history of scientific thoughts

1. HISTORY
OF
SCIENTIFIC
THOUGHT
From Plato to Present

2. Do you see any politics in
this picture?
A JOURNEY THROUGH
HISTORY

3. Founders of Rationalism
GREEK THINKERS

4. RATIONALI
SM
Separation of Theology and Ontology
Understanding reality through Reason
Deduction
Rule of conformity
Generalization to particular
Premise leading to absolute conclusion

5. Francis Bacon
EMPIRICISM

6. EMPIRICI
SM
Francis Bacon
Inductive Method
Observation to theory building
Premise leading to probable
conclusion

7. Immanuel Kant: Founder of
German Ideology
GERMAN IDEALISM

8. GERMA
N
IDEALIS
M
Immanual Kant
Experience is subjective and
processing them using pure reason
without first delving into the
subjective nature of experiences
will lead to theoretical illusions

9. Auguste Comte
POSITIVISM

10. POSITIVIS
M
Auguste Comte
Blended Rationalism and Empiricism
Theory (Deduction) and observation
(Induction) have circular dependence
upon each other
Theories can be created rationally but
these theories will only be authentic
when verified through observation
Quantitative method in Social Science
introduced

11. Circular dependence of
theory and experiment
CYCLE OF DEDUCTION &
INDUCTION

12. George Simmel
ANTI-POSITIVISM

13. ANTI-
POSITIVIS
M
Quantitative method in Social
Science was rejected on the
account of limiting scope of Social
Science and lack of philosophical
commitment
Social actions must be studied
through interpretive means
Emphasis on Qualitative Method

14. Karl Popper
POST-POSITIVISM

15. POST-POSITIVISM
Karl Popper
Human knowledge is not based upon unchallengeable rock-solid
foundations but rather on a set of some tentative conjectures
It is impossible to verify the truth although it is possible to falsify the
reject the false beliefs
A valid scientific theory must denote what could falsify it

16. Karl Marx
CRITICAL THEORY

17. CRITICAL RESEARCH
Karl Marx
Identification of contradictions
Knowledge must be produced to eliminate all kind of oppression

18. THE MIND IS NOT A
VESSEL TO BE FILLED
BUT A FIRE TO BE
IGNITED
Stay blessed….  

19. THANK YOU