NEW APPROACH OF DESIGNING AND EXPLOATATION OF ELECTRICAL TRACTION SUBSTATIONSDženan Ćelić
The document discusses improvements to electric traction substation design including:
1. Connecting substations via a three-phase transmission line to simplify design and increase reliability by removing redundant equipment.
2. Using draw-wire circuit breakers and switch-disconnectors to replace elements that could cause incorrect manipulation.
3. Applying combined instrument transformers to further simplify feeders.
4. Designing substations with a single transformer in parallel connection to increase distance between substations while maintaining train speed.
5. Providing selectivity and accuracy of catenary relays with power direction in separating substations for fault detection when two substations power trains.
Kablovi se polažu od montažnih kutija i nastavljaju do razvodnih, gde je potrebno ostaviti oko 15 santimetara kabla da viri. Polaganje svakog kabla vrši se u samom dnu kanala i pričvršćuje na po 60 cm uz odgovarajuće eksere.
NEW APPROACH OF DESIGNING AND EXPLOATATION OF ELECTRICAL TRACTION SUBSTATIONSDženan Ćelić
The document discusses improvements to electric traction substation design including:
1. Connecting substations via a three-phase transmission line to simplify design and increase reliability by removing redundant equipment.
2. Using draw-wire circuit breakers and switch-disconnectors to replace elements that could cause incorrect manipulation.
3. Applying combined instrument transformers to further simplify feeders.
4. Designing substations with a single transformer in parallel connection to increase distance between substations while maintaining train speed.
5. Providing selectivity and accuracy of catenary relays with power direction in separating substations for fault detection when two substations power trains.
Kablovi se polažu od montažnih kutija i nastavljaju do razvodnih, gde je potrebno ostaviti oko 15 santimetara kabla da viri. Polaganje svakog kabla vrši se u samom dnu kanala i pričvršćuje na po 60 cm uz odgovarajuće eksere.
The document summarizes key events in the development of coal mining and steam power technology in Wales in the late 18th and 19th centuries as described in a journal. It discusses how the invention of the steam engine revolutionized coal mining by making it faster and more efficient than previous methods. It then describes how new ironworks and mines, including the successful Tylerstown Coal Mine opened by Alfred Tyler, continued fueling the industrial revolution and bringing wealth to local mine owners. However, it also notes the harsh working conditions faced by miners and the dangers of mining accidents, including a deadly explosion at the Tylerstown mine in 1896 that killed over 100 miners.
This document provides an overview of key components and systems on a diesel locomotive. It discusses the introduction of railways in India and describes key locomotive parts like the diesel engine, turbocharger, expressor, couplings, and traction motors. It also explains locomotive classification based on gauge and power. The document aims to introduce the reader to the basic functioning and components that make up a diesel locomotive.
The document summarizes the power distribution system for a city located between an industrial area and railway station. A 10 MW small hydro power plant was chosen due to topography and cost. Power is distributed through 4 substations to various areas of the city including 2 railway substations. The protection scheme and equipment used including transformers, circuit breakers and isolators are listed. A single line diagram shows the layout of the generation plant, distributing unit and substations along with feeders.
This document summarizes an industrial training project completed by Bheekam Gaur at the Diesel Locomotive Shed in Tughlakabad, New Delhi from June 20, 2016 to July 16, 2016. The 4-week training was part of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Greater Noida Institute of Technology. The document provides details about the various departments and processes at the locomotive shed, including design office, material control office, production shops for blocks, engines and locomotives, services shops, and personnel, health, civil, and electrical departments. It also discusses the history of the locomotive shed, products manufactured, and future plans.
This document provides an overview of electric locomotives, including their main components and systems. It discusses how electric locomotives are classified and divided based on their power source. The key systems of an electric locomotive are then described, including the transmission system consisting of the pantograph and circuit breaker, the transformer, rectifier, DC link, and Arno converter. It also outlines the main traction components like the traction motors. In conclusion, it notes the advantages of electric locomotives in terms of efficiency and potential for renewable power sources.
Sustav za monitoring elektromagnetskih polja - MEP
pruža osjećaj sigurnosti zahvaljujući javno dostupnim
informacijama zbog kojih se sumnje u razine zračenja
mogu otkloniti u svakome trenutku, pregledom
rezultata monitoringa pojedinih frekvencijskih pojaseva
te skupnog izračuna kroz aplikaciju prilagođenu
korisniku.
The document summarizes key events in the development of coal mining and steam power technology in Wales in the late 18th and 19th centuries as described in a journal. It discusses how the invention of the steam engine revolutionized coal mining by making it faster and more efficient than previous methods. It then describes how new ironworks and mines, including the successful Tylerstown Coal Mine opened by Alfred Tyler, continued fueling the industrial revolution and bringing wealth to local mine owners. However, it also notes the harsh working conditions faced by miners and the dangers of mining accidents, including a deadly explosion at the Tylerstown mine in 1896 that killed over 100 miners.
This document provides an overview of key components and systems on a diesel locomotive. It discusses the introduction of railways in India and describes key locomotive parts like the diesel engine, turbocharger, expressor, couplings, and traction motors. It also explains locomotive classification based on gauge and power. The document aims to introduce the reader to the basic functioning and components that make up a diesel locomotive.
The document summarizes the power distribution system for a city located between an industrial area and railway station. A 10 MW small hydro power plant was chosen due to topography and cost. Power is distributed through 4 substations to various areas of the city including 2 railway substations. The protection scheme and equipment used including transformers, circuit breakers and isolators are listed. A single line diagram shows the layout of the generation plant, distributing unit and substations along with feeders.
This document summarizes an industrial training project completed by Bheekam Gaur at the Diesel Locomotive Shed in Tughlakabad, New Delhi from June 20, 2016 to July 16, 2016. The 4-week training was part of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Greater Noida Institute of Technology. The document provides details about the various departments and processes at the locomotive shed, including design office, material control office, production shops for blocks, engines and locomotives, services shops, and personnel, health, civil, and electrical departments. It also discusses the history of the locomotive shed, products manufactured, and future plans.
This document provides an overview of electric locomotives, including their main components and systems. It discusses how electric locomotives are classified and divided based on their power source. The key systems of an electric locomotive are then described, including the transmission system consisting of the pantograph and circuit breaker, the transformer, rectifier, DC link, and Arno converter. It also outlines the main traction components like the traction motors. In conclusion, it notes the advantages of electric locomotives in terms of efficiency and potential for renewable power sources.
Sustav za monitoring elektromagnetskih polja - MEP
pruža osjećaj sigurnosti zahvaljujući javno dostupnim
informacijama zbog kojih se sumnje u razine zračenja
mogu otkloniti u svakome trenutku, pregledom
rezultata monitoringa pojedinih frekvencijskih pojaseva
te skupnog izračuna kroz aplikaciju prilagođenu
korisniku.
2. U posljednje vrijeme vlada povećani interes za utjecaje
električkih i posebice magnetskih polja pogonskih
frekvencija na okolinu. Sve veća zabrinutost uslijed
izlaganja ljudi štetnom djelovanju elektromagnetskog
polja frekvencije 50-60 Hz tokom dužeg razdoblja
rezultirala je strogim propisima u nekim državama u
tom području. Elektrificirane željezničke pruge su
kompleksni elektromagnetski sustavi koji se sastoje
od elektrovučnih podstanica (EVP), voznog voda,
tračnica kao povratnog strujnog voda i vlakova kao
tereta izrazito dinamičkog karaktera.
Magnetsko polje potječe od električne struje voznog
voda i električne struje povratnog voda.
Električno polje potječe od naboja kontatne mreže.
4. Struja vuče koja protječe kroz vozni vod je data izrazom:
𝑰 = 𝑰 𝒌 + 𝑰 𝒏
gdje je: 𝑰 𝒌 - struja kroz kontaktni provodnik,
𝑰 𝒏 - struja kroz nosivo uže
𝑰 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝟓𝟔 ∙ 𝑰
𝑰 𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝟒𝟒 ∙ 𝑰
Srednja vrijednost struje kroz tračnice
𝑰Š𝒔𝒓𝒆𝒅. = 𝟏 − 𝜺 ∙ 𝑰 ∙
𝟏−𝒆−𝒌∙𝑳
𝒌∙𝑳
+ 𝜺 ∙ 𝑰
gdje je:
- 𝑳 - udaljenost između elektrovučne podstanice i lokomotive
(mjesta kratkog spoja),
- 𝑰 - struja vuče 𝑨 ,
- 𝒌 - koeficijent prostiranja 𝒌𝒎−𝟏
,
- 𝜺 - omjer međusobne impedancije vozni vod- povratni strujni krug
i impedancije povratnog strujnog kruga
5. Proračun vektora magnetskog polja u točki (x,y)
Tračnice normalnog kolosijeka širine 𝒅 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 se nalaze u
koordinatama (– 𝒂, 𝟎) i (𝒂, 𝟎), gdje je 𝒂 =
𝒅
𝟐
= 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎
7. Magnetska indukcija se računa prema sljedećim izrazima:
𝑩 𝒙 = 𝝁 𝟎 ∙ 𝑯 𝒙 𝑻 𝑩 𝒀 = 𝝁 𝟎 ∙ 𝑯 𝒚 𝑻
gdje je: 𝝁 𝟎 = 𝟒𝝅 ∙ 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑯
𝒎
- magnetska permeabilnost zraka
Kompleksna vrijednost magnetske indukcije u proizvoljnoj točki (𝒙, 𝒚) ispod
kontaktne mreže se može izračunati prema izrazu:
𝑩 = 𝑩 𝒙
𝟐
+ 𝑩 𝒚
𝟐
8. Proračun jakosti električnog polja
Proračun jakosti električnog polja metodom
ogledanja (odslikavanja)
Proračun vektora električnog polja u
točki (x,y)
14. Rezultati mjerenja jakosti električnog polja dostupni u
literaturi [7], izvedeni u točkama prikazanim na slici 8,
dati su u tablici 1.
Mjerna
točka
Napon
kontaktne
mreže kV
Jakost električnog
polja E, kV/m
A 25,74 1,28
B 25,87 1,55
C 26,38 1,70
D 26,15 0,80
E 25,95 1,02
15. Pregled i usporedba normi i propisa na području
elektromagnetskog zračenja
Smjernice ICNIRP
Međunarodna organizacija za zaštitu od neionizirajućih zračenja pod
nazivom Internacionalna komisija za zaštitu od neionizirajučih
zračenja (Internatiomal Commision for Non-Ionizing Radiation
Protection-ICNIRP) izdala je 1998. smjernice u vezi dopuštenih
graničnih vrijednosti polja
Usvojeni su sljedeći kriteriji za dopuštene vrijednosti polja:
𝑬 = 𝟓
𝒌𝑽
𝒎
i 𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝑻 za opću populaciju
𝑬 = 𝟏𝟎
𝒌𝑽
𝒎
i 𝑩 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝑻 kod izlaganja profesionalnih radnika pri
radu.
Mogu biti dozvoljene i više vrijednosti od navedenih ukoliko se
pokaže da se ne prelazi temeljno ograničenje strujne gutoće u tijeli
čovjeka od 𝟐
𝒎𝑨
𝒎 𝟐 za opću populaciju
odnosno 𝟏𝟎
𝒎𝑨
𝒎 𝟐 za profesionalce
Preporuke Savjeta Europe
Granične vrijednosti su: 𝑬 = 𝟓
𝒌𝑽
𝒎
i 𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝑻 uz uvjet strujne
gustoće 𝟐
𝒎𝑨
𝒎 𝟐 za f=50 Hz
16. Propisi nekih zemalja u Europi i svijetu
ACGIH - American Conferenc Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
CENELEC - Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization),
ICNIRP - International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation
Protection,
NH&MRC - National Health & Medical Research Council,
NRPB - National Radiological Protection Board.
17. Država/institucija
Populacija-vrijeme izloženosti
[sati]
Dozvoljeno E
[kV/m]
Dozvoljeno B
[μT]
CENELEC (1995) SIST ENV 50166
opća populacija
radnici t≤80/E
10
30
640
1600
ICNIRP (1998)
opća populacija
radnici
5
10
100
500
THE COUNCIL OF THE
EUROPEN UNION (1999)
opća populacija 5 100
CIGRE & WHO izjava za javnost
(1983)
20 300
Njemačka (1996) opća populacija 5 100
Italija (1992)
opća populacija
profesionalno izloženi-nekoliko
sati dnevno
5
10
100
1000
Austrija (1988)
opća populacija
profesionalno izloženi
10
20
500
2000
Nizozemska (1998) cijelo tijelo 8 120
Slovenija (1996)
I. područje
II. područje
0,5
10
10
100
Švicarska (1999)
opća populacija dopuštena
emisija kod novih područja na
osjetljivim područjima
5
100
1
Velika Britanija NRPB (1993)
(60Hz)
opća populacija
profesionalno izloženi
10
10
1333
1333
SAD ACGIG (1998) (60Hz) profesionalno izloženi 25 1000
Australia NH&MRC (1989)
opća populacija
profesionalno izloženi
5
10
100
500
Hrvatska
profesionalno izloženi-8h
područja povećane osjetljivosti
5
2
100
40
18. ZAKLJUČAK
Izvedeni proračuni pokazuju da su vrijednosti magnetskog polja u neposrednoj
blizini tračnica, iznad dopuštenih i preporučenih vrijednosti datih u
smjernicama [8] i preporuci [9]. Vrijednosti električnog polja u prostoru
dostupnom ljudima nisu iznad graničnih vrijednosti datih od strane država i
institucija. Rezultati dobiveni proračunom dobro korespondiraju sa izmjerenim
vrijednostima datim u literaturi [7].
Prema izvedenim proračunima nema opasnosti od magnetskih i električnih
polja za opću populaciju.
U Sloveniji, Italiji i Švicarskoj propisane su najniže vrijednosti dozvoljenih
magnetskih i električnih polja, te je tako usvojen preventivni pristup.
Za smanjenje jakosti magnetskog polja moguće su izvedbe sustava električne
vuče sa usisnim transformatorima ili izvedba povratnog voda sa užetom u tlu
ispod tračnica. Ova tehnička rješenja znatno poskupljuju i kompliciraju
izgradnju sustava električne vuče.
Budućnost vjerojatno donosi daljnje smanjenje dopuštenih vrijednosti
magnetskog i električnog polja i to će odrediti pravce u projektiranju dijelova
sustava električne vuče.