The document discusses security challenges in the current world order. It analyzes how the concept of security has evolved over time from the end of World War II to the present day. This includes the rise of non-state actors, privatization of the military, international terrorism, and new threats like cyber warfare. The document questions whether traditional approaches to security studies are still adequate given changes in the threats faced. It argues a holistic approach is needed but existing frameworks may need refinement to fully address today's complex security environment.

1. Security Challenges
in the
Current World Order
Sebastian Kautz

2. Security Challenges
in the
Current World Order
Security, Politics, the International Community...
… what are we talking about?
How did we get to the current world order?
Is it possible to create a logically coherent theoretical framework for
International Security?

3. Security Studies and
Critical Analysis
● Distinction between politicization
and securitization
● Existential threats and emergency
● Actors
measures
● Goals ● Subjective nature of assessment
● Instruments ● “Existential threat can only be understood
in relation to the particular character of the
referent object in question.”
(Buzan, 1998, p.21)

4. Hiroshima/ Cuban Berlin Wall Copenhagen
9/11
Nagasaki Missile Crisis Collapse of USSR Climate Summit
The second half of the 20th century
UN Membership Countries
200
180
● Post World War II – Nuclear Deterrence 160
140
● Ideological split – Communism/Capitalism 120
100
80
● United Nations succeed League of Nations 60
40
● Decolonization and Democratisation 20
0
1945 1960 1975 1990 1995 2010
● Green Movement & Environmentalism

5. Hiroshima/ Cuban Berlin Wall Copenhagen
9/11
Nagasaki Missile Crisis Collapse of USSR Climate Summit
The End of the Cold War?
Inter / Intrastate Conflict Growth of NGOs UN Membership Countries
180 2500 200
160 180
140 2000 160
120 140
1500 120
100
Total
Interstate 100
80
Intrastate 1000 80
60
60
40
500 40
20
20
0 0 0
1945 1960 1975 1990 1995 2005 1945 1960 1975 1990 1995 2004 1945 1960 1975 1990 1995 2010

6. Hiroshima/ Cuban Berlin Wall Copenhagen
9/11
Nagasaki Missile Crisis Collapse of USSR Climate Summit
The End of the Cold War?
● Unpredicted
● Security agenda evaporated
● End of state sponsored terrorism ? ● Introduction of new actors:
● Privatisation of the military market NGOs
TNCs
● Singer: 6 million soldiers unemployed TCOs
+
● Former Soviet states found democracies and Private Military Actors
open up for the market economy
● Global reorientation

7. The Changing World Order
Hans Rosling
Youtube -Hans Rosling: Debunking third-world myths with the best stats you've ever seen!
Youtube - New insights on poverty and life around the world
gapminder.org
worldmapper.org

8. Hiroshima/ Cuban Berlin Wall Copenhagen
9/11
Nagasaki Missile Crisis Collapse of USSR Climate Summit
The Mayflower took 3 months to cross the Atlantic,
the Concord could do it in 3 hours
and a Ballistic Missile can do it in 30 minutes.

9. ETA RAF IRA 7/7
Hiroshima/ Cuban Berlin Wall Copenhagen
9/11
Nagasaki Missile Crisis Collapse of USSR Climate Summit
From National to International Terrorism

10. ETA RAF IRA 7/7
Hiroshima/ Cuban Berlin Wall Copenhagen
9/11
Nagasaki Missile Crisis Collapse of USSR Climate Summit
The Empowerment of the Individual

11. So... What is the problem?
● Back to basics:
Hobbes' Leviathan
Locke's Treatises on Government
→ People need protection, either way
So, in light of what has been said so far, who has a duty of care in
the current world order?
What are the repercussions for the field of security studies?

12. Widening the scope of security studies?
Military - Political - Economical - Environmental - Societal
Traditionalists Wideners CSS
Realist view on IR Taking security out of the box Power Politics
Military Monopoly Logic of security Reproduction of
traditionalist and
Only includes Military Objective & Subjective threats objectivity conceptions
Political and in cases of security
Societal factors Include all of the above in
order to assess security on check references
all levels

13. Are any of these approaches meaningful
for explaining the security situation post 9/11?
Military
Private Military Firms
Outsourcing of traditional military
or governmental services to private
Industry.
“Thales ID document production and control solutions
are in operation in over 25 countries and have issued
more than 200 million identity documents and captured
more than 150 million digital fingerprints to date.”
(Thales Annual Report 2008: 152)

14. Are any of these approaches meaningful
for explaining the security situation post 9/11?
Criminal
Traditionally operating without boarders
Exploitation of niches and adoption to new “business models”
Cyberspace

15. Is Cyberspace
the battlefield of the 21st century?
Meet Stuxnet
● New form of computer virus targeting industrial mainframes
● Not only programmed to spy on systems but also to reprogram
● Unprecedented level of sophistication
→ Zombie machines and unsuspecting users

16. Instruments & Goals
Are they adequate given the nature of new
Threats?
National and International Law
Do they allow a global response?
United Nations Security Council
EU Battle group
How are we going to define global goals?
Sanctions
What did the Climate Summit 2009 tell us?

17. In conclusion...
… a holistic approach to Security Studies seems to be more
striking than the outdated Traditionalist view and CSS
However, the Copenhagen School has been heavily criticised
for being to swift, and too 'broad' in their approach... one central
criticism is that any theoretical framework needs a real world
problem that can not be solved by existing theories.
A new framework for analysis lacks purpose and adequacy 12
years after it was initially published.
Still, the Copenhagen School contributed to the field of SS in
that they created a pro pluralist theory, which is also concerned
with the language of security.

18. References
Baylis, J., Smith, S., 2001 (2006), The globalisation of World Politics,
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Buxton, J., 2006, The Political Economy of Narcotics: Production,
Consumption & Global Markets, London: Zedbooks.
Dorling, D., Newmann, M., Badford, A., 2008, The Atlas of the Real World:
Mapping the way we live, London: Thames and Hudson.
Nye, J. S., Welch, D. A., 2011, Understanding Global Conflict and
Cooperation, London: Pearson/Longman.
Walzer, M., 1977, Just and Unjust Wars, New York: Basic Books.

19. References
Skidmore, D., 1999, Reviewed work(s): Security: A New Framework for Analysis
by Barry Buzan; Ole Weaver; Jaap de Wilde The American Politiacal Science Review
Vol. 93, No. 4 (Dec., 1999), pp. 1010-1011.
Barry Buzan et al. Security: A New Framework for Analysis (1998, Lynne Rienner Publishers)
Barry Buzan, “Rethinking Security After the Cold War” Cooperation and Conflict
(March 1997): 32:1, pp. 5-28.
R.T. Naylor, “From Cold War to Crime War” Transnational Organised Crime (Winter 1995).
Xavier Raufer, “New World Disorder, New Terrorism: New Threats for Europe and the Western World”
Terrorism and Political Violence (Winter 1999), 11:4, pp. 30-51.