Einstein
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The document provides information about Albert Einstein and culture in Germany in the 19th and 20th centuries. It discusses the literature and music movements of each time period, including prominent figures. It also covers World War I and II from Germany's perspective. The biography section notes that Einstein was born in Germany in 1879 and made significant contributions to physics, receiving numerous honors and awards before moving to Princeton, New Jersey, where he died in 1955.
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- Einstein's work was instrumental in the development of the atomic bomb during World War II and he is renowned for his intellectual achievements as well as his pacifist views.
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Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879. As a child, he was fascinated by a compass and wanted to understand the invisible forces that guided it. In 1905, while working as a patent clerk in Germany, Einstein developed his Special Theory of Relativity and introduced the world to the idea that light exists as particles called photons. He went on to publish additional groundbreaking papers that year, including his famous equation E=mc2. Einstein later completed his General Theory of Relativity in 1915, which revolutionized the scientific understanding of gravity. He died in 1955 in Princeton, New Jersey at the age of 76, leaving behind a transformed scientific world.
Albert Einstein
1) Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879 and showed an early curiosity about science and how things work through building mechanical devices for fun.
2) In 1905, Einstein published four groundbreaking papers that introduced the photoelectric effect, special relativity, and mass-energy equivalence (E=mc2), establishing him as a leading scientist.
3) He emigrated from Germany to the United States in the 1930s due to the rise of the Nazi party and Adolf Hitler. Einstein warned the United States about Nazi Germany's attempts to develop nuclear weapons.
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist and philosopher. He developed the theory of relativity, one of the pillars of modern physics. He is regarded as one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century. Einstein received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his services to theoretical physics and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. He immigrated to the United States in 1933 and became an American citizen in 1940. Einstein died at the age of 76 in Princeton, New Jersey.
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Chapter 14 Lecture - Humanities
World War I had a major impact on the arts in the early 20th century. Several movements emerged in response, including Dadaism, which rejected tradition, and Surrealism, which focused on dreams. In the postwar period, modernist writers like James Joyce and Ezra Pound experimented with new techniques. In visual arts, abstract expressionism became popular in the mid-20th century, with painters like Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning focusing on the act of creation. Pop art emerged in the 1960s, as artists like Andy Warhol reflected mass culture.
445 german expressionism
slide 30 --Hitler comes into power
slides 34-49--the Die Brücke movement
slides 50-67-- the Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) movement --Wassily Kandinsky/Franz Marc/Paul Klee
slides 68-96--Expressionism (Otto Dix, George Grosz**, Kathe Kollowitz)
slide 97--Weimar Years begin
slide 100 -- Ernst von Wolzogen --founded 1st cabaret in Berlin in 1901**
slides 102-109-- Grosz-Metropolis and the German word Kabarett**
slides 116-130--Anita Berber**
slides 134 - 168 -- more on Expressionist and Anti-Expressionist art, Grosz, Kirchner, the spirit of the Weimar Years, Fritz Lang's Metropolis
**I find that George Grosz and Anita Berber are particularly relevant to our show!
Chapter 12 Lecture - Humanities
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DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929
Gustav Stresemann was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1923 during the Weimar Republic period. As Chancellor and later as Foreign Minister, he implemented policies that helped stabilize Germany's economy and improve its international standing. This included establishing a new currency to end hyperinflation, crushing communist uprisings, and pursuing diplomatic agreements like the Locarno Pact to normalize Germany's relations with other European powers. However, the economic and political stability of the Weimar Republic remained fragile.
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2) The "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 established a Protestant monarchy and Bill of Rights, increasing parliamentary power over the monarch.
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Whilem Conrad Rontgen
Wilhelm Röntgen was a German physicist born in 1845 who made groundbreaking discoveries about X-rays in 1895. While experimenting with cathode rays, he observed that a nearby piece of cardboard coated with fluorescent material glowed without being touched. He continued his experiments and found that he could see the bones of his hand through flesh using this new kind of ray. Röntgen went on to take the first ever X-ray photo, of his wife's hand. He shared his discovery widely, and it had a huge impact, leading to his being awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. However, the rays were also found to be dangerous if overexposed to them. Röntgen continued his
Weimar And Expressionism
German Expressionism developed in Germany during the Weimar period of 1919-1933 following World War 1. Artists responded to the social conditions including the aftermath of war, with men returning physically and psychologically damaged, and economic hardships including hyperinflation. Expressionist art portrayed inner psychic states rather than outer appearances, using distorted forms and colors to represent emotions. Major Expressionist groups included Die Brucke and Blaue Reiter, and the style influenced influential German films of the era seeking to depict internal experiences, such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari and Nosferatu.
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The document provides an overview of World War II and its aftermath from 1931-1949. It discusses the rise of dictators like Hitler and Mussolini and their acts of aggression, including Germany invading Poland in 1939 which led Britain and France to declare war on Germany, plunging Europe into World War II. The document also covers events during the war like the Allied victories and turning points that led to the defeat of Germany and Japan.
21 realism, impressionism and beyond
The document provides an overview of major developments in European contexts, philosophy, science, and the arts from the late 19th century through the early 20th century. It summarizes that industrialization led to increased migration, the rise of the working class and socialism, while Germany unified and became a powerful nation. Major scientific discoveries were made in physics by Planck, Einstein, and Bohr, and in biology by Mendel and Pasteur. Philosophically, Nietzsche challenged traditional morality and Freud developed psychoanalysis. In the arts, Realism and Impressionism emerged before Post-Impressionism, Cubism, Futurism, and other modernist movements that rejected realism and naturalism.
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"The Hitler biography of the twenty-first century" (Richard J. Evans), Ian Kershaw's Hitler is a one-volume masterpiece that will become the standard work. From Hitler's origins as a failed artist in fin-de-siecle Vienna to the terrifying last days in his Berlin bunker, Kershaw's richly illustrated biography is a mesmerizing portrait of how Hitler attained, exercised, and retained power. Drawing on previously untapped sources, such as Goebbels's diaries, Kershaw addresses the crucial questions about the unique nature of Nazi radicalism, about the Holocaust, and about the poisoned European world that allowed Hitler to operate so effectively.
The Holocaust
The Holocaust was the systematic murder of approximately 6 million European Jews and millions of others by the Nazi regime and its collaborators between 1933-1945. Key events included the rise of Hitler and the Nazis to power in Germany in 1933, the establishment of concentration camps starting with Dachau in 1933, and the mass killings of Jews that began in 1941 with mobile killing units in Germany and Poland. By 1945, around two-thirds of the Jewish population in Europe had been murdered in ghettos and extermination camps like Auschwitz.
Significant dates
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2) In 1517, Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church and sparking the Protestant Reformation.
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Adolf Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. He was born in Austria in 1889 and showed an early interest in German nationalism. During World War I he served in the German army and was decorated for bravery. After the war, he joined the Nazi party and became its leader. As Chancellor of Germany from 1933, he transformed the country into a totalitarian state and launched World War II in 1939 by invading Poland. He sought to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish German dominance in Europe. By 1945, with Germany facing defeat, Hitler and his wife Eva Braun committed suicide in Berlin.
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The document outlines several key causes that led to the start of World War 2 in Europe, including the harsh Treaty of Versailles that left Germany humiliated after WWI. This led to the rise of fascism under Hitler and the Nazi party in Germany. Hitler aggressively expanded German territory by remilitarizing the Rhineland and annexing Austria and Czechoslovakia through appeasement by Britain and France. The Great Depression created economic hardship and unstable governments. Japan also increasingly expanded its empire into China. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the start of World War 2.
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Einstein
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