This document provides a framework for critiquing research studies. It outlines 14 key aspects of a research article to evaluate, including the title, abstract, introduction, literature review, methods, analysis, results, discussion, limitations and conclusion. It recommends determining the level and quality of evidence using an appropriate scale. Finally, it asks the reader to decide if the study is applicable to their own practice. The overall purpose is to provide guidance on thoroughly reviewing and assessing the strengths and weaknesses of a research article.
Narcissism, bullying, and social dominance in youth a longitamit657720
This study examines the longitudinal relationship between narcissism and bullying in youth over 3 years. It uses person-centered analysis to identify distinct trajectories of narcissism and two forms of bullying (direct and indirect) and relates these trajectories. The study finds:
1) For girls, higher narcissism was not related to more intense bullying or higher social dominance.
2) For boys, highly narcissistic boys were more likely than peers to show elevated direct and indirect bullying.
3) Among narcissistic youth, only those who engage in high bullying were high in social dominance.
Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP) type of personality concerns how people respond to stress. Though it is a personality typology, it is more appropriately conceptualized as a trait continuum, with extremes Type-A and Type-B individuals on each end. Typical responses of TABP include: Competitiveness(very competitive and self-critical.),Time Urgency(seem to be in a constant struggle against the clock.),Hostility( easily aroused to anger or hostility, which they may or may not express overtly.)
This document summarizes several research studies that examined risk and protective factors for depression and anxiety among college students. Key findings include:
1) A study of undergraduate students found that those with more severe depression symptoms and anxiety were more likely to experience suicidal ideation. Another study found anxiety to be the strongest predictor of depression in college students.
2) A study of undergraduate and graduate students found a significant positive correlation between high perfectionism scores and both depression and anxiety.
3) A study of undergraduate students found that those using maladaptive coping strategies and having lower life satisfaction were more likely to experience depression and anxiety.
4) A study of graduate psychology students found high levels of stress from academic pressures and finances
Anonymity Versus Publicity of Answers and Reported Self-EsteemDanielle Hoyt
This study examined how anonymity and publicity impact self-reported self-esteem scores. 60 undergraduate students completed a self-esteem measure either anonymously online, in-person with written responses, or in-person verbally. Results showed the anonymous online scores were significantly lower than the written in-person scores, partially supporting the hypothesis that increased publicity correlates with higher self-esteem scores. However, no other conditions differed significantly. Gender did not impact results. Limitations included a small homogenous sample from one university. Future research could explore how situational factors impact anonymity and publicity effects on self-esteem.
This study examined the relationship between non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and ego identity development in college students. The researcher found that students who engaged in one form of NSSI, such as scratching or cutting, were likely to engage in other forms as well. Further, rates of NSSI were correlated with higher levels of ideological identity achievement. Specifically, students who scratched or bit themselves were more likely to have achieved an overall ego identity. However, students who bit themselves were also more likely to be in an interpersonal identity moratorium stage. The results suggest that while NSSI may be related to identity development, more research is needed to understand the causes and prevention of self-inj
This document discusses research on the association between being physically abused and becoming a bully. It reviews literature finding children who bully were often bullied themselves and experience depression. The research aims to determine if physically abused children are more likely to bully others due to developing psychological disorders. More research is needed to better understand bullies and how childhood experiences influence bullying behavior.
This document analyzes how peers label and stigmatize other youth with mental illness using Modified Labeling Theory. It finds that self-labeling predicts negative outcomes for youth but some refuse clinical labels. Anti-stigma campaigns using contact with those with mental illness and youth-led initiatives show effectiveness, though effects may decline after the program ends. The theory is then used to evaluate components of anti-stigma campaigns.
The document describes a study that aimed to 1) examine the relationships between peer pressure, conformity, and popularity and how they predict risk behaviors, and 2) develop and validate shorter measures of peer pressure and conformity for use in large-scale testing of adolescents. The study developed and validated short 10-item scales of peer pressure and conformity in a sample of 148 adolescent boys and girls. Results showed the new scales had good internal consistency. Peer pressure and conformity were found to be stronger predictors of risk behaviors like substance abuse than measures of popularity or general conformity. The new short scales of peer pressure and conformity were found to be equally or more predictive of risk behaviors than existing longer scales.
Narcissism, bullying, and social dominance in youth a longitamit657720
This study examines the longitudinal relationship between narcissism and bullying in youth over 3 years. It uses person-centered analysis to identify distinct trajectories of narcissism and two forms of bullying (direct and indirect) and relates these trajectories. The study finds:
1) For girls, higher narcissism was not related to more intense bullying or higher social dominance.
2) For boys, highly narcissistic boys were more likely than peers to show elevated direct and indirect bullying.
3) Among narcissistic youth, only those who engage in high bullying were high in social dominance.
Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP) type of personality concerns how people respond to stress. Though it is a personality typology, it is more appropriately conceptualized as a trait continuum, with extremes Type-A and Type-B individuals on each end. Typical responses of TABP include: Competitiveness(very competitive and self-critical.),Time Urgency(seem to be in a constant struggle against the clock.),Hostility( easily aroused to anger or hostility, which they may or may not express overtly.)
This document summarizes several research studies that examined risk and protective factors for depression and anxiety among college students. Key findings include:
1) A study of undergraduate students found that those with more severe depression symptoms and anxiety were more likely to experience suicidal ideation. Another study found anxiety to be the strongest predictor of depression in college students.
2) A study of undergraduate and graduate students found a significant positive correlation between high perfectionism scores and both depression and anxiety.
3) A study of undergraduate students found that those using maladaptive coping strategies and having lower life satisfaction were more likely to experience depression and anxiety.
4) A study of graduate psychology students found high levels of stress from academic pressures and finances
Anonymity Versus Publicity of Answers and Reported Self-EsteemDanielle Hoyt
This study examined how anonymity and publicity impact self-reported self-esteem scores. 60 undergraduate students completed a self-esteem measure either anonymously online, in-person with written responses, or in-person verbally. Results showed the anonymous online scores were significantly lower than the written in-person scores, partially supporting the hypothesis that increased publicity correlates with higher self-esteem scores. However, no other conditions differed significantly. Gender did not impact results. Limitations included a small homogenous sample from one university. Future research could explore how situational factors impact anonymity and publicity effects on self-esteem.
This study examined the relationship between non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and ego identity development in college students. The researcher found that students who engaged in one form of NSSI, such as scratching or cutting, were likely to engage in other forms as well. Further, rates of NSSI were correlated with higher levels of ideological identity achievement. Specifically, students who scratched or bit themselves were more likely to have achieved an overall ego identity. However, students who bit themselves were also more likely to be in an interpersonal identity moratorium stage. The results suggest that while NSSI may be related to identity development, more research is needed to understand the causes and prevention of self-inj
This document discusses research on the association between being physically abused and becoming a bully. It reviews literature finding children who bully were often bullied themselves and experience depression. The research aims to determine if physically abused children are more likely to bully others due to developing psychological disorders. More research is needed to better understand bullies and how childhood experiences influence bullying behavior.
This document analyzes how peers label and stigmatize other youth with mental illness using Modified Labeling Theory. It finds that self-labeling predicts negative outcomes for youth but some refuse clinical labels. Anti-stigma campaigns using contact with those with mental illness and youth-led initiatives show effectiveness, though effects may decline after the program ends. The theory is then used to evaluate components of anti-stigma campaigns.
The document describes a study that aimed to 1) examine the relationships between peer pressure, conformity, and popularity and how they predict risk behaviors, and 2) develop and validate shorter measures of peer pressure and conformity for use in large-scale testing of adolescents. The study developed and validated short 10-item scales of peer pressure and conformity in a sample of 148 adolescent boys and girls. Results showed the new scales had good internal consistency. Peer pressure and conformity were found to be stronger predictors of risk behaviors like substance abuse than measures of popularity or general conformity. The new short scales of peer pressure and conformity were found to be equally or more predictive of risk behaviors than existing longer scales.
Coping with Verbal and Social Bullying in Middle SchoolGabriela Rocha
This study examined how middle school students predict they would cope with verbal and social bullying. The researchers surveyed 159 students aged 11-14 from two private schools. Students completed a measure assessing how they would cope, either through approach strategies like seeking help, or avoidance strategies like distancing. Recent bullying victims were more likely to predict avoidance coping. Approach coping, less aggression, and lower perceived bullying were linked to greater willingness to seek help. The results suggest educational interventions could encourage adaptive coping with bullying.
The study examined intergenerational trauma and resilience in families of former child soldiers in Burundi. It found three main ways trauma is passed down: through parenting styles influenced by soldiers' experiences, parental mental health issues affecting children, and community stigma. Family therapists could help by addressing parenting, mental health, and social support through community-based interventions, parent training, and attachment-focused family therapy.
This document discusses screening tools for depression and anxiety in youth. It notes that depression affects 3-8% of youth and anxiety is commonly co-morbid. Early recognition is important to prevent long-term impairment. Two screening tools are introduced: the PHQ-9 for depression screening, which has a sensitivity and specificity of 88% for major depression, and the SCARED questionnaire for anxiety screening. Both tools are self-report questionnaires that can help identify clinically significant problems to be addressed. The document advocates for screening in school settings but notes the importance of having next steps in care identified and streamlined if issues are detected.
Psychology Poster Presentation - The effect of trait order on the likeablity ...jamickle
This study investigated how the order of positive and negative traits presented in descriptions affected how likeable hypothetical individuals were rated. Participants heard descriptions of 3 individuals with traits presented in different orders - positive to negative, negative to positive, or randomized. The researchers expected those with positive traits first to be rated most likeable but found no significant effect of trait order on ratings. While past research found a primacy effect, this study with paragraph descriptions found trait order did not influence likeability ratings.
This study examined differences in stress and anxiety levels between male and female undergraduate students during exam times. An online survey was distributed to 48 students, with equal numbers of males and females. Results showed that females reported significantly higher levels of visible signs of nervousness and panic before exams compared to males. Females also tended to experience more overall anxiety, though this was only a trend. Both genders reported anxiety levels between "seldom" and "sometimes" in test situations. The study provides some evidence that female undergraduates experience greater stress and anxiety than males during exams.
Childhood Maltreatment and PTSD Literature Review and Proposed StudyAlexandraPerkins5
The document summarizes a final project proposal that examines the relationship between childhood maltreatment, PTSD, and subsequent substance use disorders. The proposal includes a literature review of 6 articles on the topic and a proposed correlational research study using assessments to measure PTSD, childhood trauma, and substance abuse severity in adults undergoing residential treatment. The hypothesis is that adults who experienced childhood maltreatment and developed PTSD will be at increased risk for substance use disorders.
Luis Hernandez Gender Stereotype Research PaperLuis Hernandez
The study examined whether gender stereotypes affect psychology undergraduate students' reaction times to male and female names. Students completed a reaction time task where male and female names were primed with gender-neutral, same-sex, or opposite-sex stereotypes. Results found that male names primed with female stereotypes had the slowest reaction times, followed by male names primed with neutral, female names primed with neutral or male stereotypes, and female names primed with female stereotypes. This contrasts previous research but suggests psychology knowledge may mediate stereotype effects. The study hoped to not replicate these findings with non-psychology students to provide insight into addressing gender stereotypes.
- The document discusses a study examining the relationship between trait anxiety and self-esteem among Indian college students.
- It finds that there is a strong bidirectional relationship between trait anxiety and self-esteem for both male and female college students. Higher trait anxiety is also associated with lower self-esteem.
- No significant gender differences were found in levels of trait anxiety. However, previous research has shown that females generally report higher trait anxiety than males.
- When faced with events that reduced their self-esteem, students with higher trait anxiety more commonly reported cognitive symptoms of state anxiety like reduced confidence and nervousness.
Battered women syndrome;Intimate Partner ViolenceBenson Babu
This document contains summaries of 4 qualitative research studies on intimate partner violence:
1. The first study interviewed abused women in Sweden about their experience leaving violent relationships. It identified fear, confusion from the partner's behavior changes, and worry for safety as driving forces to leave. External support also played a key role.
2. The second study interviewed battered women in Finland about coping with violence. It found they struggled to survive and escape total control by partners using threats and violence. Support from others was important in leaving.
3. The third study in the UK used interviews to understand how domestic abuse affected women's identity, sense of self, and resilience. It found culture and society influenced how abuse was perceived and
Sample 3 bipolar on female adult populationNicole Valerio
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- The document summarizes a study that investigated the relationship between personality traits, psychological well-being, and enjoyment of horror films.
- It administered several questionnaires measuring personality, anxiety/depression, and horror film preferences to 20 university students aged 18-26.
- The results found significant correlations between high neuroticism, low openness, and lower psychological well-being. It also found that lower psychological well-being was correlated with less empathy for victims in horror films. However, the study found no significant relationships between personality traits and enjoyment of horror films.
Glenthøj et al. - 2016 - Social cognition in patients at ultra-high risk for ...Tina Dam Kristensen
This study examined social cognition, social skills, and functioning in 65 patients at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis compared to 30 healthy controls. The patients performed worse on tasks of emotion recognition and social inference compared to controls. Patients also exhibited poorer social skills. Aspects of emotion recognition and social cognition were associated with measures of social and role functioning. Negative symptoms were associated with impairments in overall functioning. The study suggests social cognitive deficits and negative symptoms influence functioning and social skills in the ultra-high risk population.
This document provides an overview of the psychoanalytic approach to personality proposed by Sigmund Freud. It discusses:
1. Freud's discovery of the unconscious mind and development of psychoanalysis using free association.
2. Freud's structural model of personality consisting of the id, ego, and superego. It also discusses Freud's concepts of libido, thanatos, and defense mechanisms.
3. Freud's psychosexual stages of development including the oral, anal, and phallic stages and how fixation at different stages can influence adult personality.
The document provides a concise introduction to Freud's seminal psychoanalytic theory of personality.
This document summarizes research on bullying in schools. It defines bullying and explores the different roles students can play, finding most play multiple roles over time. Bullying is found to be widespread in schools, with 10-30% of students bullied or bullying others according to various studies. Specific groups like those with disabilities and LGBTQ youth experience higher rates. However, most bullying goes unreported due to victims' reluctance to tell teachers due to lack of confidence in teachers' responses or fear of retaliation. Witnesses also rarely intervene or report bullying.
This study examined how factors like grade level, perfectionism, and perceived social support affect depression and anxiety in college students. It hypothesized that undergraduate students would report higher depression than graduates, and graduates higher anxiety, and that perfectionism scores would correlate with higher depression and anxiety. It also hypothesized that higher perceived social support would relate to lower depression and anxiety. The study found perfectionism significantly correlated to both higher depression and anxiety, but found no significant relationships between the other factors and mental health symptoms. It concludes by emphasizing the need to support perfectionistic students to prevent worsening mental health issues.
This paper explores attribution theory and the importance of individual attribution styles. It discusses how attribution styles can influence one's interpretation of positive and negative events and shape responses to environmental cues. The paper reviews literature showing links between negative attribution styles and poorer academic performance, health outcomes, immune functioning, and mental health. Cultural factors like individualism/collectivism and religious beliefs may help determine one's attribution style. The actor-observer asymmetry also provides insight into positive attribution styles.
This study examined the influence of peers and parents on the sexual attitudes of male undergraduate students. Questionnaire data was collected from 97 male undergraduates assessing their resistance to peer influence, sexual attitudes, and relationship with parents. The results found that higher resistance to peer influence was marginally correlated with reporting less permissive sexual attitudes. No significant relationship was found between perceived parental warmth and attitudes about birth control responsibility.
This document discusses gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It notes that most research reports sex differences rather than gender differences. Five hypotheses are proposed regarding the relationships between gender identity, conformity to gender norms, and PTSD symptoms. The proposed methods section describes plans to survey 200 adults with a traumatic experience using instruments to measure gender identity and roles, conformity to masculinity/femininity norms, and PTSD symptoms. Data analysis would examine relationships between these variables and look for differences between men and women.
A NATIONAL SURVEY OF FAMILY PHYSICIANSPERSPECTIVES ON COLLA.docxransayo
A NATIONAL SURVEY OF FAMILY PHYSICIANS:
PERSPECTIVES ON COLLABORATION WITH
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPISTS
Rebecca E. Clark
Lifespan Family Healthcare, Newcastle, Maine
Deanna Linville
University of Oregon
Karen H. Rosen
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Recognizing the fit between family medicine and marriage and family therapy (MFT),
members of both fields have made significant advances in collaborative health research
and practice. To add to this work, we surveyed a nationwide random sample of 240 family
physicians (FPs) and asked about their perspectives and experiences of collaboration with
MFTs. We found that FPs frequently perceive a need for their patients to receive MFT-
related care, but their referral to and collaboration with MFTs were limited. Through
responses to an open-ended question, we gained valuable information as to how MFTs
could more effectively initiate collaboration with FPs.
Despite the success of medical family therapists in providing integrative, collaborative
healthcare, we know little about how commonly family physicians (FPs) and marriage and fam-
ily therapists (MFTs) collaborate in routine patient care. To our knowledge, there have been
no studies published from the perspective of the FP that describe the extent to which FPs seek
the collaboration of MFTs, the degree to which they are aware of MFT as a field, their per-
ceived need for their patients to receive MFT, or their attitude toward MFT as a potential
resource for patient treatment.
Leaders in family medicine and MFT recognize the common occurrence of mental health
concerns arising in a medical visit. In fact, it has been estimated that more than 60% of patient
visits to primary care physicians (PCPs) include mental health concerns (Moon, 1997), and
many of these concerns may not be the presenting complaint (Jackson & Tisher, 1996;
Schurman, Kramer, & Mitchell, 1985). Several MFT ⁄ FP teams have developed models for col-
laboration (Doherty & Baird, 1983; Dym & Berman, 1986; Hepworth & Jackson, 1985; Sea-
burn, Lorenz, Gunn, Gawinski, & Mauksch, 1996). Other researchers and practitioners have
written books that serve as a guide to other mental health practitioners for how to be effective
collaborators with other healthcare practitioners (e.g., Seaburn et al., 1996).
The specialty of family medicine, which arose in the 1960s, embraces a systemic, biopsy-
chosocial perspective to illness that stresses the importance of caring for the whole person
within his or her family, social context, and life cycle stage (Chung, 1996; Fischetti &
McCutchan, 2002). It is not surprising that FPs regularly treat their patients’ mental health
problems. By definition of their specialty, FPs are trained to integrate behavioral science con-
cepts with their biomedical training (AAFP, 2000; Seaburn et al., 1996) as well as to manage
Rebecca E. Clark, MS, Lifespan Family Healthcare, Newcastle, Maine; Deanna Linville, PhD, Couples and
Family Therapy .
This study investigated the needs of relatives of surgical patients according to relatives themselves and hospital staff. Both groups ranked assurance and anxiety reduction as the most important needs. While their overall rankings were similar, some differences emerged in the importance assigned to specific needs like information and proximity. Assurance of quality care for patients was seen as the top need by relatives, whereas staff prioritized being informed of patient progress details. Both groups agreed on the least important needs.
This is what I have so far if you could please go off of my introd.docxjuliennehar
This is what I have so far if you could please go off of my introduction. My topic is on women and obesity. What causes women to become obese? My four psychological domains that I am using for this integrative literature review are Domain- 1: Biological (includes neuroscience, consciousness, and sensation), Domain 3: Development (includes learning and conditioning, lifespan development, and language), Domain 4: Social and Personality (includes the study of personality, emotion, motivation, gender, and culture) and Domain 5: Mental and Physical Health (includes abnormal psychology, therapy, and health psychology) If you could please do the Discussion which includes the analysis, critique, synthesis and conclusion.
These are the instructions:
Integrative Literature Review
The primary goal of this literature review is to integrate concepts from four different content domains within the larger field of psychology. The four content domains should be chosen from previous coursework in this program. In this paper, students will review the findings in the individual empirical articles, organize the research in a meaningful way, evaluate the reliability, validity, and generalizability of the research findings, and present an integrated synthesis of the research that sheds new light on the topics within and across the four domains.
The result of a successful integrative literature review may be a significant contribution to a particular body of knowledge and, consequently, to research and practice. Therefore, before writing this literature review, substantive new research must be conducted via the Internet and within the Ashford University Library for each of the four chosen domains. A minimum of six sources must be included for each of the four domains. Although content from literature reviews completed in prior courses within this program may be included, it may not constitute the total research for the individual domains addressed within this assignment. No more than four sources from previous literature reviews completed in this program may be utilized for this integrative review.
The headings listed below must be used within the paper to delineate the sections of content. These sections include the following: a clear introduction that provides a general review and organizes the research in a meaningful way; a discussion in which the evidence is presented through analysis, critique, and synthesis; and a conclusion in which the discussion is drawn together in a meaningful way, the claims of the introduction are brought to a logical closure, and new research is proposed.
Introduction
· Provide a conceptual (theoretical, abstract, summary) framework (background) for the review.
· Describe how the review will be organized. The questions below may be used to guide this section.
· What are the guiding (leading) theories (idea) within the domains (area, field)?
· How are the domains (area, field) connected?
· Are there competing points of view across th ...
Coping with Verbal and Social Bullying in Middle SchoolGabriela Rocha
This study examined how middle school students predict they would cope with verbal and social bullying. The researchers surveyed 159 students aged 11-14 from two private schools. Students completed a measure assessing how they would cope, either through approach strategies like seeking help, or avoidance strategies like distancing. Recent bullying victims were more likely to predict avoidance coping. Approach coping, less aggression, and lower perceived bullying were linked to greater willingness to seek help. The results suggest educational interventions could encourage adaptive coping with bullying.
The study examined intergenerational trauma and resilience in families of former child soldiers in Burundi. It found three main ways trauma is passed down: through parenting styles influenced by soldiers' experiences, parental mental health issues affecting children, and community stigma. Family therapists could help by addressing parenting, mental health, and social support through community-based interventions, parent training, and attachment-focused family therapy.
This document discusses screening tools for depression and anxiety in youth. It notes that depression affects 3-8% of youth and anxiety is commonly co-morbid. Early recognition is important to prevent long-term impairment. Two screening tools are introduced: the PHQ-9 for depression screening, which has a sensitivity and specificity of 88% for major depression, and the SCARED questionnaire for anxiety screening. Both tools are self-report questionnaires that can help identify clinically significant problems to be addressed. The document advocates for screening in school settings but notes the importance of having next steps in care identified and streamlined if issues are detected.
Psychology Poster Presentation - The effect of trait order on the likeablity ...jamickle
This study investigated how the order of positive and negative traits presented in descriptions affected how likeable hypothetical individuals were rated. Participants heard descriptions of 3 individuals with traits presented in different orders - positive to negative, negative to positive, or randomized. The researchers expected those with positive traits first to be rated most likeable but found no significant effect of trait order on ratings. While past research found a primacy effect, this study with paragraph descriptions found trait order did not influence likeability ratings.
This study examined differences in stress and anxiety levels between male and female undergraduate students during exam times. An online survey was distributed to 48 students, with equal numbers of males and females. Results showed that females reported significantly higher levels of visible signs of nervousness and panic before exams compared to males. Females also tended to experience more overall anxiety, though this was only a trend. Both genders reported anxiety levels between "seldom" and "sometimes" in test situations. The study provides some evidence that female undergraduates experience greater stress and anxiety than males during exams.
Childhood Maltreatment and PTSD Literature Review and Proposed StudyAlexandraPerkins5
The document summarizes a final project proposal that examines the relationship between childhood maltreatment, PTSD, and subsequent substance use disorders. The proposal includes a literature review of 6 articles on the topic and a proposed correlational research study using assessments to measure PTSD, childhood trauma, and substance abuse severity in adults undergoing residential treatment. The hypothesis is that adults who experienced childhood maltreatment and developed PTSD will be at increased risk for substance use disorders.
Luis Hernandez Gender Stereotype Research PaperLuis Hernandez
The study examined whether gender stereotypes affect psychology undergraduate students' reaction times to male and female names. Students completed a reaction time task where male and female names were primed with gender-neutral, same-sex, or opposite-sex stereotypes. Results found that male names primed with female stereotypes had the slowest reaction times, followed by male names primed with neutral, female names primed with neutral or male stereotypes, and female names primed with female stereotypes. This contrasts previous research but suggests psychology knowledge may mediate stereotype effects. The study hoped to not replicate these findings with non-psychology students to provide insight into addressing gender stereotypes.
- The document discusses a study examining the relationship between trait anxiety and self-esteem among Indian college students.
- It finds that there is a strong bidirectional relationship between trait anxiety and self-esteem for both male and female college students. Higher trait anxiety is also associated with lower self-esteem.
- No significant gender differences were found in levels of trait anxiety. However, previous research has shown that females generally report higher trait anxiety than males.
- When faced with events that reduced their self-esteem, students with higher trait anxiety more commonly reported cognitive symptoms of state anxiety like reduced confidence and nervousness.
Battered women syndrome;Intimate Partner ViolenceBenson Babu
This document contains summaries of 4 qualitative research studies on intimate partner violence:
1. The first study interviewed abused women in Sweden about their experience leaving violent relationships. It identified fear, confusion from the partner's behavior changes, and worry for safety as driving forces to leave. External support also played a key role.
2. The second study interviewed battered women in Finland about coping with violence. It found they struggled to survive and escape total control by partners using threats and violence. Support from others was important in leaving.
3. The third study in the UK used interviews to understand how domestic abuse affected women's identity, sense of self, and resilience. It found culture and society influenced how abuse was perceived and
Sample 3 bipolar on female adult populationNicole Valerio
Hello Sir
We are a premier academic writing agency with industry partners in UK, Australia and Middle East and over 15 years of experience. We are looking to establish long-term relationships with industry partners and would love to discuss this opportunity further with you.
Thanks & Regards
visit our website.
www.onlineassignmenthelp.com.au
www.freeassignmenthelp.com
www.btechndassignment.cheapassignmenthelp.co.uk
www.cheapassignmenthelp.com
www.cheapassignmenthelp.co.uk/
http://www.cheapassignmenthelp.net/
- The document summarizes a study that investigated the relationship between personality traits, psychological well-being, and enjoyment of horror films.
- It administered several questionnaires measuring personality, anxiety/depression, and horror film preferences to 20 university students aged 18-26.
- The results found significant correlations between high neuroticism, low openness, and lower psychological well-being. It also found that lower psychological well-being was correlated with less empathy for victims in horror films. However, the study found no significant relationships between personality traits and enjoyment of horror films.
Glenthøj et al. - 2016 - Social cognition in patients at ultra-high risk for ...Tina Dam Kristensen
This study examined social cognition, social skills, and functioning in 65 patients at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis compared to 30 healthy controls. The patients performed worse on tasks of emotion recognition and social inference compared to controls. Patients also exhibited poorer social skills. Aspects of emotion recognition and social cognition were associated with measures of social and role functioning. Negative symptoms were associated with impairments in overall functioning. The study suggests social cognitive deficits and negative symptoms influence functioning and social skills in the ultra-high risk population.
This document provides an overview of the psychoanalytic approach to personality proposed by Sigmund Freud. It discusses:
1. Freud's discovery of the unconscious mind and development of psychoanalysis using free association.
2. Freud's structural model of personality consisting of the id, ego, and superego. It also discusses Freud's concepts of libido, thanatos, and defense mechanisms.
3. Freud's psychosexual stages of development including the oral, anal, and phallic stages and how fixation at different stages can influence adult personality.
The document provides a concise introduction to Freud's seminal psychoanalytic theory of personality.
This document summarizes research on bullying in schools. It defines bullying and explores the different roles students can play, finding most play multiple roles over time. Bullying is found to be widespread in schools, with 10-30% of students bullied or bullying others according to various studies. Specific groups like those with disabilities and LGBTQ youth experience higher rates. However, most bullying goes unreported due to victims' reluctance to tell teachers due to lack of confidence in teachers' responses or fear of retaliation. Witnesses also rarely intervene or report bullying.
This study examined how factors like grade level, perfectionism, and perceived social support affect depression and anxiety in college students. It hypothesized that undergraduate students would report higher depression than graduates, and graduates higher anxiety, and that perfectionism scores would correlate with higher depression and anxiety. It also hypothesized that higher perceived social support would relate to lower depression and anxiety. The study found perfectionism significantly correlated to both higher depression and anxiety, but found no significant relationships between the other factors and mental health symptoms. It concludes by emphasizing the need to support perfectionistic students to prevent worsening mental health issues.
This paper explores attribution theory and the importance of individual attribution styles. It discusses how attribution styles can influence one's interpretation of positive and negative events and shape responses to environmental cues. The paper reviews literature showing links between negative attribution styles and poorer academic performance, health outcomes, immune functioning, and mental health. Cultural factors like individualism/collectivism and religious beliefs may help determine one's attribution style. The actor-observer asymmetry also provides insight into positive attribution styles.
This study examined the influence of peers and parents on the sexual attitudes of male undergraduate students. Questionnaire data was collected from 97 male undergraduates assessing their resistance to peer influence, sexual attitudes, and relationship with parents. The results found that higher resistance to peer influence was marginally correlated with reporting less permissive sexual attitudes. No significant relationship was found between perceived parental warmth and attitudes about birth control responsibility.
This document discusses gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It notes that most research reports sex differences rather than gender differences. Five hypotheses are proposed regarding the relationships between gender identity, conformity to gender norms, and PTSD symptoms. The proposed methods section describes plans to survey 200 adults with a traumatic experience using instruments to measure gender identity and roles, conformity to masculinity/femininity norms, and PTSD symptoms. Data analysis would examine relationships between these variables and look for differences between men and women.
A NATIONAL SURVEY OF FAMILY PHYSICIANSPERSPECTIVES ON COLLA.docxransayo
A NATIONAL SURVEY OF FAMILY PHYSICIANS:
PERSPECTIVES ON COLLABORATION WITH
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPISTS
Rebecca E. Clark
Lifespan Family Healthcare, Newcastle, Maine
Deanna Linville
University of Oregon
Karen H. Rosen
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Recognizing the fit between family medicine and marriage and family therapy (MFT),
members of both fields have made significant advances in collaborative health research
and practice. To add to this work, we surveyed a nationwide random sample of 240 family
physicians (FPs) and asked about their perspectives and experiences of collaboration with
MFTs. We found that FPs frequently perceive a need for their patients to receive MFT-
related care, but their referral to and collaboration with MFTs were limited. Through
responses to an open-ended question, we gained valuable information as to how MFTs
could more effectively initiate collaboration with FPs.
Despite the success of medical family therapists in providing integrative, collaborative
healthcare, we know little about how commonly family physicians (FPs) and marriage and fam-
ily therapists (MFTs) collaborate in routine patient care. To our knowledge, there have been
no studies published from the perspective of the FP that describe the extent to which FPs seek
the collaboration of MFTs, the degree to which they are aware of MFT as a field, their per-
ceived need for their patients to receive MFT, or their attitude toward MFT as a potential
resource for patient treatment.
Leaders in family medicine and MFT recognize the common occurrence of mental health
concerns arising in a medical visit. In fact, it has been estimated that more than 60% of patient
visits to primary care physicians (PCPs) include mental health concerns (Moon, 1997), and
many of these concerns may not be the presenting complaint (Jackson & Tisher, 1996;
Schurman, Kramer, & Mitchell, 1985). Several MFT ⁄ FP teams have developed models for col-
laboration (Doherty & Baird, 1983; Dym & Berman, 1986; Hepworth & Jackson, 1985; Sea-
burn, Lorenz, Gunn, Gawinski, & Mauksch, 1996). Other researchers and practitioners have
written books that serve as a guide to other mental health practitioners for how to be effective
collaborators with other healthcare practitioners (e.g., Seaburn et al., 1996).
The specialty of family medicine, which arose in the 1960s, embraces a systemic, biopsy-
chosocial perspective to illness that stresses the importance of caring for the whole person
within his or her family, social context, and life cycle stage (Chung, 1996; Fischetti &
McCutchan, 2002). It is not surprising that FPs regularly treat their patients’ mental health
problems. By definition of their specialty, FPs are trained to integrate behavioral science con-
cepts with their biomedical training (AAFP, 2000; Seaburn et al., 1996) as well as to manage
Rebecca E. Clark, MS, Lifespan Family Healthcare, Newcastle, Maine; Deanna Linville, PhD, Couples and
Family Therapy .
This study investigated the needs of relatives of surgical patients according to relatives themselves and hospital staff. Both groups ranked assurance and anxiety reduction as the most important needs. While their overall rankings were similar, some differences emerged in the importance assigned to specific needs like information and proximity. Assurance of quality care for patients was seen as the top need by relatives, whereas staff prioritized being informed of patient progress details. Both groups agreed on the least important needs.
This is what I have so far if you could please go off of my introd.docxjuliennehar
This is what I have so far if you could please go off of my introduction. My topic is on women and obesity. What causes women to become obese? My four psychological domains that I am using for this integrative literature review are Domain- 1: Biological (includes neuroscience, consciousness, and sensation), Domain 3: Development (includes learning and conditioning, lifespan development, and language), Domain 4: Social and Personality (includes the study of personality, emotion, motivation, gender, and culture) and Domain 5: Mental and Physical Health (includes abnormal psychology, therapy, and health psychology) If you could please do the Discussion which includes the analysis, critique, synthesis and conclusion.
These are the instructions:
Integrative Literature Review
The primary goal of this literature review is to integrate concepts from four different content domains within the larger field of psychology. The four content domains should be chosen from previous coursework in this program. In this paper, students will review the findings in the individual empirical articles, organize the research in a meaningful way, evaluate the reliability, validity, and generalizability of the research findings, and present an integrated synthesis of the research that sheds new light on the topics within and across the four domains.
The result of a successful integrative literature review may be a significant contribution to a particular body of knowledge and, consequently, to research and practice. Therefore, before writing this literature review, substantive new research must be conducted via the Internet and within the Ashford University Library for each of the four chosen domains. A minimum of six sources must be included for each of the four domains. Although content from literature reviews completed in prior courses within this program may be included, it may not constitute the total research for the individual domains addressed within this assignment. No more than four sources from previous literature reviews completed in this program may be utilized for this integrative review.
The headings listed below must be used within the paper to delineate the sections of content. These sections include the following: a clear introduction that provides a general review and organizes the research in a meaningful way; a discussion in which the evidence is presented through analysis, critique, and synthesis; and a conclusion in which the discussion is drawn together in a meaningful way, the claims of the introduction are brought to a logical closure, and new research is proposed.
Introduction
· Provide a conceptual (theoretical, abstract, summary) framework (background) for the review.
· Describe how the review will be organized. The questions below may be used to guide this section.
· What are the guiding (leading) theories (idea) within the domains (area, field)?
· How are the domains (area, field) connected?
· Are there competing points of view across th ...
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONInformational, Interpersonal, and Intra.docxAASTHA76
BRIEF COMMUNICATION
Informational, Interpersonal, and Intrapersonal
Communication in a Family Practice Resident
Support Group
GARY L. ARTHUR1, J. LEBRON MCBRIDE2 &
SHELLEY JACKSON3
1Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; 2Floyd Medical Center
Family Practice Residency Program, Rome, GA, USA; and 3Texas A &
M University , Corpus Christi, TX, USA
ABSTRACT Context: This prospective study compared group process literature to
topics utilized in a yearlong family practice resident support group.
Objectives: The basic hypothesis was that resident support groups function in ways that
are similar to other groups to the extent that the literature on group process could
contribute to our understanding of support groups for residents.
Method: Ten possible discussion topics were grouped along a continuum from
informational to interpersonal to intrapersonal.
Analysis: Data were subjected to three repeated measures of analysis of variance
(ANOVA).
Findings: Results re�ected that informational topics did not decrease, interpersonal
topics did increase signi�cantly, yet intrapersonal topics did not re�ect any signi�cant
changes over the course of study.
Discussion and Conclusions: The preliminary �ndings indicated the research literature
on group process may have application to resident support groups. When more
formalized groups like Balint groups are not available , support groups may offer a forum
to facilitate the interpersonal and intrapersonal discussions and communications of
residents. Recommendations derived from the support group experience and the research
are given.
KEYWORDS Medical education support group, resident education, resident
communication.
Author for correspondence: Gary L. Arthur, EdD, Georgia State University, Department of
Counseling and Psychological Services, University Plaza, Atlanta, GA 30303-308 , USA.
Tel: +1-404-651-3426 . Fax: +1-404-651-1160 . E-mail: [email protected] u
Education for Health, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2002, 376 – 380
Education for Healt h ISSN 1357–6283 print/ISSN 1469–5804 online # 2002 Taylor & Francis Ltd
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
DOI: 10.1080 /135762802100001272 3
Various didactic and experiential methods have been used in medical education
to promote physician interpersonal and intrapersonal awareness (Novack et al.,
1997). One of the major approaches for enhancing self- and other awareness
and for training medical students and residents to respond empathetically to
patients is participation in a group. This brief communication reports on one
such resident support group. The basic hypothesis was that resident support
groups function in ways that are similar to other groups to the extent that the
literature on group process could contribute to our understanding and
facilitating of support groups for medical residents.
Methods
Six interns in a family practice residency and a group leader participated in a
support group and served as participants in this study. For the research, 10
discu ...
Author & TitleAuthors Maggie Lawrence & Sue Kinn.Title Need.docxrock73
This study explored the experiences of family members of young adults who had strokes through qualitative interviews. The researchers conducted 24 interviews with 11 family member participants over 2 years. They found that family members experienced disrupted relationships, felt their lives were taken for granted, and developed a sense of uncertainty and worry. The study highlights the need for rehabilitation professionals to acknowledge family concerns and provide psychological support to facilitate recovery. It provides evidence for adopting a family-centered approach to rehabilitation.
COUN 502Developmental Analysis InstructionsThe purpose of this.docxvoversbyobersby
COUN 502
Developmental Analysis Instructions
The purpose of this paper is for you to demonstrate your ability to apply a working knowledge of the theories, terminology, and concepts of human growth and development. You will discuss your own development over your lifetime and how it relates to the developmental concepts discussed throughout this course. You will analyze your life as it relates to the key aspects of human growth and development. What are key developmental times in your life and the influencing factors that led to who you are today?
You will also incorporate your empirical studies related to your chosen developmental aspect of your life. Also, use the course readings or presentations to support what you propose about your own development in your paper. Depending on your life and the influences, there may be more attention placed during one period of time. You are encouraged to glean information from your mother about her pregnancy with you to see if there were any notable issues during that time. Remember to include your spiritual development with applicable research.
In addition, obtain as much information as you can about any significant events in your early childhood years. How did you do in those key developmental years? Did you approach all developmental milestones with ease, or were there challenges? Since this is a comprehensive paper, you will address your development across your lifespan.
Finally, you will conclude your paper with addressing any current lifestyle behaviors that may influence your aging process. You will address these issues, how they will affect your aging process, and what you plan to do about it.
Note: Your conclusion must offer suggestions for further study.
The body of the paper must be 8–10 pages (excluding the title page, abstract, and reference page). This assignment must be completed adhering strictly to current APA format.
You must include 8–10 peer-reviewed, relevant sources in your paper (at least 7 of the sources must be empirical articles). The sources must be less than 10 years old unless any of the citations are linked to an author whose work is seminal to your topic.
Submit this assignment via SafeAssign by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of Module/Week 7.
1. Citation:
Bocanegra, H. T., Braughton, M., Bradsberry, M., Howell, M., Logan, J., & Schwarz, E. B. (2017). Racial and ethnic disparities in postpartum care and contraception in California’s Medicaid program. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,217(1). Retrieved from doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.02.040
2. Identify the Purpose Statement
a. The purpose of this research study is “to assess racial/ethnic variation in receipt of postpartum care and contraception among low-income women in California” (Bocanegra, et al., 2017, p.1).
3.Identify the Population of Interest.
a. The population of interest is ” low-income women in California”(Bocanegra, et al., 2017, p.1).
4. Identify the Study Variables from the purpose statement
a..
Tangible Needs and External Stressors Faced by Chinese Ameri.docxperryk1
Tangible Needs and External Stressors
Faced by Chinese American Families with
a Member Having Schizophrenia
Winnie Kung
This article examines the tangible needs and external stressors experienced by Chinese
American families with a member living with schizophrenia, in the context of a six-month
pilot study of family psychoeducation. Therapists’ notes from 117 family and group sessions
were analyzed. The families expressed concerns regarding housing, finance, work, study, and
the shortage of bilingual psychosocial services. Interacting with government offices and
social services agencies caused anxiety and frustration, partly due to the high stakes involved
given their low socioeconomic status, and partly due to the bureaucracy. As immigrants,
study participants had needs for language translation, knowledge about resources, and advo-
cacy by case managers. This study also highlights the importance of interventions beyond
the micro individual level to the mezzo and macro levels, where changes in organizations
and policies are necessary.
KEY WORDS: caregivers; Chinese Americans; environmental stressors; ethnic sensitivity;
schizophrenia
This study aims to address the knowledge gap in understanding the challenges faced by Chinese American families with a member
living with schizophrenia in relation to their tangible
needs and external stressors from the environment. I
conducted this research in the context of an interven-
tion study of family psychoeducation that I previously
developed and pilot-tested as an ethnic-sensitive pro-
gram for Chinese Americans ( Kung, Tseng, Wang,
Hsu, & Chen, 2012). Family psychoeducation has
been proven effective in reducing caregiver stress and
the relapse rate of individuals with schizophrenia
( Jewell, Downing, & McFarlane, 2009; Lefley, 2010;
McFarlane, Dixon, Lukens, & Lucksted, 2003). The
intervention protocols focus on educating the fami-
lies about the nature of the illness, promoting better
communication, and helping family members re-
solve conflicts ( Anderson, Reiss, & Hogarty, 1986;
McFarlane, 2002) to reduce “expressed emotions”
such as criticism and overinvolvement, which highly
predict relapses ( Butzlaff & Hooley, 1998; Hooley,
2007; Leff & Vaughn, 1985; Marom, Munitz, Jones,
Weizman, & Hermesh, 2005). Few studies had been
conducted with Chinese American families, many of
whom face unique challenges due to their immigrant
status and cultural values ( Kung, 2003).
To more thoroughly understand the stresses ex-
perienced by these families so as to better meet their
needs and to refine the family psychoeducation pro-
tocol, a qualitative inquiry was conducted using the
clinicians’ session notes from the intervention study.
Whereas the family psychoeducation model in its
original design focused on resolving the psycho-
logical and relational issues within the families, this
investigation noted that these families’ struggles were
closel.
Community Family Care Intervention Model For Families LivingCharlotteEngelbrecht
This document summarizes a study on families living with severe mental illness in the KwaZulu-Natal community of South Africa. It discusses the challenges families face in caring for members with mental illness at home, as well as their needs. Through narrative interviews with 4 families, the study found that principal caregivers experienced frustration, financial difficulties, and feeling overwhelmed by responsibilities. Living with mental illness affected relationships and participants desired more community support services. The findings confirm that families living with mental illness face layers of challenges in impoverished, stigmatizing environments with limited resources.
Annotated Bibliography – Gender, Race & Crime
MACJ560
(PLEASE PLACE IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER)
1. Living and Health Conditions of Women on a Female Prison Unit
Ribeiro César Alves, Érica Surama; Barbosa Davim, Rejane Marie; Monteiro e. Oliveira, Luciana Ferreira; Ribeiro César Rodrigues, Erta Soraya; de França Nóbrega, Mércia; Anbar Torquato, Jamili Journal of Nursing UFPE / Revista de Enfermagem UFPE, Mar2016; 10(3): 958-968. 11p. (Article - research) ISSN: 1981-8963, Database: CINAHL Complete
2. An Exploratory Study to Determine the Quality of Life (QoL) and Factors Leading to Imprisonment among Women Prisoners in a Selected Women Prison.
Nair, Asha P; Jose, Tessy Treesa; Lobo, Daisy Josephine; International Journal of Nursing Education, Jul-Sep2016; 8(3): 19-23. 5p. (Article - research, tables/charts) ISSN: 0974-9349, Database: CINAHL Complete
3. Health conditions prior to imprisonment and the impact of prison on health: Views of detained women.
Alves, Joana; Maia, Ângela; Teixeira, Filipa; Qualitative Health Research, Vol 26(6), May, 2016 pp. 782-792. Publisher: Sage Publications; [Journal Article], Database: PsycINFO
4. Prison nurseries: Experiences of incarcerated women during pregnancy.
Fritz, Stephanie; Whiteacre, Kevin; Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, Vol 55(1), Jan, 2016 pp. 1-20. Publisher: Taylor & Francis; [Journal Article], Database: PsycINFO
5. The HIV Prison Paradox: Agency and HIV-Positive Women’s Experiences in Jail and Prison in Alabama.
Sprague, Courtenay; Scanlon, Michael L.; Radhakrishnan, Bharathi; Pantalone, David W.; Qualitative Health Research, Aug2017; 27(10): 1427-1444. 18p. (Article - research, tables/charts) ISSN: 1049-7323, Database: CINAHL Complete
6. Best Practices for Nutrition Care of Pregnant Women in Prison.
Shlafer, Rebecca J.; Stang, Jamie; Dallaire, Danielle; Forestell, Catherine A.; Hellerstedt, Wendy; Journal of Correctional Health Care, Jul2017; 23(3): 297-304. 8p. (Article) ISSN: 1078-3458, Database: CINAHL Complete
7. Prison ain’t free like everyone thinks': Financial stressors faced by incarcerated women.
Harner, Holly M.; Wyant, Brian R.; Da Silva, Fernanda; Qualitative Health Research, Vol 27(5), Apr, 2017 pp. 688-699. Publisher: Sage Publications; [Journal Article], Database: PsycINFO
8. You’re a woman, a convenience, a cat, a poof, a thing, an idiot’: Transgender women negotiating sexual experiences in men’s prisons in Australia.
Wilson, Mandy; Simpson, Paul L.; Butler, Tony G.; Richters, Juliet; Yap, Lorraine; Donovan, Basil; Sexualities, Vol 20(3), Mar, 2017 pp. 380-402. Publisher: Sage Publications; [Journal Article], Database: PsycINFO
9. Examining external support received in prisonand concerns about reentry among incarcerated women.
Mancini, Christina; Baker, Thomas; Sainju, Karla Dhungana; Golden, Kristin; Bedard, Laura E.; Gertz, Marc; Feminist Criminology, Vol 11(2), Apr, 2016 pp. 163-190. Publisher: Sage Publications; [Journal Article], Database: PsycINFO
10. Chal.
The document summarizes a research article about clinical judgment in nursing. It discusses how clinical judgment is influenced by a nurse's background, experience with patients, and the context of each situation. It also explores the role of intuition and how nurses develop their clinical reasoning abilities over time. The document reviews nearly 200 studies on clinical judgment and identifies that a nurse's inferences are more influenced by what they bring to a situation than objective data alone. Experience with individual patients and reflection are important for developing strong clinical judgment.
Student Name Annotated Bibliography Bares, D.S., T.docxemelyvalg9
Student Name
Annotated Bibliography
Bares, D.S., Toro, P.A. (1999). Developing measures to assess social support among homeless and poor
people. Journal of Community Psychology, 27 (2), 137-156.
Baras and Toro (1999) sought to assess the social support of homeless populations by using two
commonly used instruments: The Interpersonal Support Evaluation (ISEL) and the Social Network
Interview (SNL). In comparing the instruments, the ISEL was found to be useful in indicating a
participant’s psychological well-being, while the SNL helped to assess stress-buffering effects.
More details regarding the instrument items would have been more helpful for the use of this
paper. However, the study’s results substantiate the concept that the presence of social support
for the homeless should support physical and psychological health in the way that it cushions the
effects of stressful events. These instruments yielded results indicating that larger nonfamily
social networks are a predictor for recurring homelessness, as well as mental illness.
Galaif, E.R., Nyamathi, A.M., Stein, J.A. (1999). Psychosocial predictors of current drug use, drug
problems, and physical drug dependencies in homeless women. Addictive Behaviors, 24 (6), 801-
814.
This study was designed to show relationships between psychosocial elements and use of the top
three most frequently used drugs among homeless women. The impact of social networks on
adaptive and maladaptive coping mechanisms that influence drug use were measured through a
version of the Jalowiec Coping Scale, part of a multi-item instrument. Depression, current drug
use, drug problems and physical drug dependence were assessed, in other parts of the
instrument. Current drug use was found to predict negative social support, depression and less
use of positive coping strategies. Homelessness may diminish a woman’s capability to establish
and maintain positive social support. This article was very informative in that it gives clearly
identified stressors for homeless women and reasons for maladaptation. Use in paper?
Hill, R. P., (1992). Homeless children: coping with material losses. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 26
(2), 274-287.
This one-year study investigated how various possessions and fantasies serve as coping
mechanisms for homeless children. Many of the child participants were resilient despite
homelessness because of positive role models. In addition, though they had little material
possessions, these children often engaged in fantastical play that portrayed one particular
“special” toy overcoming evil and other obstacles, then moving on to a better place. The
methods used in this study are primarily interviewing and observation, and were part of an
ethnography at a suburban homeless shelter; no psychometric instruments were used. Though
the researcher’s background primarily involves an interest in consumerism, this study is valuable.
This document summarizes and analyzes research on family presence during CPR and invasive medical procedures. It discusses a study by Jensen and Kosowan that surveyed 169 medical professionals on their attitudes towards family presence. The study found that while acceptance of family presence was under 50%, most supported developing policies around it. Other research presented had mixed findings. The document concludes by discussing how nurses can advocate for developing family presence policies based on the evolving research.
Parent Perspectives ofOccupational TherapyUsing a Sensory.docxdanhaley45372
Parent Perspectives of
Occupational Therapy
Using a Sensory
Integration Approach
Ellen S. Cohn, ScD, OTR/L, FAOTA, is Clinical Associate
Professor, Boston University, Sargent College of Health and
Rehabilitation Sciences, 635 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston,
Massachusetts 02215; [email protected]
This article was accepted for publication May 17, 2000.
Ellen S. Cohn
Key Words: family • outcome study •
quality of life
The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 285
This qualitative study explored parents’ points of view
regarding their children’s participation in occupational
therapy using a sensory integration approach. Data were
collected through parent interviews and were analyzed
using grounded theory methods. The parents’ perceptions of
the benefits of therapy for their children were categorized
into three interrelated constructs: abilities, activities, and
reconstruction of self-worth. For themselves, parents valued
understanding their children’s behavior in new ways, which
facilitated a shift in expectations for themselves and their
children, having their parenting experience validated, and
being able to support and advocate for their children.
Implications for family-centered intervention and future
research are proposed.
Cohn, E. S. (2001). Parent perspectives of occupational therapy
using a sensory integration approach. American Journal of Occupational
Therapy, 55, 285–294.
S
ensory integration approaches are the most widely
researched intervention within pediatric occupational
therapy (Miller & Kinnealey, 1993). Ayres (1972)
reported that occupational therapy using sensory integra-
tion approaches, when coupled with special education, was
a promising method for improving academic scores of chil-
dren with learning disabilities. Since then, various authors
have investigated Ayres’s claim. Ottenbacher’s (1982) meta-
analysis of eight studies concluded that empirical support
exists for the efficacy of occupational therapy using senso-
ry integration approaches, whereas subsequent reviewers
have claimed that the evidence in support of sensory inte-
gration approaches was inconclusive (Arendt, Mac Lean,
& Baumeister, 1988; Daems, 1994; Polatajko, Kaplan, &
Wilson, 1992; Schaffer, 1984; Spitzer, Roley, Clark, &
Parham, 1997; Vargas & Camilli, 1999; Wilson & Kaplan,
1994). Although much of this research indicates that sen-
sory integration approaches are effective in increasing chil-
dren’s motor, sensory processing, and academic skills, no
definitive conclusions can be drawn regarding efficacy.
Many studies regarding the efficacy of sensory integra-
tion approaches have relied on measures of performance
components for outcome evaluation. Use of perceptual,
motor, sensory, and cognitive scales has narrowed the focus
of the research. To broaden our understanding of out-
comes, researchers have identified the need to understand
the outcomes of occupational therapy from the child and
family perspective (Bundy, 1991; Butler, 1995; Cohn.
TRAVAILS OF MOTHER WITH TERMINALLY ILL CHILD: A MULTIPLE CASE STUDYAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This qualitative multiple case study explored the experiences of five mothers with a terminally
ill child and their coping strategies while in the hospital for an extended period. The findings revealed that upon
their child’s illness, the mother’s world seemed to crumble, causing them to shower their children with love and
seek Divine intervention while trying to be strong for their child. The participants stressed the importance of
seeking refuge in the lord, seeking help from government agencies, and remaining positive and hopeful. The
study’s implication suggest that it could serve as a model for medical social workers handling challenging cases
and parents of terminally ill children who persevere through difficulties over several years. This study
contributes to the literature on social work and the struggles faced by mothers with terminally ill children
globally.
KEYWORDS: Social work, travails, mother w/ terminally ill child, multi-case study, Philippines
A Survey Of Autism Knowledge In A Health Care SettingAmy Cernava
This study surveyed 111 professionals from various healthcare fields about their knowledge of autism. It found that while all groups accurately understood the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for autism, primary healthcare providers and specialists differed from experts at an autism center (CARD) in their beliefs about autism's prognosis, course, and treatment. Primary providers showed the greatest number of differences from CARD. The study aims to increase understanding of knowledge and beliefs that influence autism diagnosis across healthcare settings.
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe the common qualitative research approaches
Demonstrate how and when to conduct different types of qualitative research
Understand that focus group discussion and interview are not qualitative research methods or designs. They are just tools for data collection.
Presentation Activity 2. Unit 3 transv.pptxRosabel UA
This document discusses implementing a gender perspective in research. It begins by defining key terms like sex, gender, and gender dimension. It explains that a gender perspective aims to take into account differences between men and women in all aspects of research. This includes the formulation of research questions and methodologies. The document lists three main reasons to include a gender perspective: to produce higher quality research, limit unconscious bias, and comply with regulatory mandates. It then discusses the concept of "gendered innovations" and provides checklists for analyzing sex and gender in various stages of the research process from problem identification to data dissemination. Finally, it lists some related case studies and readings on the topic.
This dissertation aimed to investigate whether comprehension of an informed consent form (ICF) differed between participants who read a standard ICF versus those who viewed a multimedia presentation of the ICF. The study used a validated instrument to assess comprehension and collected demographic data from participants after they received one of the two presentations. Previous research on ICF comprehension has shown variable results and has primarily focused on vulnerable populations rather than healthy subjects in Phase I clinical trials. The study hypothesized that the multimedia presentation group would have higher comprehension scores based on Mayer's Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning, which posits that people learn better when information is received through two channels rather than one. The results of the study could help improve the informed consent process and protect research participants if
This systematic review and meta-synthesis examines 23 qualitative studies on the experiences of motherhood for women with severe mental illness (SMI), and 8 studies on healthcare professionals' perspectives. The review identified two main themes from the women's studies: experiences of motherhood, including feelings of guilt and coping with dual identities; and experiences of services, including stigma. The professionals' studies highlighted discomfort caring for these patients, stigma, a need for more education, and a call for integrated services. The review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of pregnancy and mothering with SMI to inform improved care.
Volume 39 n um ber 2a pril 2017pages i l6 l3 ld o iio .iojas18
This article provides an introduction to narrative family therapy techniques. It discusses the theoretical foundations of systems theory and social constructionism that influence this approach. The article then illustrates various NFT techniques through a case study, such as eliciting family stories, externalizing problems, and reauthoring narratives. It concludes by recommending further development of competence in NFT.
Similar to Prepared by louise kaplan, ph d, arnp, fnp bc, faanp senior p (20)
Organizational Analysis Write a 5-7-page paper on a conflict th.docxamit657720
Organizational Analysis
Write a 5-7-page paper on a conflict that he or she experienced in an organizational setting.
The submission must be typed, double-spaced, and have uniform 1-inch margins in 12-point Times New Roman font.
The organizational analysis will contain the following sections:
• Background and history that led to the conflict.
• How/why did the conflict escalate?
• How was the conflict resolved?
• What would the student have done differently, based on what he or she has learned in the class?
.
Organizational BehaviorThe field of organizational behavior ca.docxamit657720
Organizational Behavior
The field of organizational behavior can be organized around three levels: individual level, team level, and organizational level. In other words, some theories focus on factors influencing individual behavior (e.g., personality, motivation). Some theories focus on factors influencing team or group behaviors (e.g., group development, conflict, roles). Still other theories focus on factors that tend to operate at an organizational level (e.g., structure, culture, leadership).
During the course, you have studied a variety of theories and perspectives at all these levels. Which ones seem most meaningful to you?
For your last paper:
Select one theory or perspective that you have studied that seems to be an individual level theme. One that you have studied that seems to be a team level theme. And one that you have studied that seems to be an organizational level theme. Summarize what those theories are and why each pertains to its corresponding level (individual, team, or organization).
Analyze those three theories based on this question: Why do people do what they do in organizations? That is, how do the theories you have selected help explain "organizational behavior?"
What are the challenges, problems, or difficulties in behavior as suggested by each of your theories?
What are the potential strategies and solutions (to the challenges) as suggested by your theories?
How do your three theories seem to fit together? How do they seem to interact with each other? What important lessons can you derive from thinking about the interaction of the theories?
Submission Details:
Submit your answers in a 5 Microsoft Word document, using APA style.
Support your work with examples and research.
Name your document SU_MGT3002_W5_LastName_FirstInitial.doc.
Submit your document to the Submissions Area by the due date assigned.
.
Organizational behavior is the combination of four areas of study—ps.docxamit657720
Organizational behavior is the combination of four areas of study—psychology, social psychology, sociology, and anthropology. While each of these areas involves an examination of people and their interactions, the focuses are quite different:
Psychology studies the mind and how people make decisions.
Social Psychology examines how people work in groups.
Sociology explores how systems work within the organization.
Anthropology examines how culture works within the organization.
Now, assume that you are an organizational consultant and have been asked by a new CEO to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the organization.
Step 2 - Post a Response
Respond to the following.
Of the four areas of study listed above, which would you focus on first?
Make sure to explain why you chose this area, and why it would take precedence over the other areas.
.
Organizational CommunicationPeople in this organization don’t.docxamit657720
Organizational Communication
“People in this organization don’t talk to one another anymore. Everything is e-mail, e-mail, e-mail. If you are mad at someone, you can just say it and then hide behind your computer.” With these words, Joe expressed his frustrations with Delta General’s operations. Charley echoed his concerns, responding, “I agree, but surely the managing director should be able to improve organizational communication without losing the advantages of e-mail.” As a consultant overhearing this conversation, how do you suggest the managing director respond to Charley’s challenge?
Guided Response:
Respond to at least two of your classmates’ postings.
.
Organizational Culture Edgar H. Schein I I I I II I II .docxamit657720
Organizational Culture
Edgar H. Schein
I I I I II I II
ABSTRACT: The concept of organizational culture has
received increasing attention in recent years both from
academics and practitioners. This article presents the au-
thor's view of how culture shouM be defined and analyzed
if it is to be of use in the field of organizational psychology.
Other concepts are reviewed, a brief history is provided,
and case materials are presented to illustrate how to an-
alyze culture and how to think about culture change.
To write a review article about the concept of organiza-
tional culture poses a dilemma because there is presently
little agreement on what the concept does and should
mean, how it should be observed and measured, how it
relates to more traditional industrial and organizational
psychology theories, and how it should be used in our
efforts to help organizations. The popular use of the con-
cept has further muddied the waters by hanging the label
of"culture" on everything from common behavioral pat-
terns to espoused new corporate values that senior man-
agement wishes to inculcate (e.g., Deal & Kennedy, 1982;
Peters & Waterman, 1982).
Serious students of organizational culture point out
that each culture researcher develops explicit or implicit
paradigms that bias not only the definitions of key con-
cepts but the whole approach to the study of the phe-
nomenon (Barley, Meyer, & Gash, 1988; Martin & Mey-
erson, 1988; Ott, 1989; Smircich & Calas, 1987; Van
Maanen, 1988). One probable reason for this diversity of
approaches is that culture, like role, lies at the intersection
of several social sciences and reflects some of the biases
of eachwspecifically, those of anthropology, sociology,
social psychology, and organizational behavior.
A complete review of the various paradigms and
their implications is far beyond the scope of this article.
Instead I will provide a brief historical overview leading
to the major approaches currently in use and then de-
scribe in greater detail one paradigm, firmly anchored in
social psychology and anthropology, that is somewhat in-
tegrative in that it allows one to position other paradigms
in a common conceptual space.
This line of thinking will push us conceptually into
territory left insufficiently explored by such concepts as
"climate," "norm," and "attitude." Many of the research
methods of industrial/organizational psychology have
weaknesses when applied to the concept of culture. If we
are to take culture seriously, we must first adopt a more
clinical and ethnographic approach to identify clearly the
kinds of dimensions and variables that can usefully lend
themselves to more precise empirical measurement and
Sloan School of Management,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
I I [ Illll
hypothesis testing. Though there have been many efforts
to be empirically precise about cultural phenomena, there
is still insufficient linkage of theory wit.
Organizational culture is so ubiquitous that it affects all area.docxamit657720
Organizational culture is so ubiquitous that it affects all areas of group life. Though organizational culture is not always immediately obvious in organizations, its outcomes (e.g., turnover, morale, productivity) can be. Some workplaces require employees to wear business attire whereas others allow employees to dress casually. In some workplaces, formal address is used and in others, people use first names regardless of position. Both examples reflect organizational norms, or “the way we do things around here,” otherwise known as
organizational culture
. Organizational culture may be subtle yet pervasive and may have a profound effect on employee attitudes and behavior.
Organizational culture affects each of the levels of organizational assessment: individual, small group, large group, intergroup, and organization. As an organizational consultant or practitioner, it is beneficial to have a
toolbox
of assessments for organizational evaluation for each of these levels. By assessing organizational culture, practitioners and consultants can then develop evidence-based interventions to address the issues identified by the assessment and evaluation processes.
Consider how the information above may be applied to the Greenvale Correctional Facility case study that follows.
Greenvale Correctional Facility is a large, privately-owned, medium-security prison in the southeastern United States. The prison opened in 1988, and, until recently, it employed 300 security, operational, facilities, maintenance, healthcare, and administrative employees.
The prison’s salary and benefit structure are comparable to other prison systems around the country. However, Greenvale is currently experiencing significant attrition, creating an unsafe and unstable environment, both for the inmates and remaining employees. Staff has reduced from 300 to 210 employees during the last 6 months, and attempts to recruit and hire new staff have been challenging. Online recruitment, employee sourcing, and participation in various job fairs have not created a plentiful base of trained, experienced employment candidates, and efforts to retain existing personnel have been unsuccessful. Exit interview data point to leadership issues, and poor working conditions.
Prison leadership is comprised of Warden Bob Jones, who started at Greenvale when it first opened; Sergeant Dave Lee, the senior-level correctional leader with over 15 years of experience; and Officer Stan Phillips, a correctional manager who joined the leadership team in 2015. All three leaders work collaboratively, but they tend to remain siloed away from the other employees. All of the prison’s communications are
top-down
and authoritative; the leadership team believes this style is necessary given the work environment and inherent risks involved. While the team believes they are fostering a management-by-objectives culture, many employees feel excluded from the process and perceive more of an in-group/out-group m.
OracleFIT5195-2-Star Schema.pdfWeek 2 – Star SchemaSe.docxamit657720
This document discusses star schemas and bridge tables in data warehousing. It provides an overview of star schemas and their components, including facts, dimensions, and attributes. It also discusses bridge tables, which are used to link dimensions when a direct relationship does not exist in the source data. Two case studies are presented that involve creating star schemas and bridge tables to model sales data and truck delivery data for analysis. Bridge tables allow extending star schemas into snowflake schemas when dimensions cannot be directly connected to facts.
Oral PresentationPlease pick (1) one of the following topics.docxamit657720
Oral Presentation
Please pick (1) one of the following topics below and present a 5-
7 minute oral presentation:
1.
Race and contemporary concerns relative to policing particular ethnic communities
2.
Public opinion of police by different ethnic groups
3.
Police practices and police community relations
4.
Police corruption and citizen complaints relative to ethnicity
Note:
I strongly encourage you to research your information before you present in class.
.
Option A. You are a student at a New York City college in Septe.docxamit657720
Option A. You are a student at a New York City college in September, 1776. Write a letter home. You are asking for money. Work in a reference to what your parents do -- and are they your parents, or is one a step-parent? You could work in a little social history here, perhaps on high mortality rates. To sweeten your request, tell the people at home what's been going on in New York City. Mention two specific events you've witnessed. Finally -- is this a legitimate request? (Is your college still holding classes?) You'll have to cruise the internet for background information; just cite what you use. If you're feeling rather proud of what you've achieved, by the way, I'm giving you a benchmark against which to compare your efforts, a letter of
James Madison (Links to an external site.)
written in 1774.
Option B. This is a rather open question, and, again, you'll be cruising on the internet or using the library's resources. If you use Wikipedia, I ask that you go further; maybe you could consult one of the sources listed in the "reference section" usually included at the end of a Wikipedia article. What I would like you to do is to choose three of the Native American peoples that lived in the Ohio Valley between 1750 and 1850. Tell me who they are, what they have in common with each other, and some of the differences between each. Then, locate one myth told by these people. (You might start
here (Links to an external site.)
on the internet. The library has some material -- rummage! Search for "North American mythology;" I would consider an Iroquois myth as qualifying.) Tell me about the myth, and then tell me what this myth says about the culture of the people who produced it.
Essays are to be turned in as hard copy -- either printed, or hand-written. In either case, if you can manage it, double-space. I don't do a word count, but I expect some development. There should be an introductory paragraph, a body of the essay presenting your argument, with evidence (quotations or particular references are good), and a conclusion.
Grammar matters to me. Avoid sentence fragments; avoid misspellings and dangling modifiers.
If you use a source I haven't provided, then cite it. Don't copy word-for-word from what I provide unless you're using quotation marks; if it's not self-evident, tell me which source you've gotten your quotation from. Plagiarism rates an F.
There are due dates for each essay. Aim to get it in on the due date. I'll accept it up to 2 days later without penalty. Not after that.
You only need to do 3 essays, not all 4!
.
Order #12087Type of serviceWriting from ScratchWork type.docxamit657720
Order #12087
Type of service: Writing from Scratch
Work type: Analysis (any type)
Pages: 1 pages ( 550 words, Single spaced
Number of sources: 3
Subject or discipline: Music
Title: Analysis of "In th Hall of the Mountain King" from Peer Gynt no 1 Suite op 48 IV
Paper instructions:
Comment as a referential, critical, perceptive listener on how Grieg achieves unity and variety with the use of dynamics, timbre, pitch and temp.
Listening perspectives c4elink
Order #12085
Type of service: Writing from Scratch
Subject or discipline: Music
Title: Writer's choice
Pages: 1 pages ( 550 words, Single Spaced)
Number of sources: 3
Paper instructions:
The piece is cherry pink and apple blossom white (4:08) . Need to know number of musical ideas? The timings ( start and stop) of different sections, Unity and variety thru use of dynamics , timber, pitch; List Characteristics of the style; purpose on a C4elink
.
ORAL PRESENTATION( POWER POINT ) 12 SLICES . use the Manual of Menta.docxamit657720
ORAL PRESENTATION( POWER POINT ) 12 SLICES . use the Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) AND OTHER REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS PEDOPHILIA
CLASSIFICATIONS
MATERIALIZATION OF PEDOPHILIA
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PEDOPHILE
DESCRIPTION
EMOTIVE NEEDS OF PEDOPHILES
CAUSES
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT OF PEDOPHILE
.
Organizational change initiatives are a team effort. It is the j.docxamit657720
Organizational change initiatives are a team effort. It is the job of the leadership team to ensure that transition is a success. To do so, the right leaders must be put in place, and each must hold a thorough understanding of their roles and responsibilities.
Examine the
Delta Pacific Case Study
, then analyze the following:
· What are the challenges facing Delta Pacific?
· What change initiative would be most effective to implement within this organization?
· What type of change leaders need to be put in place? (Ex.: Change Lead, Change Managers, Change Analyst, etc.)
· What departments, areas, and stakeholders will each leader be responsible for?
· Where will each change leader be most effective?
· What roles will each change leader need to play at their level of influence?
Leadership Structure Plan
Utilizing the above information, create a
Leadership Structure Plan
that includes the following:
· At least three change leader positions to be put in place for the change initiative.
· Description of each change leader's roles and responsibilities.
· Account of departments they will lead.
· A short description of how each position will effectively aid in the success of the initiative.
Note: When creating your plan, think in terms of a job description and job analysis, and the detail used to specifically identify the roles and responsibilities of each particular job assignment. Â While this particular project does not have a page requirement, keep in mind that a thorough plan should be no less than 3 pages in length. Use headers for each category.
The paper should include an APA formatted cover page and reference page.
.
This document discusses four systemic dimorphic fungi - Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. It describes their characteristic morphologies in both mold and yeast phases, geographic distributions, diseases caused, methods of identification including culture characteristics and microscopy, and safety precautions for working with them. Proper identification requires demonstrating both mold and yeast phases as well as other tests such as exoantigen testing and molecular techniques.
Option 2Several artists created multiple self-portraits. Select.docxamit657720
Three self-portraits by the same artist were selected and studied closely to analyze the differences between them and what the artist was exploring or conveying in each. A reflection on how this assignment reinforced concepts from the module was written, citing required readings and supplementary materials as appropriate.
Option 1 Media and Mental IllnessFind a source of informa.docxamit657720
Option 1: Media and Mental Illness
Find a source of information in the media (e.g., newspaper, talk shows, TV programs, films, etc.) that deal directly with mental illness
You will need to cite this media source in your References page
Discuss the quality of the coverage, the accuracy/inaccuracy of the images presented, the assumptions made about mental illness, and an overall evaluation of the coverage.
Be scientific, back up your arguments with the research literature. How does this coverage affect those suffering from the particular form of mental illness covered?
Could you present the information in a better way? How?
Your paper will need to be 2 to 5 pages in APA format, not including a title page and reference page. The rubric will be posted on Canvas.
MUST include a Title page
MUST include a References page - site the media article, TV show, movie, documentary, magazine article, website page
Refer to the APA Purdue Owl website
Paper Option 1: Media and Mental Illness
Movies/TV Shows Featuring a Mental Illness Disorder & Characters with Mental Disorder
Movies (not an exhaustive list)
Lights Out
Donnie Darko
Perks of Being a Wallflower
A Beautiful Mind
Split
Hide and Seek
Girl, Interrupted (trigger warning)
A Star is Born
Welcome to Marwen
Love & Other Drugs
Silver Linings Playbook
The Notebook (Alzheimer’s Disorder)
Black Swan
The Soloist
Rain Man
Little Miss Sunshine
To The Bone
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest
American Sniper
We Need to Talk About Kevin
Love & Mercy
Benny and Joon
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
It’s Kind of a Funny Story
Coco (Alzheimer’s)
Glass (2018)
Birdman
American Psycho
Still Alice
On My Block
The Three Faces of Eve
George Jung character in the movie
Blow
Roma
What’s Eating Gilbert Grape
A Clockwork Orange
Extremely Wicked, Shocking Evil, and Vile
The King’s Speech
What About Bob?
Temple Grandin
Rain Man
T.V. Shows (not an exhaustive list)
This is Us: Randall
Black-ish: Rainbow (Bow) Johnson
Chapelle Show: Tyrone Biggums
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt: Kimmy Schmidt
The Simpsons: Barney Gumble
You: Love and/or Joe
House: Dr. Greg House
Girls: Hannah Horvath
Saved by the Bell: Jessie Spano
Insecure: Molly
Netflix Jessica Jones: Jessica Jones
One Day at a Time: Penelope
BoJack Horseman
You’re the Worst: Gretchen
Grey’s Anatomy: Owen Hunt
Shameless: Ian
Grey’s Anatomy: Christina Yang
Psych: Shawn Spencer
Grey’s Anatomy: Richard Webber
The Big Bang Theory: Sheldon Cooper
Grey’s Anatomy: Miranda Bailey
The Big Bang Theory: Raj Koothrappali
Grey’s Anatomy: Arizona Robbins
Hulu’s show Dave: GaTa
Grey’s Anatomy: Amelia Shepherd
Euphoria: Rue Bennett
Mr. Robot: Elliot
Empire: Andre Lyon
Monk: Adrian Monk
Criminal Minds: Spencer Reid (short time)
Grey’s Anatomy characters (can focus on 1 episode, character, patient, etc.)
Criminal Minds characters (can focus on 1 episode, character, kille.
Option 1 Thought about a child who is dying. Is a death of a chil.docxamit657720
A child's death from a chronic illness may be less tragic than an adult's sudden accidental death. When communicating with grieving parents who have lost a child, the circumstances of the death may impact the approach, though the loss of a child is deeply painful in any situation. Support and compassion are needed to help parents cope with their devastating loss.
Option One—The Odyssey For the first option, focused solely on.docxamit657720
Option One—
The Odyssey
: For the first option, focused solely on Homer’s
Odyssey
, there are a variety of topics to choose from. Keep in mind that the questions under each topic are intended to stimulate your thinking—you are not required to address each and every one:
The Concept of Justice
: In the very first speech in the epic, Zeus claims that “mortals blame the gods. / From us alone, they say, come all their miseries, yes, / but they themselves, with their own reckless ways, / compound their pains beyond their proper share” (I. 37-40). This emphasis on human responsibility recurs throughout the epic, particularly regarding the suitors, yet at other times fate seems fixed. Consider the degree to which humans bring on their own destiny, and the degree to which fate appears to be decreed and unchangeable. In pondering this question, you might consider the function of prophecy, the role of the gods, and the force of human character on the events of the epic. In the world depicted here, how great a scope is allowed for human choice? Closely related to the question of justice is the question of human suffering. To what extent is suffering deserved?
The Wanderings of Odysseus
: Choose just one episode, or two that are related, in the wanderings of Odysseus as he relates them to the Phaeacians in Books IX-XII and consider how that episode relates to the epic as a whole. What important themes, motifs, and/or images are featured? How do they resonate with the larger themes of the epic?
Testing
: The epic is filled with contests, from tests of physical strength in Scheria and Ithaca to Odysseus’ testing of the members of his household, and their testing of him, to name just the most obvious. Why the emphasis on testing? What is being tested, and why?
Women
: Consider the role of women in the epic, whether mortal or divine. For what are they most praised? Most denigrated? You would do well to choose just one woman, or one contrasting pair (Helen and Penelope, for example) as you consider this question.
Fathers and Sons
: The epic begins with the story of Agamemnon and Orestes, and ends with the image of Laertes, Odysseus, and Telemachos fighting side by side; in between the epic is filled with fathers and sons. What appears to be valued in the father-son relationship?
Odysseus
: Consider the man himself—lying trickster or epic hero? A man of reckless daring or formidable self-restraint? Does he change or is his character consistent (or inconsistent!) throughout?
Option Two—Comparative Essay
: This option asks you to compare elements of
The Odyssey
and
Beowulf
. Both are classed as epics, with much in common, yet there are key differences. The choices below ask you to choose one specific element of the epic to focus on.
The Hero
: What is the most important or most interesting difference between Odysseus and Beowulf in terms of their character—who they are as individuals?
The Nature of Their Quests
: Consider the nature of .
Option 1Right to Counsel PresentationAnalyze two case.docxamit657720
Option 1:
Right to Counsel Presentation
Analyze
two cases involving the right to counsel and document your observations in a 7- to 10-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation with detailed speaker notes. Use complete sentences, with correct grammar and punctuation, to fully explain each slide as if you were giving an in-person presentation.
Address
the following topics:
The aspects of right to counsel for the cases
How the historical development of right to counsel relates to the cases
When the right to counsel attaches to criminal procedure for the cases
Whether the defendants in the cases exercised their right to self-representation
The role of the attorneys in the cases as it applies to right to counsel
Include
videos, audio, photos, diagrams, or graphs as appropriate.
100% original work NO plagiarism
.
Option 2 Art Select any 2 of works of art about the Hol.docxamit657720
Option 2: Art
Select
any 2
of works of art about the Holocaust. You can select from the following list or conduct additional research on Holocaust art. Make sure to get approval from your instructor if you are selecting something not on the list. Click on the link to see the list:
works of art about the Holocaust list (
Select
any 2
of works)
Morris Kestelman:
Lama Sabachthani [Why Have You Forsaken Me?]
George Mayer-Marton:
Women with Boudlers
Bill Spira:
Prisoners Carrying Cement
Jan Hartman:
Death March (Czechowice-Bielsko, January 1945)
Edgar Ainsworth:
Belsen
Leslie Cole:
One of the Death Pits, Belsen. SS Guards Collecting Bodies
Doris Zinkeisen:
Human Laundry, Belsen: April 1945
Eric Taylor:
A Young Boy from Belsen Concentration Camp
Mary Kessell:
Notes from Belsen Camp
Edith Birkin:
The Death Cart - Lodz Ghetto
Shmuel Dresner:
Benjamin
Roman Halter:
Mother with Babies
Leo Breuer:
Path Between the Barracks, Gurs Camp
Leo (Lev) Haas:
Transport Arrival, Theresienstadt Ghetto
Jacob Lipschitz:
Beaten (My Brother Gedalyahu)
Norbert Troller:
Terezin
Anselm Kiefer:
Sternenfall
After selecting any 2 works of art: Write an analysis of each artwork, including the following information:
Identify the title, artist, date completed, and medium used.
Explain the content of the artwork - what do the images show?
How does the artwork relate to the bigger picture of the Holocaust?
How effective is the artwork in relating the Holocaust to viewers?
Writing Requirements (APA format)
Length: 2-3 pages (not including title page or references page)
1-inch margins
Double spaced
12-point Times New Roman font
Title page
References page
.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Prepared by louise kaplan, ph d, arnp, fnp bc, faanp senior p
1. Prepared by Louise Kaplan, PhD, ARNP, FNP-BC, FAANP
Senior Policy Fellow, Department of Nursing Practice and
Policy
[email protected]
Framework for How to Read and Critique a Research Study
1. Critiquing the research article
a. Title – Does it accurately describe the article?
b. Abstract – Is it representative of the article?
c. Introduction – Does it make the purpose of the article clear?
d. Statement of the problem – Is the problem properly
introduced?
e. Purpose of the study – Has the reason for conducting the
research been
explained?
f. Research question(s) – Is/are the research question(s) clearly
defined and if
not, should they be?
g. Theoretical framework – Is the theoretical framework
2. described? If there is
not a theoretical framework, should there be?
h. Literature review – Is the literature review relevant to the
study,
comprehensive, and include recent research? Does the literature
review
support the need for the study?
i. Methods – Is the design appropriate for the study? Does the
sample fit with
the research design and is the size sufficient? Was a data
collection
instrument needed? How were data collected? Were reliability
and validity
accounted for?
j. Analysis – Is the analytical approach consistent with the
study questions and
research design?
k. Results – Are the results presented clearly in the text, tables
and figures? Are
the statistics clearly explained?
l. Discussion - Are the results explained in relationship to the
theoretical
3. framework, research questions, and the significance to nursing?
m. Limitations – Are the limitations presented and their
implications discussed?
n. Conclusion – Are there recommendations for nursing
practice, future
research, and policymakers?
2. Determine the level and quality of the evidence using a scale
(several can be found
in ANA’s Research Toolkit www.nursingworld.org/Research-
Toolkit/Appraising-the-
Evidence )
3. Decide if the study is applicable to your practice
a. Can you use the results and recommendations in your
practice?
http://www.nursingworld.org/Research-Toolkit/Appraising-the-
Evidence
http://www.nursingworld.org/Research-Toolkit/Appraising-the-
Evidence
ISSUES AND INNOVATIONS IN NURSING PRACTICE
The meaning for elders of receiving family care
Janice D. Crist PhD RN
4. Assistant Professor, College of Nursing, The University of
Arizona Health Science Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
Accepted for publication 11 May 2004
Correspondence:
Janice D. Crist,
College of Nursing,
The University of Arizona Health Science
Center,
1305 N. Martin,
PO Box 210203,
Tucson,
AZ 85721-0203,
USA.
E-mail: [email protected]
C R I S T J . D . ( 2 0 0 5 )C R I S T J . D . ( 2 0 0 5 ) Journal
of Advanced Nursing 49(5), 485–493
The meaning for elders of receiving family care
Aims. This paper reports a study undertaken to broaden nurse
clinicians’, policy-
makers’, and researchers’ understandings of what it means to
elders to receive family
5. care.
Background. The number of older people receiving assistance at
home will increase
tremendously in coming decades in proportion to the rapidly
increasing aged pop-
ulation. Seventy to 80% of the care received by elders is
provided by family
members. As more elders with fewer family carers are
predicted, nursing’s insight
into the family care phenomenon becomes even more important.
The literature
contains reports of specific aspects of family care. Most results
include reports of
elders dreading giving up their independence in the context of
Euro-American
United States society’s highly valued cultural norm of
independence. No studies
have explored elders’ views of the meaning of receiving family
care.
Methods. Hermeneutic interpretive phenomenology was chosen,
and a sample of
nine elders (five women and four men) was interviewed.
Participants were asked for
6. descriptions of their day-to-day experiences of receiving family
care in two to five
interviews, and were observed interacting with their family
carers in naturalistic
settings.
Findings. Elders living at home were found to incorporate help
from family mem-
bers comfortably into their lives. They viewed themselves as
autonomous and able
to maintain balance between autonomy and dependence on loved
ones.
Conclusions. Receiving family care may have positive meaning
for elders, especially
when the care is provided within the context of positive
relationships with family
carers. These findings are in contrast to previous reports. If
validated in further
research, they could be used to inform practice and policy in
health care systems
involved in collaborating with families to develop care
arrangements for commu-
nity-living elders.
Keywords: elders, family care, gerontological nursing,
qualitative research,
7. interpretive phenomenology
Introduction
It is estimated that between 1990 and 2030 the percentage of
the population in United States of America (USA) aged
65 years or older will increase from 12Æ5% to 20%. The
percentage of elders needing help with at least one activity of
daily living (ADL), for example, walking, getting outside,
bathing or showering, transferring, dressing or toileting, now
ranges from 10% for those 65–74 years to 50% for those 85
and older (Hobbs & Damon 1996). With the rapidly
increasing aged population, the number of people receiving
some assistance will increase tremendously in coming
decades. Seventy to 80% of the care received by elders is
given by family members (Scharlach & Kaye 1997). Family
carers devote and average of 20–40 hours per week to elders
over an average of 4Æ5 years (Family Caregiver Alliance
� 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 485
8. 2001). As more elders with fewer family carers are predicted
(Spillman & Pezzin 2000), nursing’s insight into the family
care phenomenon becomes even more important.
Background
In response to the rapidly growing family care phenomenon,
a rich literature on family caregiving has developed. The
majority of research has focused on family care giving, with
fewer studies focusing on family care receiving. Published
studies have dealt with specific aspects, for example, Coeling
et al. (2003) reported on family carers’ and elders’ processes
for negotiating rules about the dyadic relationship. Parsons
et al. (1989) measured elders’ satisfaction with family care,
reporting that the quality of the relationship was more
important than level of elders’ impairment. Russell (1994)
identified ‘dependency work’ that elders performed to retain
control in their relationships with family carers. Becker’s
(1993) exploration of the meaning of living with chronic
conditions identified the importance of autonomy in the
9. context of being dependent; and Charmaz’s (1990) study of
chronically ill people revealed that relationships became even
more important as needs increased. None of these studies
explored the specific phenomenon of receiving family care.
Noticeably absent in the literature are elders’ voices about
what the experience of receiving this kind of care meant to
them. Research such as this is needed (Phillips 1996) and this
gap was the impetus for this study.
The study
Aim
The purpose of this study was to discover elders’ perspectives
of receiving family care, in order to improve practice, policy,
and research.
Methodology
A hermeneutic interpretive phenomenological approach was
chosen (Heidegger 1962/1975). The chiefly ontological goal
of this methodology is to increase understanding of shared
meanings for people with similar experiences, rather than the
10. epistemological goal to theorize, generalize or predict causal
relationships (Koch 1995, Annells 1996).
Participants
A convenience sample of nine elders, of whom five were
women and four men, in urban and rural areas of the Pacific
Northwest, was recruited. This means that transferability of
the findings are limited to similar informants in a similar
context. Six were Anglo-American, one Hispanic-American,
one Asian-American, and one American Indian. They were
recruited from three home health agencies, one adult day care
centre, and one neurological clinic. Elders were eligible to
participate in the study if they were aged 65 years or older,
and had an identified family member who provided daily
assistance with at least one ADL and/or management of
health problems. Participants needed to speak English, and be
cognitively intact or have only mild cognitive impairment/
dementia (in the case of two informants). The Short Portable
Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ; Pfeiffer 1975) was
11. used to screen those who volunteered to participate. They
were accepted into the study if scores were 6 or better,
indicating a range of mild to no dementia. One elder was
excluded because her dementia measured more severe than
‘mild’ on the SPMSQ. Twelve people volunteered to parti-
cipate, but two withdrew before the initial interview.
Those with a variety of chronic illnesses were included
because shared meanings for people with chronic illness have
been found, regardless of type of illness (Charmaz 1990,
Gullickson 1993, ReNel & Magilvy 2000).
The participants had received family care for periods
ranging from 1 1/2 to 30 years. In hermeneutic interpretive
phenomenology, recruitment ends when findings within a
homogeneous sample become saturated. This has occurred
when interviews yield no additional data, or provide rich
descriptions of the same shared meanings (Benner 1994).
Saturation had clearly occurred by the time the ninth
informant had been interviewed in this study.
12. Data collection
Multiple, open-ended, in-depth interviews, observation, and
other methods were used to gain an understanding of what
selected experiences meant to participants. Informants were
allowed to control the pace and direction of dialogue with the
investigator and to describe experiences as they were lived,
rather than to offer reflected-upon, theorized, abstract
explanations (Mishler 1986).
Elders were asked for descriptions of their day-to-day
experiences of receiving family care. Between November
1998 and April 1999 two to five interviews were conducted
by the investigator with each elder, starting with a general
overview of family care experiences in the first interview and
gradually becoming more focused on emerging themes in
later interviews (Seidman 1991). Interviews lasted 30–
60 minutes. All were conducted in informants’ homes. When
carers occasionally made themselves available, elders were
J.D. Crist
13. 486 � 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Journal of Advanced
Nursing, 49(5), 485–493
observed interacting with them. Observations that occurred
naturally during the interviews were included with the
transcribed text and analysed simultaneously.
Data analysis
The analysis/interpretation was conducted during the same
period of time as the interviews by a data analysis team,
which was consulted during each phase of the work (Crist &
Tanner 2003). The interpretive team comprised three nursing
professors who were experts in either family care or
hermeneutic interpretive phenomenology. A research log
containing a record of all discussions and analysis decisions,
in the form of meeting minutes, was submitted to the team
after each meeting to verify emerging interpretations and
methodological decisions. The investigator’s and team’s
assumptions were acknowledged as much as possible and
14. considered during the interpretations of the narratives and
observations. Acknowledgement of team members’ preun-
derstandings is the forward arc of the hermeneutic circle
(Packer & Addison 1989). Team members discussed their
initial impressions of meanings emerging from initial
narratives. The team’s co-construction of the interpretation
is the return arc of the hermeneutic circle. This ‘movement of
uncovering’ (Packer & Addison 1989, p. 275) involved the
continuous and simultaneous examination of narratives
within the whole emergent interpretation, protecting the
integrity of the story within its particular context. Common
concerns, exemplars, or common themes across informants,
and paradigm cases were identified. Paradigm cases are
particularly compelling stories to which the team returns and
examines from new angles. For example, the meanings from
one elder’s narratives included positive relationships with her
carers, and her view that her life contained a balance between
autonomy and the need for help. Once demonstrated clearly
15. in her narratives, these patterns were more easily recognized
in other family care situations. Lines of inquiry were
identified during each analysis session to focus later inter -
views, either with the same or with subsequent informants,
keeping open to the text of current transcripts (Benner 1994).
Rigour
Evaluation of interpretive phenomenological research ‘con-
siders whether one’s concern has been answered’ (Packer &
Addison 1989, p. 279). Five criteria directed how to proceed
in the interpretive process: coherence, external evidence,
consensus, practical implications (Packer & Addison 1989)
and transferability (Lincoln & Guba 1985). Coherence was
judged by whether the report represented themes, exemplars
and paradigm cases consistently and with credibility. The
iterative process – the team’s reflection on and discussion of
the texts and developing interpretive report – ensured that
this criterion was met. Keeping detailed records of each step
of the iterative process and all methodological decisions
16. helped to evaluate the credibility of the report. The inter -
pretation was taken back to informants during the second or
third interview to evaluate external evidence. Each informant
was asked to reflect on themes that had unfolded through
analysis of their narratives. Their feedback confirmed the
interpretations. Consensus was ensured by the team’s com-
paring the emerging interpretations among individual mem-
bers, as well as with other researchers and other interested
parties, assuring anonymity and confidentiality. The practical
implications of the research findings were periodically eval -
uated by other experts during the interpretive process.
Emerging interpretations were taken back to elders during
the final interviews, and they confirmed the findings and their
usefulness. Experts, including gerontological teachers, doc-
toral students and home health agency interdisciplinary
clinical staff, confirmed the practical implications of the final
interpretation. The same experts also confirmed that mean-
ings for elders in the sample would be transferable to similar
17. elders in a similar context.
Ethical considerations
Approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional
Review Board. Initially, elders were contacted by telephone
by the investigator and asked for permission to come to their
homes. In the home, elders were informed of the purpose of
the study, their rights, including the right to withdraw at any
time for any reason without repercussion, and the investi -
gator’s legal requirement to refer the elder to the State’s Adult
Protective Services if abuse were suspected and to local
agencies if depression were suspected. Elders did not object to
these conditions of participation, and were asked to sign
consent forms. Pseudonyms have been used to protect
participant identity.
Findings
The findings gave a new perspective on the phenomenon of
receiving family care: (a) elders incorporated family care
comfortably into their lives while still viewing themselves as
18. autonomous; (b) they had positive relationships with their
family carers; (c) the acceptability for them of receiving
family care was tied closely to positive relationships between
them and their carers and (d) most elders believed that they
were able to maintain a balance between sometimes receiving
Issues and innovations in nursing practice Elders receiving
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� 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Journal of Advanced
Nursing, 49(5), 485–493 487
more care than they needed and maintaining their own
autonomy.
Incorporating family care while maintaining autonomy
A specialized meaning of ‘independence’ became evident
early in the study. When elders said that independence was
important to them, they meant that they still retained some
control or ‘autonomy’ although they received family care.
Nurses have traditionally measured independence as the level
of a client’s functional ability; for example, as being able to
19. take a bath without needing help. The elders in this study,
although functionally impaired and dependent on family
members to carry out some of their ADLs, still viewed their
lives as autonomous.
Ms Canta was aged in her early 70s and had relocated
from another state, bought property, and built a house to
live near her daughter. Her daughter, son-in-law, and their
daughters lived in a mobile home on the property. Her
daughter had visited her every day for a month to change
dressings on an abdominal wound. Ms Canta’s conscious
reflections including the word ‘independent’ conveyed that
she valued not being dependent: during the second of three
interviews, she claimed,
I am very independent. I like to have my own place. I like to do
my
own things when I want, and the way I want. I am that way.
However, her actions showed that she also valued being close
to her family and she had chosen to live next door to her
daughter, who later became her family carer. Ms Canta’s
20. narratives and the choices she had made in her life revealed
that she defined ‘independence’ as the freedom to make
choices and to arrange her life as she wished, even within the
context of receiving family care.
Ms Post, who was in her 80s, had a progressive disease that
caused weakness of the limbs. Her family carers were two
younger male relatives with whom she lived. She said,
Course I can’t get around like I used to; I don’t see like I used
to; so,
you just kinda mellow out. I take life as it comes. You live with
what
you got!
For her, ‘living with what you got’ included accepting family
care. For example, she described her frustration about not
being safe walking to the door to welcome visitors, but her
narratives revealed that she had the autonomy in deciding
who could come to visit. Most elders had integrated receiving
family care into their daily lives so seamlessly that they did
not mention it. When they indicated an awareness of
21. receiving family care, as Ms Post did in her five interviews,
their statements were either positive or neutral. For most of
those in the study, being care receivers was not part of their
self-image; rather, they focused on other aspects of their lives.
In contrast to others in the study, it was difficult for one
informant to ‘live with what you got’. Mr Elloway was aged
in his 70s and had become unable to walk due to what he
considered an error during surgery 2 years before the initial
interview. He currently needed several daily medical proce-
dures and assistance with most ADLs. He focused on his
physical disabilities, viewed his life as disrupted by his
disability and dependence, and no longer recognized any
continuity with his former, autonomous life. Contrast cases
such as this helped to illustrate more clearly the common
meanings being uncovered in the overall interpretation (van
Manen 1990, Benner et al. 1996).
Ms Johnson was in her 80s, a widow, and had a chronic
illness that could be stable for months and then develop
22. unexpectedly into an emergency situation. She lived alone in
a mobile home park, but a constellation of extended family
members, some living in the same city and others in the same
state, provided intermittent care as needed. Without prompt-
ing, Ms Johnson volunteered that it was important to her that
she was ‘independent.’ She led an autonomous life, including
attending dances held at her mobile home park and never
asking directly for help from her carers. Like most other
elders in the study, she continued to maintain a sense of
autonomy, which she valued highly, while receiving family
care.
Positive relationships with family carers
There were important similarities in the situations of elders
who accepted family care easily. The most obvious of these
was their positive relationships with their carers. For exam-
ple, Ms Johnson said that she only occasionally asked for
help; but, for the most part, she viewed her family carers as
anticipating her needs:
23. Oh, she volunteers, yes. I don’t ever ask. I just bawl her out,
see, ‘You
don’t have to do all that! It isn’t that dirty!’ ‘Oh, just shush and
sit
down!’ ‘OK!’ No, she volunteers everything. I never ask her.
Only I
might ask her to stop at the store and get me something…But
she’ll
always ask, ‘Can I get you this?’ or, ‘Can I stop at the store?’
She’s
available. She’s willing to do anything for me.
It was apparent that, although Ms Johnson’s autonomy was
important to her, she viewed the care she received as
embedded in mutually caring family relationships that
included her family carers’ constant availability and willing-
ness to help.
Mr Kelly had been healthy all his life; but had slowed down
in the previous 2 years because of several illnesses and
J.D. Crist
488 � 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Journal of Advanced
Nursing, 49(5), 485–493
24. fluctuating energy. Now aged in his 80s, his need for
family care also fluctuated, ranging from total and constant
assistance with most ADLs to being able to bathe without
assistance. He was matter-of-fact about the help he received
from his wife. He revealed that he wished he could do more,
yet showed that he did not question his wife’s helping him:
‘[chuckling] I’m used to her!…No, it doesn’t bother me.’
When prompted with ‘…you’re used to your wife helping
you…’, he replied, ‘Oh yeah, that’s second nature!’ His
comments showed that the care he received was acceptable
because of his close relationship to his wife. Family care was
thus viewed by most elders as support that carers wanted
to give, and as a positive continuation of relationships.
Mr Elloway’s story contrasted with this positive interpret-
ation, and his five interviews did not show evidence of
closeness to or enjoyment of his caregiving spouse.
Positive relationships between elders and their carers
resulted in personal growth. For example, Mr Lewis had
been a professional man most of his life. He was in his early
25. 70s, and had abruptly become disabled. Being dependent on
his wife, as he slowly recovered from aphasia and multiple
disabilities, taught him to be patient. He viewed himself as
acquiring this quality, which he had not had in the past. He
was learning that his connection to his wife-carer helped him
accomplish his new rehabilitative goals with prolonged
progress and a slower approach to life. A positive family
care context facilitated his willingness to incorporate receiv-
ing family care into his life.
Acceptability: elders’ and family carers’ positive
relationships
Most elders did not view family care as help with specific
tasks, but as help inherently available as part of the
relationship. The care that elders received reinforced the
belief that they were loved, and the largely effortless
acceptance of family care was facilitated by their familiarity
with their carers. They trusted and were comforted by their
carers because they had a shared history with them. Ms Post,
26. for example, was continuously motivated to do as much as
possible, for example putting away the dishes. She acknow -
ledged her acceptance of family care in the context of positive
relationships:
We’ve always been a close family…It is hard to have people
help you.
But I’ve gotten to the place where I’ve got to have it, and I
know I
have to have it, so I try and make the best of it.
Mr Kelly was grateful for the help his wife gave him, and
valued this even more because it was given specifically by his
wife, with whom he had a very close relationship:
[Care by his wife] is better than to have to have somebody come
and
do it all…You know, when I was complaining about being a
burden,
and, not being able to do anything, [wife] cut this out for me
once
[hands the investigator a cartoon drawing from the newspaper of
a
little girl and boy arm-in-arm]. The caption reads: ‘Love
is…being
27. thankful for every day spent together’. (Love is 1998)
Receiving care from his wife intensified Mr Kelly’s affection,
appreciation and commitment to his marital relationship.
Mr Elloway, however, felt more discomfort when someone
close, such as his wife, gave him care. He preferred hired
carers’ help, which he considered part of their job:
If you had a legitimate caregiver that’s getting paid dollars for
doing
it, it’s routine…I wouldn’t want to do it, for a person. But if
you got a
caregiver that’s just doing it out of…I can use the word ‘love’
or
‘necessity’, or anything you want!…She doesn’t care for it, I
know.
And I don’t care for it either…I still have a guilt feeling when
somebody has to, or, when she has to work on me, not when
the…[home care nurse] comes, she’s a pro, she knows what
she’s
doing, it’s like when a nurse takes care of you in the hospital.
Mr Elloway’s statement that his wife ‘worked on him’
revealed his view that he was ‘broken’. His words also
suggested that, from his point of view, his wife’s care was an
28. act of duty rather than of love. He considered his wife as
performing tasks, not as helping a husband about whom she
cared. He found it easier to cope with his physical disability
by hiring a person to ‘work on’ his body.
Some of the interviews suggested that long-standing
familiarity and affection eased elders’ experiences that might
have been awkward with less familiar carers. During one
interview, Ms Post’s main family carer, who was in the
adjoining room, pointed out that Ms Post had changed his
diapers when he was a baby. Her laughing response was,
I paddled his butt (spanked him when, as a child, he
misbehaved)
many a time, too!
The exchange demonstrated the context of familiarity that
facilitated her comfort in receiving family care.
Balance: accepting more care than needed while
maintaining autonomy
Elders believed that they had a balance with regard to
29. carers’ performing some tasks that they thought they could
or should do for themselves. In a previous study (Crist
et al. 1998), some elders complained that family carers did
too much for them and would not let them do what they
themselves thought they could or ought to do. However,
elders in the present study accepted family carers’ helping
Issues and innovations in nursing practice Elders receiving
family care
� 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Journal of Advanced
Nursing, 49(5), 485–493 489
them when it might not have been absolutely necessary.
They sometimes chose not to do some things for the sake of
safety and conservation of energy. Ms Post, for example,
admitted that although she was tempted to do certain
activities, she was convinced that it was probably unsafe
for her because of her frailty and potential for falls. She
struggled with wanting to step down into the wash room to
get clothes out of the dryer, and reluctantly paid attention
30. to reminders from her carers:
Sometimes [chuckling] I get up to do something and they give
me
holy hell because I’ve gotten up to do it, when he would have
done it.
But, I figure, ‘Well, I’ll just go get it’, you know. [It] don’t
always
work [laughs].
Even when Ms Post was tempted to continue doing things for
herself, she acknowledged that her previous ways of doing
things without assistance needed to be modified. The positive
perspective with which she viewed receiving family care
helped her achieve a balance in what she felt she could do.
Her level of acceptance about her new level of dependence
was aided by a sense of humour.
Mr Kelly was aware of his energy limitations and, for him,
they justified his wife’s doing what he thought he could have
done:
She [chuckling] probably does too much. In some ways. What I
mean
31. by that is if I want a [glass of] water or something, I would go
get it,
but she will get it for me…Like with a bath, she has to help me.
No, it
doesn’t bother me. In some ways, sometimes maybe it does. I
think I
ought (to) do things, but I get so tired, you know.
Elders and their family carers revealed a comfortable
familiarity within their relationships, which allowed humour
to be used in promoting autonomy in the context of family
care. The familiarity and ease with which interactions
occurred made them appear to be a pattern that probably
had been effective in the past and had thus continued.
Narratives of Mr Lewis with his family carer contained this
lightness:
Mr Lewis: I’m teasing her!
Wife: He teases me a lot. Especially when he’s taking a shower.
He
likes to take the [showerhead] and squirt it at me [laughing].
Mr Lewis [mischievously shaking his head in denial]: I’m very
innocent.
32. Wife: He laughs and laughs…I’m just happy to have him here
[Mr
Lewis affectionately taps her on the knee with his cane].
This excerpt shows that a bath given by his wife, a form of
intimate personal care that represented Mr Lewis’s dependence
for many aspects of his life, meant to him that there was a
sustained mutual affection embedded in his receiving family
care.
When these elders accepted care that might appear unnec-
essary, they referred to rational reasons, for example, their
own safety or energy conservation. They allowed and even
embraced, with humour, insight and sensitivity, variations in
the ways tasks were accomplished, by them or others. They
did not see themselves as being forced to accept overbearing
or oppressive assistance. These elders felt there was a balance
between accepting help and maintaining autonomy, which
was accomplished through mutual caring and trust.
Discussion
33. These findings help gerontological nurses ‘create new visions’
(Benner 2000, p. 10) of receiving family care. Shared positive
meanings of receiving family care were uncovered, in contrast
to results of earlier descriptive or correlational studies that
report elders’ discomfort with receiving family care. An
important theme in literature has been the overwhelming
values held by many elders in Western society on individu-
alism, productivity, autonomy, competence, stoicism, and
privacy, even within kinship relationships (Bellah et al.
1986). Previous research has shown that when many elders
were no longer able to conform to these accepted norms, they
viewed themselves as failures or as indebted to family
members providing care for them (Kaufman 1983, Thomas
1993, Crist et al. 1998). The surprisingly positive meanings
that emerged were found across gender mix of elders/carers,
…