Option One— The Odyssey : For the first option, focused solely on Homer’s Odyssey , there are a variety of topics to choose from. Keep in mind that the questions under each topic are intended to stimulate your thinking—you are not required to address each and every one: The Concept of Justice : In the very first speech in the epic, Zeus claims that “mortals blame the gods. / From us alone, they say, come all their miseries, yes, / but they themselves, with their own reckless ways, / compound their pains beyond their proper share” (I. 37-40). This emphasis on human responsibility recurs throughout the epic, particularly regarding the suitors, yet at other times fate seems fixed. Consider the degree to which humans bring on their own destiny, and the degree to which fate appears to be decreed and unchangeable. In pondering this question, you might consider the function of prophecy, the role of the gods, and the force of human character on the events of the epic. In the world depicted here, how great a scope is allowed for human choice? Closely related to the question of justice is the question of human suffering. To what extent is suffering deserved? The Wanderings of Odysseus : Choose just one episode, or two that are related, in the wanderings of Odysseus as he relates them to the Phaeacians in Books IX-XII and consider how that episode relates to the epic as a whole. What important themes, motifs, and/or images are featured? How do they resonate with the larger themes of the epic? Testing : The epic is filled with contests, from tests of physical strength in Scheria and Ithaca to Odysseus’ testing of the members of his household, and their testing of him, to name just the most obvious. Why the emphasis on testing? What is being tested, and why? Women : Consider the role of women in the epic, whether mortal or divine. For what are they most praised? Most denigrated? You would do well to choose just one woman, or one contrasting pair (Helen and Penelope, for example) as you consider this question. Fathers and Sons : The epic begins with the story of Agamemnon and Orestes, and ends with the image of Laertes, Odysseus, and Telemachos fighting side by side; in between the epic is filled with fathers and sons. What appears to be valued in the father-son relationship? Odysseus : Consider the man himself—lying trickster or epic hero? A man of reckless daring or formidable self-restraint? Does he change or is his character consistent (or inconsistent!) throughout? Option Two—Comparative Essay : This option asks you to compare elements of The Odyssey and Beowulf . Both are classed as epics, with much in common, yet there are key differences. The choices below ask you to choose one specific element of the epic to focus on. The Hero : What is the most important or most interesting difference between Odysseus and Beowulf in terms of their character—who they are as individuals? The Nature of Their Quests : Consider the nature of .