Gingivitis refers to inflammation of the gums. The main cause is plaque-induced microorganisms that release enzymes damaging epithelial and connective tissues. This destroys barriers between gum cells allowing bacterial products or bacteria into tissues. Untreated gingivitis can progress to periodontitis. Symptoms of gingivitis include red, swollen, bleeding gums and changes in texture or consistency. The severity and ease of bleeding provides clues to the integrity of the inflammatory process. Localized or generalized inflammation depends on distribution. Chronic inflammation is usually painless while acute cases can be painful.
The presentation three main topics :
- The clinical features of gingivitis.
- Extension of inflammation from the gingiva in the supporting perodontal tissue.
- Chronic periodontitis
All about gingivitis
*definition
*classification
*Signs and Symptoms: Increased GCF, Gingival Bleeding, Color change, Consistency, Surface texture (STIPPLING), Position of Gingiva, Gingival Contour, Size.
Treatment consisits of scaling and root planing. The more inflamed a gingival unit appears clinically, the better the chances of therapeutic measures resulting in a return to normal gingival health
Periodontal instruments are designed for speciic purposes, such as
calculus removal, bioilm removal, and root planing. On irst investigation,
the variety of instruments available for similar purposes appears
confusing. With experience, however, clinicians select a relatively
small set that fulills all requirements.
Classification of Periodontal Instruments
Periodontal instruments are classiied according to the purposes they
serve, as follows:
1. Periodontal probes are used to locate, measure, and mark pockets,
as well as determine their course on individual tooth surfaces.
2. Explorers are used to locate calculus deposits and caries.
3. Scaling, root-planing, and curettage instruments are used for
removal of bioilm and calciied deposits from the crown and
root of a tooth, removal of altered cementum from the subgingival
root surface, and debridement of the soft tissue lining the poc ket.
Scaling and curettage instruments are classiied as follows:
• Sickle scalers are heavy instruments used to remove supragingival
calculus.
• Curettes are ine instruments used for subgingival scaling,
root planing, and removal of the soft tissue lining the pocket.
• Hoe, chisel, and ile scalers are used to remove tenacious
subgingival calculus and altered cementumT. heir use is limited
compared with that of curettes.
• Implant instruments are plastic or titanium scalers and curettes
designed for use on implants and implant restorations.
• Ultrasonic and sonic instruments are used for scaling and
cleansing tooth surfaces and curetting the soft tissue wall of
the periodontal pocket.42,43,66
4. Periodontal endoscopes are used for deep visualization into
subgingival pockets and furcations, thereby alloinwg the detectio n
of deposits.
5. Cleansing and polishing instruments, such as rubber cups, brushes,
and dental tape, are used to clean and polish tooth surfaces.
Air-powder abrasive systems are also available for supragingival
and subgingival cleaning and polishing of tooth, root, and implant
surfaces.
The wearing and cutting qualities of some types of steel used in
periodontal instruments have been tested,88,89,157 but speciications
vary among manufacturers.157 Stainless steel is used most often in
instrument manufacture. High–carbon content steel instruments are
available and are considered by some clinicians to be superior. Newer
advanced proprietary manufacturing processes for heat treating and
cryogenically tempering stainless steel are producing blades that ar e
sharper and longer lasting than ever before. In addition, ohter processes
produce stainless steel instruments with titanium nitride or other
surface coatings that are not embedded or diffused into the base
material. Their cutting edges are sharp when new, but these coatings
wear down during normal use and cannot be resharpened. Each
group of instruments has characteristic features; individual therapist s
often develop variations with which they operate most effectivelyuuw
Periodontal instruments are designed for speciic purposes, such as
calculus removal, bioilm removal, and root planing. On irst investigation,
the variety of instruments available for similar purposes appears
confusing. With experience, however, clinicians select a relatively
small set that fulills all requirements.
Classification of Periodontal Instruments
Periodontal instruments are classiied according to the purposes they
serve, as follows:
1. Periodontal probes are used to locate, measure, and mark pockets,
as well as determine their course on individual tooth surfaces.
2. Explorers are used to locate calculus deposits and caries.
3. Scaling, root-planing, and curettage instruments are used for
removal of bioilm and calciied deposits from the crown and
root of a tooth, removal of altered cementum from the subgingival
root surface, and debridement of the soft tissue lining the poc ket.
Scaling and curettage instruments are classiied as follows:
• Sickle scalers are heavy instruments used to remove supragingival
calculus.
• Curettes are ine instruments used for subgingival scaling,
root planing, and removal of the soft tissue lining the pocket.
• Hoe, chisel, and ile scalers are used to remove tenacious
subgingival calculus and altered cementumT. heir use is limited
compared with that of curettes.
• Implant instruments are plastic or titanium scalers and curettes
designed for use on implants and implant restorations.
• Ultrasonic and sonic instruments are used for scaling and
cleansing tooth surfaces and curetting the soft tissue wall of
the periodontal pocket.42,43,66
4. Periodontal endoscopes are used for deep visualization into
subgingival pockets and furcations, thereby alloinwg the detectio n
of deposits.
5. Cleansing and polishing instruments, such as rubber cups, brushes,
and dental tape, are used to clean and polish tooth surfaces.
Air-powder abrasive systems are also available for supragingival
and subgingival cleaning and polishing of tooth, root, and implant
surfaces.
The wearing and cutting qualities of some types of steel used in
periodontal instruments have been tested,88,89,157 but speciications
vary among manufacturers.157 Stainless steel is used most often in
instrument manufacture. High–carbon content steel instruments are
available and are considered by some clinicians to be superior. Newer
advanced proprietary manufacturing processes for heat treating and
cryogenically tempering stainless steel are producing blades that ar e
sharper and longer lasting than ever before. In addition, ohter processes
produce stainless steel instruments with titanium nitride or other
surface coatings that are not embedded or diffused into the base
material. Their cutting edges are sharp when new, but these coatings
wear down during normal use and cannot be resharpened. Each
group of instruments has characteristic features; individual therapist s
often develop variations with which they operate most effectively
explaining about Periodontal disease
The term periodontal disease is used in a general sense to encompass all diseases of the periodontium.
The most common disease is initiated by plaque accumulation in the gingivodental area and is basically inflammatory in character, termed marginal periodontitis or more accurately chronic destructive periodontitis.
The periodontal tissues can also be involved by other nosologic entities and many of these fall into degenerative or neoplastic categories. They are considered as periodontal manifestations of systemic diseases
CHRONIC DESTRUCTIVE PERIODONTITIS
Periodontitis
Marginal periodontitis
Slowly progressing
Rapidly progressing
Refractory
Juvenile form of periodontitis
Generalized form
Localized form
Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis
Trauma from occlusion*
Periodontal atrophy*
Presenile atrophy
Disuse atrophy
MARGINAL PERIODONTITIS
Clinical features: chronic inflammation of the gingiva, pocket formation, and bone loss. Tooth mobility and pathologic migration appear in advanced cases.
Etiology: dental plaque
Types: slowly progressing periodontitis, rapidly progressing periodontitis, refractory periodontitis
Presenile atrophy
reduction in the height of periodontium that is uniform throughout the mouth and without apparent cause
Disuse atrophy
Results when the functional stimulation for the maintenance of the periodontal tissues is markedly diminished or absent.
characterized by thinning of periodontal ligament, thinning and reduction in the number of periodontal fibers and disruption of fiber bundle arrangement, thickened cementum, reduction in height of alveolar bone, and osteoporosis
A periodontal pocket is a pathologically deepened sulcus: it is one of the important clinical features of periodontal disease.
SYMPTOMS:
Localized pain or a sensation of pressure after eating, which gradually diminishes
A foul taste in localized areas.
A tendency to suck material from the interproximal spaces.
Radiating pain “deep in the bone”
A “gnawing” feeling or feeling of itchiness in the gums.
Gingivitis is defined as the inflammation of gingival tissue.Gingival inflammation has two components: the acute
inflammatory component, with vasodilation, edema, and
polymorphonuclear infiltration, and the chronic inflammatory
component, with B and T lymphocytes and capillary
proliferation forming a granulomatous response.
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The presentation three main topics :
- The clinical features of gingivitis.
- Extension of inflammation from the gingiva in the supporting perodontal tissue.
- Chronic periodontitis
All about gingivitis
*definition
*classification
*Signs and Symptoms: Increased GCF, Gingival Bleeding, Color change, Consistency, Surface texture (STIPPLING), Position of Gingiva, Gingival Contour, Size.
Treatment consisits of scaling and root planing. The more inflamed a gingival unit appears clinically, the better the chances of therapeutic measures resulting in a return to normal gingival health
Periodontal instruments are designed for speciic purposes, such as
calculus removal, bioilm removal, and root planing. On irst investigation,
the variety of instruments available for similar purposes appears
confusing. With experience, however, clinicians select a relatively
small set that fulills all requirements.
Classification of Periodontal Instruments
Periodontal instruments are classiied according to the purposes they
serve, as follows:
1. Periodontal probes are used to locate, measure, and mark pockets,
as well as determine their course on individual tooth surfaces.
2. Explorers are used to locate calculus deposits and caries.
3. Scaling, root-planing, and curettage instruments are used for
removal of bioilm and calciied deposits from the crown and
root of a tooth, removal of altered cementum from the subgingival
root surface, and debridement of the soft tissue lining the poc ket.
Scaling and curettage instruments are classiied as follows:
• Sickle scalers are heavy instruments used to remove supragingival
calculus.
• Curettes are ine instruments used for subgingival scaling,
root planing, and removal of the soft tissue lining the pocket.
• Hoe, chisel, and ile scalers are used to remove tenacious
subgingival calculus and altered cementumT. heir use is limited
compared with that of curettes.
• Implant instruments are plastic or titanium scalers and curettes
designed for use on implants and implant restorations.
• Ultrasonic and sonic instruments are used for scaling and
cleansing tooth surfaces and curetting the soft tissue wall of
the periodontal pocket.42,43,66
4. Periodontal endoscopes are used for deep visualization into
subgingival pockets and furcations, thereby alloinwg the detectio n
of deposits.
5. Cleansing and polishing instruments, such as rubber cups, brushes,
and dental tape, are used to clean and polish tooth surfaces.
Air-powder abrasive systems are also available for supragingival
and subgingival cleaning and polishing of tooth, root, and implant
surfaces.
The wearing and cutting qualities of some types of steel used in
periodontal instruments have been tested,88,89,157 but speciications
vary among manufacturers.157 Stainless steel is used most often in
instrument manufacture. High–carbon content steel instruments are
available and are considered by some clinicians to be superior. Newer
advanced proprietary manufacturing processes for heat treating and
cryogenically tempering stainless steel are producing blades that ar e
sharper and longer lasting than ever before. In addition, ohter processes
produce stainless steel instruments with titanium nitride or other
surface coatings that are not embedded or diffused into the base
material. Their cutting edges are sharp when new, but these coatings
wear down during normal use and cannot be resharpened. Each
group of instruments has characteristic features; individual therapist s
often develop variations with which they operate most effectivelyuuw
Periodontal instruments are designed for speciic purposes, such as
calculus removal, bioilm removal, and root planing. On irst investigation,
the variety of instruments available for similar purposes appears
confusing. With experience, however, clinicians select a relatively
small set that fulills all requirements.
Classification of Periodontal Instruments
Periodontal instruments are classiied according to the purposes they
serve, as follows:
1. Periodontal probes are used to locate, measure, and mark pockets,
as well as determine their course on individual tooth surfaces.
2. Explorers are used to locate calculus deposits and caries.
3. Scaling, root-planing, and curettage instruments are used for
removal of bioilm and calciied deposits from the crown and
root of a tooth, removal of altered cementum from the subgingival
root surface, and debridement of the soft tissue lining the poc ket.
Scaling and curettage instruments are classiied as follows:
• Sickle scalers are heavy instruments used to remove supragingival
calculus.
• Curettes are ine instruments used for subgingival scaling,
root planing, and removal of the soft tissue lining the pocket.
• Hoe, chisel, and ile scalers are used to remove tenacious
subgingival calculus and altered cementumT. heir use is limited
compared with that of curettes.
• Implant instruments are plastic or titanium scalers and curettes
designed for use on implants and implant restorations.
• Ultrasonic and sonic instruments are used for scaling and
cleansing tooth surfaces and curetting the soft tissue wall of
the periodontal pocket.42,43,66
4. Periodontal endoscopes are used for deep visualization into
subgingival pockets and furcations, thereby alloinwg the detectio n
of deposits.
5. Cleansing and polishing instruments, such as rubber cups, brushes,
and dental tape, are used to clean and polish tooth surfaces.
Air-powder abrasive systems are also available for supragingival
and subgingival cleaning and polishing of tooth, root, and implant
surfaces.
The wearing and cutting qualities of some types of steel used in
periodontal instruments have been tested,88,89,157 but speciications
vary among manufacturers.157 Stainless steel is used most often in
instrument manufacture. High–carbon content steel instruments are
available and are considered by some clinicians to be superior. Newer
advanced proprietary manufacturing processes for heat treating and
cryogenically tempering stainless steel are producing blades that ar e
sharper and longer lasting than ever before. In addition, ohter processes
produce stainless steel instruments with titanium nitride or other
surface coatings that are not embedded or diffused into the base
material. Their cutting edges are sharp when new, but these coatings
wear down during normal use and cannot be resharpened. Each
group of instruments has characteristic features; individual therapist s
often develop variations with which they operate most effectively
explaining about Periodontal disease
The term periodontal disease is used in a general sense to encompass all diseases of the periodontium.
The most common disease is initiated by plaque accumulation in the gingivodental area and is basically inflammatory in character, termed marginal periodontitis or more accurately chronic destructive periodontitis.
The periodontal tissues can also be involved by other nosologic entities and many of these fall into degenerative or neoplastic categories. They are considered as periodontal manifestations of systemic diseases
CHRONIC DESTRUCTIVE PERIODONTITIS
Periodontitis
Marginal periodontitis
Slowly progressing
Rapidly progressing
Refractory
Juvenile form of periodontitis
Generalized form
Localized form
Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis
Trauma from occlusion*
Periodontal atrophy*
Presenile atrophy
Disuse atrophy
MARGINAL PERIODONTITIS
Clinical features: chronic inflammation of the gingiva, pocket formation, and bone loss. Tooth mobility and pathologic migration appear in advanced cases.
Etiology: dental plaque
Types: slowly progressing periodontitis, rapidly progressing periodontitis, refractory periodontitis
Presenile atrophy
reduction in the height of periodontium that is uniform throughout the mouth and without apparent cause
Disuse atrophy
Results when the functional stimulation for the maintenance of the periodontal tissues is markedly diminished or absent.
characterized by thinning of periodontal ligament, thinning and reduction in the number of periodontal fibers and disruption of fiber bundle arrangement, thickened cementum, reduction in height of alveolar bone, and osteoporosis
A periodontal pocket is a pathologically deepened sulcus: it is one of the important clinical features of periodontal disease.
SYMPTOMS:
Localized pain or a sensation of pressure after eating, which gradually diminishes
A foul taste in localized areas.
A tendency to suck material from the interproximal spaces.
Radiating pain “deep in the bone”
A “gnawing” feeling or feeling of itchiness in the gums.
Gingivitis is defined as the inflammation of gingival tissue.Gingival inflammation has two components: the acute
inflammatory component, with vasodilation, edema, and
polymorphonuclear infiltration, and the chronic inflammatory
component, with B and T lymphocytes and capillary
proliferation forming a granulomatous response.
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Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
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2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
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presentation 2.docx
1.
2. Inflammation of gingiva is termed as gingivitis.
Themain cause of gingivitis is plaqueinduced
microorganisms.
These microorganisms release certain products such
as collagenase, hyaluronidase, protease, chondroitin
sulfatase etc. which can cause damage to the epithelial
and connective tissue constituents.
The intercellular spaces between the junctional
epithelial cells are destroyed and may permit the
bacterial products or bacteria themselves to gain
access into the connective tissue.
3. Absence of treatment of gingivitis can lead progress
of gingivitis into periodontitis.
STAGE VASCULAR
CHANGES
MICROSCOPIC
CHANGES
CLINICAL
CHANGES
1. Initial lesion (2-
4 days)
Classical vaculities
subjacent to junctional
epithelium
Presence of
leukocytes(PMNs), Loss
of perivascular
collagen, changes in the
coronal most portion of
junctional epithelium.
Exudation of fluid from
the gingival sulcus.
Subclinical gingivitis
2. Early lesion (4-
7days)
Vascular proliferation Rete peg formation in
junctional epithelium,
presence of lymphocytes,
Loss of collagen,
fibroblasts show
cytoplasmic alterations
Erythematous, gingival
bleeding on probing
4. 3. Established lesion
(14-21 days)
Same as early lesion, with
blood stasis
Proliferation, apical
migration & lateral
extension of junctional
epithelium, Atrophic areas,
plasma cells are
predominant, furthur loss of
collagen, increased enzyme
levels such as acid &
alkaline phosphatase, beta
glucuronidase etc.
Changes seen in consistency
& surface texture.
Bluish he around the
reddened gingiva.
4. Advanced lesion Same as early & established
lesion
Persistence of features seen
in established lesion,
Ectension of inflammation
into deeper structures,
presence of all types of
inflammatory cells
Formation of periodontal
pocket and its aa
5. Depending on course and duration
Depending on distribution
Depending on the course and duration:
1) Acute gingivitis is of sudden onset and short duration;
and can be painful.
2) Subacute gingivitis is a less severe phase of acute
infection.
3) Recurrent gingivitis reappears either after treatment
or disappears spontaneously.
4) Chronic gingivitis is show in onset, of long duration,
usually painless and the most commonly
occuring gingival condition.
6. Depending on distribution
Localized gingivitis: It is the condition is
involving a single tooth or group of tooth.
Generalized gingivitis: It is the condition
involving entire mouth.
According to distribution: gingivitis could be
marginal, papillary, or diffuse.
Marginal gingivitis: In this the inflammation is limited
to the marginal gingiva.
Papillary gingivitis: In this the inflammation is limited
to interdental papilla.
7. Diffuse gingivitis: In this the inflammation involves
attached gingiva.
GINGIVAL FEATURES IN HEALTH FACTORS RESPINSIBLE IN DISEASE FACTORS RESPNSIBLE DISEASE CONDITION
1. Color Coral pink Vascular supply
Thickness &
degree of
keratinization of
epithelium
Presence of
pigment
containing cells
Color changes may
be :
Marginal
Diffuse
Diffuse or patch
like
Varying shades of
reddish blue, deep
blue
Color changes
Shiny slate gray
Dull whitish gray
Chronic Gingivitis
Chronic Gingivitis
Acute gingivitis
ANUG/HIV
Gingivitis
Herpetic
gingivostomatitis
• Vascular
proliferation
• Reduction of
keratinization
owning to epithelium
compression by
inflamed tissue.
• Venus stasis
• Tissue necrosis.
8. 2. Contour Marginal gingiva:
Scalloped & Knife
edged
Interdental papilla:
Anterior: pyramidal
shaped
Posterior: Tent shaped
• Shape of the tooth
and thus alignment
in the arch.
• Location and size of
proximal contact.
• Dimensions of facial
and lingual gingival
embrasures
• Marginal gingiva
becomes rolled or
rounded,
interdental papilla
becomes blunt and
flat.
• Punched out and
crater like
depression at the
crest of interdental
papilla extending to
marginal gingiva.
• Exaggerated
scalloping
apostrophe shaped
indentations
extending from and
into the gingival
margins for varying
distance on the
facial surface.
• Life saver like
enlargement of
marginal gingiva.
Chronic gingivitis.
ANUG
Stillman’s cleft
McCall’s festoons
Inflammatory changes
• As a result of
trauma from
occlusion
• Enlargement of
interdental papilla
with no enlargement
of marginal gingiva
9. GINGIVAL FEATURES IN HEALTH FACTORS RESPINSIBLE IN DISEASE FACTORS RESPNSIBLE DISEASE CONDITION
3. Consistency Firm & resilient • Collagenous nature
of lamina propria
and its contiguity
with the
mucoperiosteum of
alveolar bone
• Cellular and fluid
content of the
tissue.
• Soggy puffiness that
pits on pressure.
• Marked softness and
friability.
• Firm leathery.
• Defuse puffiness
and softening.
• Sloughing.
• Vesicle formation.
Chronic gingivitis
Exudative
Fibrotic
Actuate gingivitis
• Infiltration by fluids
and cells.
• Degeneration of CT
and epi.
• Fibrosis.
• Necrosis
4. Size Normal Some total of bulk of
cellular and
intercellular elements
and there vascular
supply.
Increased Gingival enlargement Increase in fibers and
decrease in cells and
vice versa.
5. Surface texture Stippling present • Due to the
attachment of
gingival fibers to
underline bone.
• Microscopically
papillary layer of
connective tissue
projects into the
elevations.
Loss of stippling
Smooth and shiny
Firm and nodular
Peeling of surface
Leathery texture
Minutely nodular
surface
Gingivitis
Exudative chronic
gingivitis
Fibrotic chronic
gingivitis
Chronic
desquamative
gingivitis
Hyperkeratosis
Non inflammatory
gingival hyperplasia
Due to destruction of
gingival fibers as a
result of inflammation
6. Position 1mm above the
cementoenamel
junction
• Position of tooth in
arch
• Root bone angle
• Mesiodistal
curvature of tooth
surface
• Apically placed
• Coronally replaced
• Gingival recession
• Pseudopockets
• Tooth brush trauma.
• Gingival
inflammation
• High frenum
attachment
• Tooth malposition
• Friction from soft
tissue
7. Bleeding on probing Intact sulcular
epithelium and normal
capillaries
Present
Chronic recurrent,
spontaneous bleeding
or slight bleeding
• Chronic gingivitis
• ANUG
• Systemic disease
Dilation and
engorgement of
capillaries and thinning
or ulceration of
sulcular epithelium.
10. GINGIVAL BLEEDING ON PROBING:
Significance of gingival bleeding on probing:
i. It is one of the earliest visual signs of inflammation.
ii. It can appear earlier then colour changes or any other
visual signs of inflammation.
iii. It also provides an additional advantage, by being a more
objective sign that requires less subjective estimation by
the examiner.
iv. Gingival bleeding on probing also helps us to determine
whether the lesions is in an active or inactive state. In
inactive lesion, there will be little or on bleeding on
11. probing, whereas active lesions bleed more readily on
probing.
v. The severity and ease with bleeding can be
provokedindicates the integrity of the inflammation.
Etiological factors responsible for gingival
bleeding on probing:
Etiological factors can be divided into:
Local •Acute Factors
•Chronic Factors
13. Acute Factors: These factors cause acute bleeding.
causes are:
1. Toothbrush trauma.
2. Impaction of sharp pieces of hard food.
3. Gingival burns from hot foods or chemicals.
4. In conditions such as acute necrotizing ulcerative
gingivitis(ANUG).
Chronic Factors: These factors cause chronic
bleeding.
causes are:
1. Chronic inflammation due to the presence of
plaque and calculus.
14. 2. Mechanical trauma, e.g. from tooth brushing, tooth
picks or food impaction.
3. Biting into solids foods such as apple.
SYSTEMIC FACTORS:
Hematological disease such as vitamin K
deficiency, platelet disorders such as
thrombocytopenia purpura, other coagulation
defects such as hemophilia, leukemia and others.
Bleeding could also be as a result of excessive
administration of drugs such as salicylates and
anticoagulants such as dicumarol and heparin
15. Microscopic changes associated with gingival
bleeding on probing:
1. Inthe epithelium: Thinningand micro
ulcerations of the sulcular epithelium is seen.
2. In the connective tissue: Dilation and
engorgement of the capillaries takes place.
16. COLOR CHANGES IN THE GINGIVA:
Color of the gingiva is an important clinical sign of
gingival diseases.
Normally, gingiva appears to be coral pink.
The factors that are responsible for this are tissue
vascularity, degree of keratinization and thickness of
the epithelium.
Generally, color of the gingiva may change to red, to
bluish red to pale pink.
Systemically absorbed heavy metals may also cause
gingival pigmentation, e.g. bismuth, arsenic, mercury,
lead and silver.
17. Abnormal melanin pigmentation of the gingiva may be
observed in conditions like Addison’s disease,
peutzjeghers syndrome.
CHANGES IN CONSISTENCY OF GINGIVA:
Normal gingiva exhibits a firm and resilient
consistency.
Factors that are responsible are cellular and
fluid content and collagenous nature of lamina
propria.
18. In disease conditions, it can be soggy and
edematous or firm; and leathery consistency.
CHANGES IN SIZE OF GINGIVA:
Normal size depends on the sum of the bulk
cellular and intercellular elements, and their
vascular supply.
In disease, the size is increased, which can be
termed as gingival enlargement.
19. Factors responsible for
this are increase in bulk
of cellular and
intracellular elements.
SURFACE TEXTURE:
Under normal
conditions, gingiva appears to be
stippled(orange peel appearance)
This is due to attachment of gingival fibers to
the underlying bone.
20. Stippling is absent in disease
conditions. Hence, the
gingiva may appear smooth
and shiny.
CHANGES IN POSITION
OF GINGIVA:
Normally, the gingiva is
attached to the tooth at the
cementoenamel junction.
21. In disease, the position can be shifted either
coronally (pseudo-pocket) or apical to the
cementoenamel junction (gingival recession).
GINGIVAL RECESSION:
Defination:- Gingival recession is defined as the
exposure of the root surface by an apical shift
in the position of the gingiva.
Types:-
In gingival recession, there are two types:
Visible, which is clinically observable.
22. Hidden, which is covered by gingiva and can only
be measured with probe.
Gingival recession may also be localized and
generalized.
Classification of Gingival Recession:
Two classification systems are available:-
1) According to Sullivan & Atkins: Shallownarrow,
shallow-wide and deep-wide.
2) According to PD Miller’s: Class-I ,Class-II, Class
III, Class IV.
24. Plaque-induced gingival inflammation is the
primary etiological factor responsible for
gingival recession
Other common cause is faulty tooth-brushing.
Other secondary factors on gingival recession
are broadly categorized as-
25. i. Anatomic factors ii.
Habits iii. Iatrogenic
factors iv. Physiologic
factors Clinical
significance of gingival
recession:
1) The exposed root surface may be extremely
sensitive.
2) Hyperemia of the pulp may result due to gingival
recession.
26. 3) Interproximal recession creates oral hygiene
problems thereby resulting in plaque
accumulation.
4) Finally, it is aesthetically unacceptable.
Changes in gingival contour:
Normally, marginal gingiva is scalloped and knife
edges, whereas interdental papilla in the anterior
region is pyramidal and posteriorly tent-shaped.
The factors that maintain normal contour are,
shape of the teeth and its alignment in the arch,
location and size of the proximal contact and
27. dimensions of the facial and lingual gingival
embrasures.
In diseased conditions, the marginal gingiva may
become rounded or rolled, whereas interdental
papilla can become blunt and flat.
Stillman’s clefts are apostrophe shaped
indentations extending from and into the
gingival margin varying distance on the facial
surface.
Mccall’s festoon isa life preserver shaped
enlargement of gingiva, most commonly seen