6. !
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Common*Conditions*in*the*Tx*spine*and*associated*areas*
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Sprains!to!costo!vertebral/transverse!joint!!
• forced!chest!motion!(coughing/sneezing)!
• hyperKrotation!motion!
Postural!sprain/strain!complex!!
• excessive!sitting!or!standing!
Facet!joint!sprains!!!
• usually!forced!extension/rotation!motions!
Scoliosis!!
• rotoKscoliosis!
Thoracic!outlet!syndrome:!sites!of!compression!
• rib!1!
• scalenes!
• pec!minor!!
Degenerative!disc!disease!
Hyperkyphosis!
SomatoKvisceral!or!VisceroKSomato!referral!
Less*Common*Conditions*in*Tx*spine*and*associated*areas*
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Scheuermann’s!Disease!–!usually!in!adolescents!
Costochondritis!
Disc!herniation!
Spinal!Stenosis!
Crush!fracture!
• osteoporosis!
• pathology!
Tuberculosis!
Spondylosis!–!degeneration!
Ankylosing!Spondylitis!
Underlying!pathology!–!check!red!flags!
Visceral!Referral!!
• Heart!attack!(myocardial!infraction)!
• Pneumothorax!
• peptic!ulcers!
• malignancies!(tumours)!
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9. Active*Range*of*Motion*(ROM)–*Standing*and*Sitting*
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Flexion!
• view!in!sagittal!plane!and!from!behind!
• look!for!rotations!or!sidebending!on!motion!
• look!for!rib!humping!between!left!and!right!sides!
Extension!!
• look!for!rotations!or!sidebending!on!motion!
Rotation!–!Left/Right!
Sidebending!–!Left/Right!
Things!to!look!for!
• Observe!pivot!points!
• Looking!for!joint!dysfunction!–!segments!with!less!motion!!
• Reduction!in!motion!
• Identify!segments!that!move!in!groups!
• Reproduction!of!pain!
Scapula!Motion!–!GH!flexion/abduction!
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Passive*ROM*L*seated*
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Should!be!performed!in!the!seated!position!
Test!in!all!motions!and!feel!end!feel!
• Flexion!–!springing!–!ligamentous/muscular!
• Extension!–!hard!–!bony!
• Sidebending!K!Left/Right!K!!springing!–!ligamentous/muscular!
• Rotation!K!Left/Right!K!!hard!–!bony!
• Reproduction!of!pain!
• Restriction!of!movement!
• Incorrect!End!Feel!!
Rib*Cage*and*Rib*Motion*–*Standing,*Sitting,*Supine*
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Upper!ribs!–!pump!handle!
Lower!ribs!–!bucket!handle!
Rib!11K12!ribs!(floating)!–!moves!anterior!and!posterior!
Examine!anterior,!posterior!and!lateral!aspect!of!rib!cage!
Palpate!along!rib!angle!
• Altered!ROM!
• Feeling!for!any!restriction!on!both!inspiration!and!expiration!
• Tenderness!and!pain!
• Asymmetry!
• Tissue!texture!abnormality!
• Width!of!intercostal!space!
Rib!motion!
• Patient!breathes!as!normal!
• Examiner!assess!motion!in!all!position!
• Altered!ROM!
• Feeling!for!any!restriction!on!both!inspiration!and!expiration!
• Tenderness!and!pain!
• Inhalation!restriction!–!rib!that!stops!first!on!inhalation!compared!to!the!rib!below!or!on!
the!other!side!
• Exhalation!restriction!–!rib!that!stops!first!on!exhalation!compared!to!the!rib!below!or!
on!the!other!side!
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10. *
K Findings*
Anterior!translated!!
o Rib!angle!less!prominent!
o Tender!rib!angle!(tension!on!iliocostalis)!
o Prominence!of!anterior!rib!on!anterior!rib!cage!
o Restricted!in!both!inhalation!and!exhalation!
• Posterior!translated!
o Rib!angle!more!prominent!
o Tender!rib!angle!(tension!on!iliocostalis)!
o Less!prominence!of!anterior!rib!on!anterior!rib!cage!
o Restricted!in!both!inhalation!and!exhalation!
• Lateral!Flexed!!
o prominent!rib!shaft!in!mid!axilliary!line!
o restricted!in!exhalation!
o tenderness!in!intercostal!space!of!the!rib!above!
st!rib!superior!
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o palpation!of!1st!rib!superior!to!upper!trap!
o tenderness!on!superior!aspect!
o restriction!of!exhalation!
o hypertonic!scalenes!
• External!rib!torsion!(superior!and!inferior)!
o Superior!border!of!dysfunction!rib!more!prominent!
o Inferior!border!of!dysfunctional!rib!more!prominent!
o Tenderness!and!tension!on!rib!angles!
o Restriction!in!exhalation!
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Assess!Diaphragm!!
• Supine!
• Knees!up!
• Place!thumbs!under!costal!margin!
• Gentle!apply!pressure!
• Get!patient!to!breathing!!
• Assess!tenderness,!restriction!in!motion!
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Special*Test*
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Quadrant!Test!(Facet!Joint!compression)!!
• Seated!or!Standing!
• Patient!move!into!full!extension!and!then!rotates!to!affected!side!
• Apply!over!pressure!thorugh!the!shoulders!into!hyperextension!!
• Guide!patient!into!positions!
• Maintain!control!of!patient!throughout!whole!test!
• Positive!is!reproduction!of!patient!symptoms!!
o Radicular!pain!indicates!compression!of!the!intervertebral!foramina!that!
impinges!on!the!lumbar!nerve!roots!
o Local!pain!(not!radiating)!indicates!facet!joint!pathology!
o Symptoms!isolated!to!the!area!of!the!PSIS!may!indicate!SI!joint!dysfunction!
Valsalva!
• Patient!seated!
• Examiner!next!to!patient!
• Patient!takes!a!deep!breath!while!bearing!down!(like!having!a!bowel!movement)!
• Increased!pain!and/or!radicular!pain!(increased!intradiscal!pressure)!
• Testing!for!disc!problems!