and others. The goal of cancer chemotherapy is to cure cancer when possible or induce remission, but the drugs can also be used for palliation to reduce tumor size and prolong life when the cancer is not curable.
Immunosuppressant are drugs or medicines that lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted organ. Another term for these drugs is anti-rejection drugs. There are 2 types of immunosuppressants: Induction drugs: Powerful antirejection medicine used at the time of transplant.
This document discusses various targeted cancer therapies including monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and other targeted agents. It describes key targets of these therapies such as protein kinases, growth factor receptors, angiogenesis pathways, and nuclear factors. Specific drugs are discussed that target ABL, EGFR, VEGFR, mTOR, MAPK pathways, and the proteasome. Resistance mechanisms and combination approaches are also mentioned.
This document discusses various types of anticancer drugs, including targeted drugs, hormonal drugs, and unarmed monoclonal antibodies. It provides examples of each type of drug and describes their uses, pharmacokinetics, and common adverse effects. Specifically, it outlines tyrosine kinase inhibitors like imatinib that are used for chronic myeloid leukemia, EGF receptor inhibitors like gefitinib for lung cancer, aromatase inhibitors like letrozole and anastrozole for breast cancer, and the monoclonal antibody rituximab which targets B-cells and is used for hematological cancers and autoimmune diseases.
Chemotherapy uses cytotoxic drugs to destroy cancer cells throughout the body. It aims to do maximum damage to cancer cells while causing minimum damage to healthy tissue. Common goals of chemotherapy include cure, increased survival, palliation of symptoms, and adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment. Several classes of chemotherapy drugs exist including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors, antibiotics, and others. While chemotherapy can be effective, some tumors develop resistance over time requiring alternative treatment approaches.
Biological therapies are drugs derived from living organisms that are used to treat various medical conditions. Common biological therapies include monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and growth factors. These agents are used to treat diseases like cancer, arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. While effective, biological therapies can have significant side effects like increased risk of infection and autoimmune disorders. Ongoing research continues to develop new biological agents and dosing strategies to maximize benefits and minimize risks.
The document discusses various thrombolytic drugs (fibrinolytics), which are used to lyse blood clots and recanalize occluded blood vessels. It describes the mechanism of action of thrombolytic drugs like streptokinase, urokinase, alteplase, reteplase and tenecteplase. It provides details on the therapeutic uses, indications, contraindications and adverse effects of thrombolytic drugs in treating conditions like acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis and more. The document is authored by Dr. Lokendra Sharma, Professor of Pharmacology at SMS Medical College in Jaipur.
This document discusses various aspects of anticancer drugs and chemotherapy, including:
1. Types of chemotherapy drugs like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, and their mechanisms of action and cell cycle effects.
2. Goals and principles of cancer therapy like cure, remission, combination chemotherapy, and developing resistance.
3. Toxicities of chemotherapy drugs and methods to counter them, like growth factors and protective agents.
4. Targeted therapies like monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors used to treat specific cancers.
This document provides an overview of immunotherapy for cancer. It discusses how immunotherapy works by boosting the body's natural immune response against cancer cells. The main types of immunotherapy discussed are monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, and non-specific immunotherapies like cytokines and interferons. Monoclonal antibodies are engineered antibodies that target specific antigens on cancer cells, while cancer vaccines are designed to trigger an immune response against tumor antigens. Together, these immunotherapies help the immune system better recognize and destroy cancer cells.
The document summarizes various toxicities caused by anticancer drugs and their management. It discusses acute and delayed toxicities affecting organs like bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, lung and heart. It provides examples of drugs causing specific toxicities like neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia and strategies to ameliorate them, including hematopoietic growth factors, cytoprotective agents, dose adjustments and supportive care. The summary highlights management of common toxicities like nausea, diarrhea, stomatitis and alopecia through symptomatic measures and agents.
Chemotherapy is an aggressive form of chemical drug therapy meant to destroy rapidly growing cells in the body.It is usually used to treat cancer, as cancer cells grow and divide faster than other cells.
This document provides an overview of chemotherapy principles and common agents for internal medicine house staff. It begins with frameworks for understanding antineoplastic agents and reviews basic chemotherapy principles. It then discusses the different modalities of cancer treatment including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, immunotherapy and hormonal therapy. Specific sections cover common chemotherapy agents, their mechanisms of action, uses and side effects.
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and spread. Some key points:
- Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men and breast cancer is most common in women.
- Risk factors include tobacco use, obesity, viruses, chemicals, radiation, and genetic mutations.
- Prevention focuses on healthy behaviors like not smoking, diet, exercise and limiting sun exposure.
- Treatment involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and other approaches depending on cancer type and stage. Combined therapies are often used but all treatments can cause side effects.
German chemist Paul Ehrlich coined the term "chemotherapy" to refer to treatment of disease with drugs or chemicals. By the 1950s, the term was primarily used to refer to drugs used to treat cancer. Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to treat cancers caused by uncontrolled cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis due to chromosomal abnormalities and oncogene expression. Common chemotherapy drugs act by interfering with cell division, DNA/RNA synthesis, and microtubule formation. Combination chemotherapy using multiple agents with different mechanisms of action has improved treatment outcomes but can also lead to drug resistance developing over time. Factors such as tumor type, stage, location, and patient health determine optimal chemotherapy approaches.
This document discusses chemotherapy for ovarian cancers. It begins by introducing chemotherapy and its history. It then covers the cell cycle and phases. It classifies chemotherapeutic agents and discusses their mechanisms of action. It describes principles of chemotherapy administration and contraindications. The rest of the document focuses specifically on chemotherapy protocols and considerations for ovarian cancer, including for early, advanced, recurrent, and germ cell ovarian cancers.
This document discusses principles of chemotherapy and classification of anticancer drugs. It begins by defining cancer and its differences from normal cells. The main principles of chemotherapy discussed are the cell kill hypothesis of Skipper and the Norton Simon hypothesis. It then covers classification of anticancer drugs based on cell cycle specificity and mechanism of action. Specific drug classes discussed in detail include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, and cisplatin.
This document provides an overview of anticancer drugs and chemotherapy. It discusses the general approach to cancer therapy, including killing cancer cells and modifying their growth. The main modalities of cancer treatment are described as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. The goals of chemotherapy are cure, prolonged remission, or palliation. Common anticancer drug classes are also summarized, including their mechanisms of action, examples, and toxicities.
This document discusses cytotoxic drugs used in chemotherapy. It begins by defining cytotoxic agents as drugs that destroy or inhibit the growth of malignant cells. It then provides details on various classes of cytotoxic drugs including alkylating agents, platinum coordination complexes, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, antibiotics, and targeted therapies. For each drug class and individual drugs, it describes mechanisms of action, indications, dosages, administration routes, metabolism, toxicities and resistance mechanisms. The document provides an in-depth review of cytotoxic chemotherapy agents.
Adverse Drug Reaction of Chemotherapy.pptxIbrahimHamis2
This document outlines a group project on adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from chemotherapy. It includes an introduction to cancer and chemotherapy, and discusses common ADRs like nausea and vomiting, mucositis, alopecia, and the pharmacist's role in managing ADRs. The epidemiology section notes that ADRs account for 6.5-10.9% of hospital admissions. Later sections provide more details on specific ADRs like chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, risk factors and management strategies.
The document discusses various aspects of cancer chemotherapy including:
1. Guiding principles of cancer chemotherapy aim for total cell kill through early diagnosis, combination chemotherapy, and intermittent regimens.
2. Chemotherapeutic agents are classified based on their mechanism of action and cell cycle specificity, and include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products, and hormones/antagonists.
3. Common chemotherapeutic drugs are discussed including their mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects. Chemotherapy aims to destroy cancer cells while limiting toxicity to normal cells.
Adverse Drug Reaction of Chemotherapy.pptxIbrahimHamis2
This document outlines a group project on adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from chemotherapy. It includes an introduction to cancer and chemotherapy, and discusses the epidemiology and common causes of ADRs. It then focuses on specific ADRs like chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), mucositis, alopecia, and the pharmacist's role in managing ADRs. CINV can be acute, delayed, or anticipatory. Mucositis risk factors include age, smoking, and oral hygiene. Scalp cooling can help prevent alopecia. Pharmacists perform medication evaluations and educate patients to prevent and treat ADRs from cancer treatment.
Adrenal Gland Tumours and their ManagementFaisal Zia
The document discusses adrenal gland tumors and their management. It begins with the anatomy and physiology of the adrenal glands and outlines the classification of adrenal tumors. It then discusses specific tumor types like adrenocortical adenoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma. For each tumor, it covers clinical features, diagnosis, and management strategies including surgery, medication, and follow up. Surgical resection is the primary treatment for most benign functioning and non-functioning tumors, while malignant tumors may also require chemotherapy or radiation.
In vivo studies are those in which the effects of various biological activities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually, including humans, and animals, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism. Animal testing and clinical trials are major elements of in vivo research.
- Chemotherapy began during WWII after observing bone marrow aplasia and lymphoid tissue dissolution in soldiers exposed to nitrogen mustard.
- Chemotherapy can be used definitively, as neoadjuvant therapy before surgery/radiation, adjuvantly after other treatments, or concurrently with radiation therapy.
- Common drugs include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, platinum compounds, taxanes, and antibiotics. They work by alkylating DNA, inhibiting DNA/RNA synthesis, or interfering with microtubule formation.
- Major toxicities include bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal issues like mucositis, alopecia, and increased risk of infection. Careful patient monitoring is important during chemotherapy treatment.
Ovarian cancer is believed to be caused by damage to the ovarian surface during ovulation. Risk factors include nulliparity, early menarche, late menopause, and lack of oral contraceptive pill use or pregnancy. The majority are epithelial cancers, with serous cystadenocarcinoma being the most common type. Treatment involves surgical staging and debulking followed by chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Prognosis depends on stage, with 5-year survival rates of over 90% for stage I disease but only 30% for advanced stage. Follow up after treatment involves monitoring for recurrence every 3-6 months for 5 years.
Adverse Drug Reactions of Chemotherapy 1.pptxIbrahimHamis2
This document outlines adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with chemotherapy. It discusses common ADRs like nausea/vomiting, mucositis, alopecia, and their causes, risk factors, management. It notes that ADRs occur in 6.5-10.9% of hospital admissions. The role of pharmacists is to monitor medication profiles, educate patients on ADRs, document ADRs, and assist in managing supportive care like nausea/pain. Close collaboration between pharmacists and oncologists can help optimize outcomes for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy uses cytotoxic drugs to destroy cancer cells throughout the body. It works by damaging cells that replicate quickly, including both cancer and healthy cells, though cancer cells are less able to recover. Common drug classes include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors, and antibiotics. While chemotherapy can cure cancer or prolong survival, resistance sometimes develops as cancer mutations allow cells to survive treatment. Doctors consider tumor and patient factors to determine the most appropriate treatment.
This document discusses cancer chemotherapy and summarizes key points about various alkylating agents used for chemotherapy. It explains that cancer chemotherapy aims for total cell kill to cure cancer by destroying all malignant cells. Common alkylating agents discussed include nitrogen mustards like cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil, as well as busulfan and thiotepa. These alkylating agents work by forming reactive molecules that cause DNA damage through alkylation, crosslinking and strand breaks, inhibiting cell proliferation. The document reviews the mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects of different alkylating agents.
The document discusses a catheterization laboratory or cath lab, which is an examination room in a hospital equipped with imaging equipment used to visualize the heart arteries and chambers. It describes a cath lab as a sterile unit similar to an operating theater, where procedures are performed under fluoroscopy using medical contrast dye. Common cath lab procedures listed include angiograms, angioplasty, stenting, pacemaker implantation and more. The document outlines the pre-procedure preparations, intra-procedure care, and post-procedure care in a cath lab.
The respiratory system has several functions including distributing air throughout the body, exchanging gases, warming and humidifying air, and allowing for smell. It consists of upper and lower tracts. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx and larynx. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchial tree and lungs. During breathing, pressure changes caused by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles moving air in and out of the lungs, allowing for gas exchange in the alveoli. Various volumes of air are involved including tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
Surgical sutures can be either absorbable or non-absorbable. Absorbable sutures such as polydioxanone (PDS) and polyglycolic acid dissolve over time in the body, while non-absorbable sutures like polypropylene (Prolene) remain permanently. Prolene is a synthetic monofilament suture that provides high tensile strength and minimal scarring. It is commonly used in cardiovascular, orthopedic, and hernia surgeries. While reliable, Prolene sutures have drawbacks like potential for infection, extrusion, and hernia formation.
Practices and better development goals of ot technologistSurgicaltechie.com
The document outlines best practices for maintaining quality care in operating theaters (OT) and intensive care units (ICU). It discusses following protocols like the WHO safety checklist, proper sterilization and disposal of equipment and materials, ensuring a safe environment for patients and staff through practices like laminar airflow and radiation safety gear. Specific guidelines are provided for equipment handling and monitoring of patients, including ventilators, ultrasound machines and arterial lines to optimize outcomes.
1. The lithotomy position involves flexing and supporting the patient's thighs and knees on stirrups with their back supine on an operating table. This provides exposure of the perineum and is used for procedures like cystoscopy.
2. The prone position involves placing the patient face down on the operating table with their arms at their sides. This position allows access to the spine, cranium, and perineal regions and may be used for procedures like closure of myelomeningocele.
3. Potential complications of different positions include nerve damage, pressure ulcers, discomfort, and injuries to the eyes, brachial plexus, or cervical spine depending on the position used. Proper padding
The document discusses wound care products and their classifications and uses. It states that wound care products can be classified based on wound bed color, moisture level, or depth. The document identifies the basic components of a wound care formulary, including absorptive dressings, alginates, foams, gauze, and transparent films. It provides examples of different products and describes their advantages and disadvantages for various wound types.
This document outlines various hazards found in operating rooms and recommendations to prevent unusual incidents. It classifies hazards as physical, chemical, or biological and describes specific examples under each category such as noise, radiation, anesthetic gases, and infectious waste. Recommendations are provided to address each hazard through proper room design, equipment use, personal protective equipment, and staff education. Regular training and safety protocols can help control hazards in the operating room and maintain high quality patient care.
Chemotherapy is a type of treatment to cancer patients in a way to reduce the risk of cancer and stops the severity of level
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School health is part of nursing care for the community care provider. To monitor the school students health conditions and health education to students and teachers.
VEDANTA AIR AMBULANCE SERVICES IN REWA AT A COST-EFFECTIVE PRICE.pdfVedanta A
Air Ambulance Services In Rewa works in close coordination with ground-based emergency services, including local Emergency Medical Services, fire departments, and law enforcement agencies.
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NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH EMPHYSEMA .PPTblessyjannu21
Prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, VICE PRINCIPAL, FNCON, SPN.
Emphysema is a disease condition of respiratory system.
Emphysema is an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis.
Emphysema of lung is defined as hyper inflation of the lung ais spaces due to obstruction of non respiratory bronchioles as due to loss of elasticity of alveoli.
It is a type of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease.
It is a progressive disease of lungs.
As Mumbai's premier kidney transplant and donation center, L H Hiranandani Hospital Powai is not just a medical facility; it's a beacon of hope where cutting-edge science meets compassionate care, transforming lives and redefining the standards of kidney health in India.
Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Children - Counselling and Family Thera...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) is the level of carbon dioxide that is released at the end of an exhaled breath. ETCO2 levels reflect the adequacy with which carbon dioxide (CO2) is carried in the blood back to the lungs and exhaled.
Non-invasive methods for ETCO2 measurement include capnometry and capnography. Capnometry provides a numerical value for ETCO2. In contrast, capnography delivers a more comprehensive measurement that is displayed in both graphical (waveform) and numerical form.
Sidestream devices can monitor both intubated and non-intubated patients, while mainstream devices are most often limited to intubated patients.
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Mental Health and well-being Presentation. Exploring innovative approaches and strategies for enhancing mental well-being. Discover cutting-edge research, effective strategies, and practical methods for fostering mental well-being.
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Certain chemicals, such as phthalates and parabens, can disrupt the body's hormones and have significant effects on health. According to data, hormone-related health issues such as uterine fibroids, infertility, early puberty and more aggressive forms of breast and endometrial cancers disproportionately affect Black women. Our guest speaker, Jasmine A. McDonald, PhD, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at Columbia University in New York City, discusses the scientific reasons why Black women should pay attention to specific chemicals in their personal care products, like hair care, and ways to minimize their exposure.
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES FOR CHILDREN.pdfSachin Sharma
Here are some key objectives of communication with children:
Build Trust and Security:
Establish a safe and supportive environment where children feel comfortable expressing themselves.
Encourage Expression:
Enable children to articulate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Promote Emotional Understanding:
Help children identify and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others.
Enhance Listening Skills:
Develop children’s ability to listen attentively and respond appropriately.
Foster Positive Relationships:
Strengthen the bond between children and caregivers, peers, and other adults.
Support Learning and Development:
Aid cognitive and language development through engaging and meaningful conversations.
Teach Social Skills:
Encourage polite, respectful, and empathetic interactions with others.
Resolve Conflicts:
Provide tools and guidance for children to handle disagreements constructively.
Encourage Independence:
Support children in making decisions and solving problems on their own.
Provide Reassurance and Comfort:
Offer comfort and understanding during times of distress or uncertainty.
Reinforce Positive Behavior:
Acknowledge and encourage positive actions and behaviors.
Guide and Educate:
Offer clear instructions and explanations to help children understand expectations and learn new concepts.
By focusing on these objectives, communication with children can be both effective and nurturing, supporting their overall growth and well-being.
3. Cancer cell characterised by
•Uncontrolled proliferetion
•Dedifferentiation(anaplsia)
•Invasiveness
•metastasis
4.
5.
6. Chemotherapy may be used
conventionally to:
•Cure patients-Wilm’s tumor, ALL, Testicular cancer,
Burkitt’s lymphoma, NHL
Prolong survival-Prolong remission
Decreases rate of relapse
•Palliative care symptom control-Relive
symptoms and improved quality of life
7. 1. Primary
Chemotherapy
2. Adjuvant
Chemotherapy
3. Neoadjuvant
chemotherapy
4. Concurrent
chemotherapy
•Chemotherapy is
main modality of
treatment
•Can be single
drug or
combination
chemotherapy
•e.g.
Hematological
malignancy-
•ABVD regimen for
hodgkins
lymphoma.
•Combined with
radiation or
surgery.
•For advanced
cancer
•e.g. Ca breast
after surgery to
remove
microscopic focci.
•Chemotherapy is
given before
surgery.
•Shrink a large
cancerous tumour
to make surgery
easy.
•e.g. Laryngeal
carcinoma before
surgery.
•Simultaneously
with radiation.
•Mainly act as
radiation
sensitizer,
encourages the
cancer cells to
take
radiotherapy.
•e.g. Head and
neck ca, Rectal
ca, Lung ca.
10. •A cycle- one dose followed by several days or weeks
usually 21 to 28 days but may vary according to protocols .
•Number of cycles-based on the type and stages of
cancer and side effect as well
•Dose calculationDosage of chemotherapy are difficult: If
the dose is too low, it will be ineffective , whereas excessive causes toxicity . In
most cases, the dose is adjusted for the patient's body surface area (BSA), a
measure that correlates with blood volume.
• W is weight in kg, and H is height in cm.
11. Platelet - 1,00,000 cumm , Red Blood Cell (Hb)- 8 gms%
• Total Leucocyte Count-2,000 cumm, Absolute Neutrophil
Count- 1,000 cumm, Liver function test , Renal function
test
16. CLASS DRUGS
Folic acid analogue
Methotrexate –
choriocarcinoma,ca
breast,ALL
Pemetrexed
Pyrimidine analogue
5 Fluorouracil
Cytarabine
Gemcitabine
Purine analogue and
related inhibitors
Mercaptopurine
Fludarabine
17. Obtained from microorganisms yet intercalated between specific
base pair as adenine,guanine,cytosine thiamine
CLASS DRUGS
Antibiotics
Dactinomycin
(actinomycin D)
Daunorubicin
Doxorubicin
Mitoxantrone
Bleomycin
Mitomycin
Enzymes L-Asparaginase
22. Febrile neutropenia-Temperature greater than or equal to 38.3 deg c
Absolute Neutrophil count (ANC) less than 1.0
One of the few Oncologic EMERGENCIES
Wash your hands
Note signs of infections: sore throat,chills,productive cough and
burning urination.
Meet your doctor as early as possible
23. Bleeding-if the platelet count are low notice
•Bruises or small purple spots on body
•Nose bleed
•Bleeding gums
•Bloody stool or urine
•MUCOSITIS-Presents with mouth sores,
inflammation, sometimes sloughing of
mucosa
•MAGIC MOUTHWASH
•SALT WATER GARGLES
•TOPICAL ANALGESIA ie Xylocainviscous, tantum
24. Nausea-
Types of Nausea
Anticipatory—conditioned reflex to sight and smell of
chemotherapy area
Acute—within 24hrs and related to chemotherapeutic
agents
Delayed—more than 24 hrs. post chemotherapy--specific
agents—cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin
•Take antiemetics as and when prescribed eg ondensetron
•Take small but frequent meal and water.
Loss of appetite (anorexia)-try to avoid spicy and smelly
food.
Eat high caloric and proteineous food.avoid fluid with
food.
25. Diarrhea-GI tract consist of rapidly growing cells
thats why diarrhea occurs
•Take lots of fluid and blend diet and small
but frequent meal.
Take prescribed medicines and go to emergency if
more than 24 hours
Constipation-increas fluid ,fiber,cooked fruits
and cooked vegetables
•Speak to your doctor and take medicine at bed time
26. Hair loss -may have total hair loss,thinning or no loss at all.
•Wear caps and wigs
•Take care of scalp
•Skin changes -may develop skin sensitivity
•Use sunscreams
•Wear hat and keep covered when outdoor
•Fatigue and anemia
•Plan activities and rest time.never overburden
•Do regular exercise
•Inform to doctor if unmanageable and blood tranfusion may
be needed.
27. DISEASE PROTOCOLS
CANCER BREAST FEC / Docetaxel
Gastro – esophageal carcinoma PF
Carcinoma of gall bladder Gem+Cis(Gemcitabine +CDDP)
Neuro endocrine tumour EP (Etoposide+Platinum)
Ovarian cancer TP
Cervix cancer CDDP
Hodgkin lymphoma ABVD
Non hodgkin lymphoma Rituximab,CHOP
CARCINOMA OF HEAD AND NECK PF
CARCINOMA OF LUNG TP
28. STS IA
PNET VAC
IE
GCT BEP
TIP
Bone metastases(Ca.breast,MM) Zoledronic acid
Cancer prostate Docetaxel
Urinary bladder carcinoma GEM+CDDP
GEM+CARBO
GTN EMA – CO
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