The document outlines the structure and components of a plan for malaria prevention, control, and elimination. It discusses preparing an introduction, conducting a situation analysis of the country's demographics, health system, malaria problem and control efforts. It also covers establishing objectives, approaches, targets, and an evaluation plan. The plan requires quantifying resource needs, costs, and presenting the information through charts and tables with a summary for decision makers. An example plan for Afghanistan from 2008-2013 is provided to illustrate the components.
Geographic information system in public healthBPKIHS
The document provides an overview of a presentation on the use of geographic information systems (GIS) in public health. It discusses the history of GIS and its applications in areas such as disease surveillance, vaccine trials, mapping of infectious diseases, and analyzing access to health services. The presentation covers basic GIS concepts and terminology, components of a GIS, its functions, and examples of how GIS has been used to study and monitor health issues.
The Use of Technology in the Era of COVID-19Ori Gudes
Healthcare systems across the globe, including in Australia, are under extreme pressure and do not always have rapid access to data in real time and up to date to consolidate and enable informed decision making, particularly with respect to effective outbreak management and public education. Access to technology including tracking apps, health information and the use of spatial analytical tools, dashboards and visualisations outputs can provide leaders and practitioners in the health care system with the opportunity to make data driven decisions. In the era of COVID19 crisis this becomes crucial to the safety of communities.
This webinar covers the following topics: COVID-19 pandemic for the epidemiology and the infection prevention and control context WHO responsibilities for COVID-19 Examination of Australian responses to COVID-19 including technology such as tracking apps and other control measures Background and some examples from the literature (e.g., Dr John Snow first use of GIS in the 18th century) Research rational, how GIS or spatial technologies has been used during the COVID-19 crisis, future trends in health, GIS research in the post COVID-19 era.
Issues in costing cross cutting hss interventions inNajibullah Safi
This document discusses issues in costing cross-cutting health systems strengthening (HSS) interventions in Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) proposals, using Afghanistan as an example. It outlines areas typically covered by HSS, such as human resources, infrastructure, and health products. It also notes challenges in Afghanistan, including a lack of local expertise in costing, difficulty linking investments to outcomes, inadequate proposal preparation, and reliance on salary budgets. Standardized unit costing is complicated by a lack of national costing strategies and data needed for accurate planning and cost estimation.
Malaria situation and progress towards malaria controlNajibullah Safi
The document discusses progress and challenges towards malaria control in Afghanistan. It provides an overview of malaria risk and transmission in the country, as well as control efforts through the public health sector and integrated approaches. These efforts have led to declines in both vivax and falciparum malaria cases since 2002. However, challenges remain regarding service delivery, vector control, health system issues like coordination and capacity, and socio-political stability. Prospects for continued control and eventual elimination are uncertain due to these challenges, despite existing effective tools.
This document discusses the use of geographical information systems (GIS) in public health. It provides background on GIS, including Dr. John Snow's use of maps to study the 1854 cholera outbreak in London. The document outlines key GIS concepts like geocoding, layers, and thematic mapping. It describes GIS functions such as data acquisition, storage, analysis, and presentation. Examples are given of how GIS can be used for tasks like calculating rates, measuring distances, and cluster analysis. Commonly used GIS software and advantages of GIS for public health are also summarized.
Promoting Innovation and evidenced based approaches to policy makersTed Herbosa
The document discusses promoting innovation and evidence-based approaches to policymakers regarding disaster risk reduction. It provides examples of Project NOAH in the Philippines, which uses science and technology through multi-disciplinary research to develop systems and tools to help prevent and mitigate disasters. The document poses four questions on how research can influence policy decisions, research gaps, enabling access to existing research, and transforming policies to improve disaster program implementation.
C510 alarcos cieza et al – model disability surveyStefanus Snyman
The WHO Global Disability Action Plan 2014-2021 aims to improve access to health services and programs for people with disabilities. It has three main objectives: 1) remove barriers to health services to achieve universal coverage, 2) strengthen rehabilitation services including assistive technologies, and 3) improve collection of disability data and support disability research. The plan calls for countries, organizations, and WHO to take actions like developing guidelines, providing technical support, and implementing a standardized Model Disability Survey to measure disability worldwide.
Public health plays an essential role in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery for the following reasons:
- Natural disasters are increasing in frequency and impact, posing ubiquitous risks across communities. While disasters negatively impact health, a strong public health system can mitigate these effects.
- Key public health responsibilities in disasters include disaster epidemiology, assessment, response, risk communication, clinical and environmental interventions, and addressing psychosocial impacts.
- An "all-hazards" approach to disaster preparedness integrates a common strategy for public health responses to various natural and man-made hazards. Effective response requires multi-organizational coordination at local, national, and international levels.
Geographic information system in public healthBPKIHS
The document provides an overview of a presentation on the use of geographic information systems (GIS) in public health. It discusses the history of GIS and its applications in areas such as disease surveillance, vaccine trials, mapping of infectious diseases, and analyzing access to health services. The presentation covers basic GIS concepts and terminology, components of a GIS, its functions, and examples of how GIS has been used to study and monitor health issues.
The Use of Technology in the Era of COVID-19Ori Gudes
Healthcare systems across the globe, including in Australia, are under extreme pressure and do not always have rapid access to data in real time and up to date to consolidate and enable informed decision making, particularly with respect to effective outbreak management and public education. Access to technology including tracking apps, health information and the use of spatial analytical tools, dashboards and visualisations outputs can provide leaders and practitioners in the health care system with the opportunity to make data driven decisions. In the era of COVID19 crisis this becomes crucial to the safety of communities.
This webinar covers the following topics: COVID-19 pandemic for the epidemiology and the infection prevention and control context WHO responsibilities for COVID-19 Examination of Australian responses to COVID-19 including technology such as tracking apps and other control measures Background and some examples from the literature (e.g., Dr John Snow first use of GIS in the 18th century) Research rational, how GIS or spatial technologies has been used during the COVID-19 crisis, future trends in health, GIS research in the post COVID-19 era.
Issues in costing cross cutting hss interventions inNajibullah Safi
This document discusses issues in costing cross-cutting health systems strengthening (HSS) interventions in Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) proposals, using Afghanistan as an example. It outlines areas typically covered by HSS, such as human resources, infrastructure, and health products. It also notes challenges in Afghanistan, including a lack of local expertise in costing, difficulty linking investments to outcomes, inadequate proposal preparation, and reliance on salary budgets. Standardized unit costing is complicated by a lack of national costing strategies and data needed for accurate planning and cost estimation.
Malaria situation and progress towards malaria controlNajibullah Safi
The document discusses progress and challenges towards malaria control in Afghanistan. It provides an overview of malaria risk and transmission in the country, as well as control efforts through the public health sector and integrated approaches. These efforts have led to declines in both vivax and falciparum malaria cases since 2002. However, challenges remain regarding service delivery, vector control, health system issues like coordination and capacity, and socio-political stability. Prospects for continued control and eventual elimination are uncertain due to these challenges, despite existing effective tools.
This document discusses the use of geographical information systems (GIS) in public health. It provides background on GIS, including Dr. John Snow's use of maps to study the 1854 cholera outbreak in London. The document outlines key GIS concepts like geocoding, layers, and thematic mapping. It describes GIS functions such as data acquisition, storage, analysis, and presentation. Examples are given of how GIS can be used for tasks like calculating rates, measuring distances, and cluster analysis. Commonly used GIS software and advantages of GIS for public health are also summarized.
Promoting Innovation and evidenced based approaches to policy makersTed Herbosa
The document discusses promoting innovation and evidence-based approaches to policymakers regarding disaster risk reduction. It provides examples of Project NOAH in the Philippines, which uses science and technology through multi-disciplinary research to develop systems and tools to help prevent and mitigate disasters. The document poses four questions on how research can influence policy decisions, research gaps, enabling access to existing research, and transforming policies to improve disaster program implementation.
C510 alarcos cieza et al – model disability surveyStefanus Snyman
The WHO Global Disability Action Plan 2014-2021 aims to improve access to health services and programs for people with disabilities. It has three main objectives: 1) remove barriers to health services to achieve universal coverage, 2) strengthen rehabilitation services including assistive technologies, and 3) improve collection of disability data and support disability research. The plan calls for countries, organizations, and WHO to take actions like developing guidelines, providing technical support, and implementing a standardized Model Disability Survey to measure disability worldwide.
Public health plays an essential role in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery for the following reasons:
- Natural disasters are increasing in frequency and impact, posing ubiquitous risks across communities. While disasters negatively impact health, a strong public health system can mitigate these effects.
- Key public health responsibilities in disasters include disaster epidemiology, assessment, response, risk communication, clinical and environmental interventions, and addressing psychosocial impacts.
- An "all-hazards" approach to disaster preparedness integrates a common strategy for public health responses to various natural and man-made hazards. Effective response requires multi-organizational coordination at local, national, and international levels.
Global health trends and lessons learned towards better advocacy and develo...Farooq Khan
Written from the perspective of a Canadian Emergency Medicine Resident in July 2013 as a presentation to peers and colleagues for academic purposes only.
Part 1: Advocacy in Emergency Medicine
- Patients, communities and the world at large
Part 2: Global Health trends
- Political, social, economic and environmental determinants
- Emergency Medicine as a global priority
Part 3: Examples of Emergency Medicine development and activism
- Global Emergency Care Collaborative - Uganda
- International Emergency Medicine research at WHO
- Getting involved without leaving the country
This document outlines the key steps for planning malaria elimination, including strengthening health systems, establishing surveillance programs, assessing feasibility, and obtaining certification. It compares malaria control and elimination strategies, identifies program milestones and resource needs, and describes the certification process required to verify local transmission has been interrupted.
This document discusses how to develop goals, objectives, and targets for a malaria control or elimination program. It defines goals as aspirations that are not time-bound, objectives as measurable outcomes expected to result from interventions, and targets as related to quality and quantity of activities. The process of developing objectives involves selecting a specific disease aspect, population, location and magnitude of change within a time frame. Objectives should be SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound) and consider the disease situation, available resources, and stakeholder expectations.
The document discusses the basic principles of epidemiology in emergencies. It describes epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and causes. Descriptive epidemiology determines disease distribution, analytical epidemiology examines risk factors, and evaluation epidemiology assesses program effectiveness. Surveillance systems collect health data to monitor trends and detect outbreaks. Rapid needs assessments identify priority health issues to guide emergency response.
The document discusses public health surveillance, providing definitions and outlining its goals, history, uses, types, attributes, and process. It describes key public health surveillance programs in India, including the Integrated Disease Surveillance Program (IDSP) and National Surveillance Programme for Communicable Diseases (NSPCD). The goal of public health surveillance is to provide information to guide public health policies and programs by ongoing collection and analysis of health data. Effective surveillance systems aim to detect health issues, monitor trends, and link data to appropriate public health actions and interventions.
Coronary restenosis refers to the re-narrowing or reoccurrence of blockage in a coronary artery that has previously been treated with a procedure such as angioplasty and stent placement. Angioplasty is a procedure used to open narrowed or blocked arteries by inflating a balloon-like device to widen the artery, and a stent may be placed to help keep the artery open.
Restenosis can occur when the artery becomes narrowed again due to various factors, including the growth of scar tissue inside the artery, inflammation, or the formation of new plaque. Restenosis can lead to recurrent symptoms of chest pain (angina) or other complications.
To help prevent restenosis, doctors may recommend lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, adopting a heart-healthy diet, exercising regularly, and taking medications to manage risk factors such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes. In some cases, additional treatments or procedures may be necessary to address restenosis, such as repeat angioplasty, stent placement, or bypass surgery. It's essential for individuals who have undergone coronary artery procedures to follow their healthcare provider's recommendations for monitoring and managing their heart health to reduce the risk of restenosis.
Arrhythmias are abnormal heart rhythms that can occur when the electrical impulses that coordinate the heartbeats are disrupted. There are different types of arrhythmias, including:
1. Atrial Fibrillation (AFib): This is the most common type of arrhythmia and occurs when the heart's upper chambers (atria) beat irregularly and out of sync with the lower chambers (ventricles).
2. Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT): SVT is a fast heart rate originating above the ventricles, often in the atria.
3. Ventricular Tachycardia (VT): VT is a fast heart rate that starts in the heart's lower chambers (ventricles).
4. Ventricular Fibrillation (VFib): VFib is a life-threatening arrhythmia where the ventricles quiver instead of pumping blood effectively.
5. Bradycardia: This is a slow heart rate, usually below 60 beats per minute.
Arrhythmias can be caused by various factors, including heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, stress, certain medications, and structural abnormalities in the heart. Some arrhythmias may not cause any symptoms, while others can lead to symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting.
Treatment for arrhythmias depends on the type and severity of the condition. It may include lifestyle modifications, medications, medical procedures like cardioversion or ablation, or implantation of devices like pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) to help regulate the heart's rhythm.
If you experience symptoms of an arrhythmia or have been diagnosed with one, it's important to work closely with your healthcare provider to determine the best treatment plan and management strategies to help control
Trend Analyses of Nationally-representative Survey Data: What story can be to...MEASURE Evaluation
Presented by Lia Florey, MEASURE DHS/ICF International, as part of a symposium organized by MEASURE Evaluation and MEASURE DHS at the 6th MIM Pan-African Malaria Conference.
Role of IT in environment & Human HealthTanvi Potluri
IT plays an important role in environment and human health by enabling the collection, storage, analysis and sharing of large amounts of data. It allows for monitoring of environmental changes via satellite data and facilitates databases of factors like pollution, biodiversity and climate. In healthcare, IT supports databases of medical records, genetic information and disease statistics, aids in global disease mapping, and enables telemedicine and remote patient monitoring. Biometrics, bioinformatics and biological equipment also increasingly incorporate IT and algorithms.
Public health surveillance involves the continuous collection and analysis of health data to support public health practices. It can be used for immediate detection of epidemics or long-term monitoring of disease trends. Active surveillance employs staff to directly collect data while passive surveillance relies on voluntary reporting from healthcare providers. Syndromic surveillance monitors clinical symptoms before confirmation of diagnoses. Integrated disease surveillance at national and global levels aims to strengthen communicable disease monitoring through standardized guidelines and collaboration across networks.
1. Intn to Feild Epidemiology 2022.pptEtalemBurako
This document introduces field epidemiology and outlines its key characteristics. Field epidemiology involves the application of epidemiology principles to public health emergencies and is defined by its urgent nature. Field investigations aim to rapidly inform control measures during outbreaks. While sharing methods with planned epidemiology studies, field investigations have unique challenges like limited samples, incomplete data and pressures for timely intervention. The document emphasizes standards for field investigations to maximize scientific quality within operational constraints.
Surveillance involves the ongoing collection and analysis of disease data to inform prevention and control measures. In Nepal, disease surveillance occurs through both routine monthly HMIS reporting from all health facilities, as well as sentinel surveillance through the Early Warning and Response System (EWARRS) which collects weekly data from selected sites. EWARRS focuses on priority diseases like polio, measles, neonatal tetanus, malaria, kala azar, and Japanese encephalitis to allow for early detection and response to outbreaks. The data collected through these surveillance systems are used for monitoring disease trends, outbreak detection, evaluating health services, and informing public health policies and programs.
The role of civil society in data collectionSightsavers
Civil society plays an important role in supporting data collection efforts for monitoring development goals. It has a history of collecting information to inform policy and assess service delivery. Recent examples include a large mapping project that examined over 2 million people to plan trachoma interventions and a disability pilot project that found collecting such data creates demand for more inclusive services. Going forward, civil society can advocate for the 2030 agenda, support citizen accountability, and share lessons learned. It also plays a role in practice and innovation by identifying stakeholders, looking beyond numbers to include marginalized groups, and empowering such groups to own the data. Key is partnering with national authorities to promote sustainability.
A focus on NTDs in sub-Saharan Africa: Supporting scale-up of interventionsCOUNTDOWN on NTDs
Presentation at The Evidence and Organisations in Development Conference, at the University of Edinburgh’s Centre for Medical Anthropology and the Centre for African Studies.
Using Social Media to Tailor Public Health ResponsesDr. Ebele Mogo
Findings and reflections from a social listening exercise to explore public perceptions on health in the context of the COVID-19 response in Nigeria.
A flash talk presented to the COVID-19 in the Global South group of Cambridge Global Challenges and Cambridge Africa.
1) The document discusses using social science methods to address challenges in implementing programs to control Neglected Tropical Diseases.
2) It notes there has been massive progress over the last 20 years in facilitating control of NTDs through mass drug administration programs.
3) However, it also outlines ongoing challenges related to health systems support for NTD programs, integration across disease programs and with other sectors, and ensuring equitable access for all communities and households.
Surveillance and early warning systems for climate sensitive diseases in Viet...ILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Hu Suk Lee and Delia Grace at the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Flagship 2 science meeting, New York, USA, 17 October 2016.
This document discusses how geographic information science (GIScience) can help globalize health informatics. GIScience incorporates spatial relationships and uses tools like geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing to map, analyze, model and visualize health data. It provides a framework for investigating spatial patterns and relationships in health information. The document outlines how GIScience can help address issues like uneven health data availability and the variable impacts of diseases around the world. It concludes that spatial analysis will be important for linking clinical, demographic and location-based health data to improve global health knowledge as information systems develop and health issues expand worldwide.
UHC and Benefits Package Design - Afghanistan expereince.pptxNajibullah Safi
The document summarizes Afghanistan's experience transitioning from the Basic Package of Health Services (BPHS) and Essential Package of Hospital Services (EPHS) to a new Integrated Package of Essential Health Services (IPEHS). It describes the process of developing the IPEHS through expert committees and working groups. The IPEHS was officially launched in 2019 but implementation has faced challenges due to political instability, lack of government recognition, and dependency on donor funding. Key lessons highlight the need for inclusive stakeholder engagement, political commitment beyond just the Ministry of Public Health, and capacity building to support the transition to the new package.
This document provides an introduction to quantitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as a formal, systematic process of collecting and analyzing numerical data to find patterns, make predictions, test relationships, and generalize results. The key characteristics of research discussed are that it must be controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable, and empirical. Common quantitative research methods include descriptive, correlational and experimental designs. Measurement, sampling, levels of measurement from nominal to ratio, and quantitative data analysis techniques such as descriptive and inferential statistics are also outlined. Finally, both the advantages of standardization and generalizability as well as limitations such as superficiality and structural bias are discussed.
Global health trends and lessons learned towards better advocacy and develo...Farooq Khan
Written from the perspective of a Canadian Emergency Medicine Resident in July 2013 as a presentation to peers and colleagues for academic purposes only.
Part 1: Advocacy in Emergency Medicine
- Patients, communities and the world at large
Part 2: Global Health trends
- Political, social, economic and environmental determinants
- Emergency Medicine as a global priority
Part 3: Examples of Emergency Medicine development and activism
- Global Emergency Care Collaborative - Uganda
- International Emergency Medicine research at WHO
- Getting involved without leaving the country
This document outlines the key steps for planning malaria elimination, including strengthening health systems, establishing surveillance programs, assessing feasibility, and obtaining certification. It compares malaria control and elimination strategies, identifies program milestones and resource needs, and describes the certification process required to verify local transmission has been interrupted.
This document discusses how to develop goals, objectives, and targets for a malaria control or elimination program. It defines goals as aspirations that are not time-bound, objectives as measurable outcomes expected to result from interventions, and targets as related to quality and quantity of activities. The process of developing objectives involves selecting a specific disease aspect, population, location and magnitude of change within a time frame. Objectives should be SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound) and consider the disease situation, available resources, and stakeholder expectations.
The document discusses the basic principles of epidemiology in emergencies. It describes epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and causes. Descriptive epidemiology determines disease distribution, analytical epidemiology examines risk factors, and evaluation epidemiology assesses program effectiveness. Surveillance systems collect health data to monitor trends and detect outbreaks. Rapid needs assessments identify priority health issues to guide emergency response.
The document discusses public health surveillance, providing definitions and outlining its goals, history, uses, types, attributes, and process. It describes key public health surveillance programs in India, including the Integrated Disease Surveillance Program (IDSP) and National Surveillance Programme for Communicable Diseases (NSPCD). The goal of public health surveillance is to provide information to guide public health policies and programs by ongoing collection and analysis of health data. Effective surveillance systems aim to detect health issues, monitor trends, and link data to appropriate public health actions and interventions.
Coronary restenosis refers to the re-narrowing or reoccurrence of blockage in a coronary artery that has previously been treated with a procedure such as angioplasty and stent placement. Angioplasty is a procedure used to open narrowed or blocked arteries by inflating a balloon-like device to widen the artery, and a stent may be placed to help keep the artery open.
Restenosis can occur when the artery becomes narrowed again due to various factors, including the growth of scar tissue inside the artery, inflammation, or the formation of new plaque. Restenosis can lead to recurrent symptoms of chest pain (angina) or other complications.
To help prevent restenosis, doctors may recommend lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, adopting a heart-healthy diet, exercising regularly, and taking medications to manage risk factors such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes. In some cases, additional treatments or procedures may be necessary to address restenosis, such as repeat angioplasty, stent placement, or bypass surgery. It's essential for individuals who have undergone coronary artery procedures to follow their healthcare provider's recommendations for monitoring and managing their heart health to reduce the risk of restenosis.
Arrhythmias are abnormal heart rhythms that can occur when the electrical impulses that coordinate the heartbeats are disrupted. There are different types of arrhythmias, including:
1. Atrial Fibrillation (AFib): This is the most common type of arrhythmia and occurs when the heart's upper chambers (atria) beat irregularly and out of sync with the lower chambers (ventricles).
2. Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT): SVT is a fast heart rate originating above the ventricles, often in the atria.
3. Ventricular Tachycardia (VT): VT is a fast heart rate that starts in the heart's lower chambers (ventricles).
4. Ventricular Fibrillation (VFib): VFib is a life-threatening arrhythmia where the ventricles quiver instead of pumping blood effectively.
5. Bradycardia: This is a slow heart rate, usually below 60 beats per minute.
Arrhythmias can be caused by various factors, including heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, stress, certain medications, and structural abnormalities in the heart. Some arrhythmias may not cause any symptoms, while others can lead to symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting.
Treatment for arrhythmias depends on the type and severity of the condition. It may include lifestyle modifications, medications, medical procedures like cardioversion or ablation, or implantation of devices like pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) to help regulate the heart's rhythm.
If you experience symptoms of an arrhythmia or have been diagnosed with one, it's important to work closely with your healthcare provider to determine the best treatment plan and management strategies to help control
Trend Analyses of Nationally-representative Survey Data: What story can be to...MEASURE Evaluation
Presented by Lia Florey, MEASURE DHS/ICF International, as part of a symposium organized by MEASURE Evaluation and MEASURE DHS at the 6th MIM Pan-African Malaria Conference.
Role of IT in environment & Human HealthTanvi Potluri
IT plays an important role in environment and human health by enabling the collection, storage, analysis and sharing of large amounts of data. It allows for monitoring of environmental changes via satellite data and facilitates databases of factors like pollution, biodiversity and climate. In healthcare, IT supports databases of medical records, genetic information and disease statistics, aids in global disease mapping, and enables telemedicine and remote patient monitoring. Biometrics, bioinformatics and biological equipment also increasingly incorporate IT and algorithms.
Public health surveillance involves the continuous collection and analysis of health data to support public health practices. It can be used for immediate detection of epidemics or long-term monitoring of disease trends. Active surveillance employs staff to directly collect data while passive surveillance relies on voluntary reporting from healthcare providers. Syndromic surveillance monitors clinical symptoms before confirmation of diagnoses. Integrated disease surveillance at national and global levels aims to strengthen communicable disease monitoring through standardized guidelines and collaboration across networks.
1. Intn to Feild Epidemiology 2022.pptEtalemBurako
This document introduces field epidemiology and outlines its key characteristics. Field epidemiology involves the application of epidemiology principles to public health emergencies and is defined by its urgent nature. Field investigations aim to rapidly inform control measures during outbreaks. While sharing methods with planned epidemiology studies, field investigations have unique challenges like limited samples, incomplete data and pressures for timely intervention. The document emphasizes standards for field investigations to maximize scientific quality within operational constraints.
Surveillance involves the ongoing collection and analysis of disease data to inform prevention and control measures. In Nepal, disease surveillance occurs through both routine monthly HMIS reporting from all health facilities, as well as sentinel surveillance through the Early Warning and Response System (EWARRS) which collects weekly data from selected sites. EWARRS focuses on priority diseases like polio, measles, neonatal tetanus, malaria, kala azar, and Japanese encephalitis to allow for early detection and response to outbreaks. The data collected through these surveillance systems are used for monitoring disease trends, outbreak detection, evaluating health services, and informing public health policies and programs.
The role of civil society in data collectionSightsavers
Civil society plays an important role in supporting data collection efforts for monitoring development goals. It has a history of collecting information to inform policy and assess service delivery. Recent examples include a large mapping project that examined over 2 million people to plan trachoma interventions and a disability pilot project that found collecting such data creates demand for more inclusive services. Going forward, civil society can advocate for the 2030 agenda, support citizen accountability, and share lessons learned. It also plays a role in practice and innovation by identifying stakeholders, looking beyond numbers to include marginalized groups, and empowering such groups to own the data. Key is partnering with national authorities to promote sustainability.
A focus on NTDs in sub-Saharan Africa: Supporting scale-up of interventionsCOUNTDOWN on NTDs
Presentation at The Evidence and Organisations in Development Conference, at the University of Edinburgh’s Centre for Medical Anthropology and the Centre for African Studies.
Using Social Media to Tailor Public Health ResponsesDr. Ebele Mogo
Findings and reflections from a social listening exercise to explore public perceptions on health in the context of the COVID-19 response in Nigeria.
A flash talk presented to the COVID-19 in the Global South group of Cambridge Global Challenges and Cambridge Africa.
1) The document discusses using social science methods to address challenges in implementing programs to control Neglected Tropical Diseases.
2) It notes there has been massive progress over the last 20 years in facilitating control of NTDs through mass drug administration programs.
3) However, it also outlines ongoing challenges related to health systems support for NTD programs, integration across disease programs and with other sectors, and ensuring equitable access for all communities and households.
Surveillance and early warning systems for climate sensitive diseases in Viet...ILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Hu Suk Lee and Delia Grace at the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Flagship 2 science meeting, New York, USA, 17 October 2016.
This document discusses how geographic information science (GIScience) can help globalize health informatics. GIScience incorporates spatial relationships and uses tools like geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing to map, analyze, model and visualize health data. It provides a framework for investigating spatial patterns and relationships in health information. The document outlines how GIScience can help address issues like uneven health data availability and the variable impacts of diseases around the world. It concludes that spatial analysis will be important for linking clinical, demographic and location-based health data to improve global health knowledge as information systems develop and health issues expand worldwide.
UHC and Benefits Package Design - Afghanistan expereince.pptxNajibullah Safi
The document summarizes Afghanistan's experience transitioning from the Basic Package of Health Services (BPHS) and Essential Package of Hospital Services (EPHS) to a new Integrated Package of Essential Health Services (IPEHS). It describes the process of developing the IPEHS through expert committees and working groups. The IPEHS was officially launched in 2019 but implementation has faced challenges due to political instability, lack of government recognition, and dependency on donor funding. Key lessons highlight the need for inclusive stakeholder engagement, political commitment beyond just the Ministry of Public Health, and capacity building to support the transition to the new package.
This document provides an introduction to quantitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as a formal, systematic process of collecting and analyzing numerical data to find patterns, make predictions, test relationships, and generalize results. The key characteristics of research discussed are that it must be controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable, and empirical. Common quantitative research methods include descriptive, correlational and experimental designs. Measurement, sampling, levels of measurement from nominal to ratio, and quantitative data analysis techniques such as descriptive and inferential statistics are also outlined. Finally, both the advantages of standardization and generalizability as well as limitations such as superficiality and structural bias are discussed.
The Sehatmandi project is a 3-year health services delivery project running from 2018 to 2022 with a total budget of $622 million financed mainly by the World Bank, EU, USAID, and Canada. It is implemented through contracts with national and international NGOs in 31 provinces, with a strengthened mechanism in 3 provinces. Performance is managed by a Project Management Office, with contract management by a Grants and Contracts Management Unit and coordination through a Sehatmandi coordination office in the Ministry of Public Health. Key performance is tracked through over 200 indicators and reviewed at quarterly and annual meetings. Oversight is provided by a Health Sector Oversight Committee comprised of representatives from the Afghan government and international
The COVID-19 pandemic an opportunity to strengthen health system Najibullah Safi
The document discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Afghanistan's already strained healthcare system. It outlines the status of the pandemic in Afghanistan, including limited testing and underreporting. It also discusses the health system response, including expanding surveillance, labs, and hospital capacity as well as training healthcare workers. However, the recent political changes have put health sector gains at risk by interrupting services and funding. Sustained support is needed to strengthen the health system and vaccination efforts amid ongoing challenges.
The document discusses conflict management in organizations. It begins by defining conflict and explaining that conflict arises due to differences in goals, interests, or values between individuals or groups. The document then covers various topics related to conflict such as the causes of conflict, different types and styles of managing conflict, and the positive and negative effects of conflict in organizations. It emphasizes that the goal of conflict management is to resolve conflicts in a constructive manner that strengthens relationships and trust.
Covid 19 continuation of essential health servicesNajibullah Safi
This document discusses strategies for sustaining non-COVID-19 essential health services in Afghanistan during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that health service utilization has decreased and some providers have been affected by COVID-19. WHO recommended 10 strategic actions including prioritizing essential services, optimizing service delivery, maintaining health workforce and supplies, and strengthening communication and monitoring. Afghanistan established coordination committees and continued providing basic health services while adapting delivery and establishing separate fever clinics. Monitoring was increased and digital platforms expanded to support essential service delivery during the pandemic. The impact on services was mixed but the response provided opportunities to strengthen capacity.
Covid 19 pandemic control options in AfghanistanNajibullah Safi
The document discusses control options for the COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan. It provides context on the spread of the virus in Afghanistan and demographic information. It then outlines current control measures including surveillance, case management, laboratory testing, points of entry screening, and non-pharmaceutical interventions. Three potential future options are presented: 1) strengthening current measures and enforcing lockdown, 2) strengthening measures while gradually relaxing lockdown, and 3) strengthening measures while immediately ending lockdown. Each option is discussed in terms of its potential impacts on disease transmission and the economy.
Najibullah Safi, MD, MSc. HPM presented on the history and current state of Afghanistan's health care system. He discussed key progress made in health indicators like immunization coverage and under-five mortality. However, challenges remain such as high stunting rates, poor quality of care in hospitals, and a high maternal mortality ratio. Moving forward, Afghanistan aims to implement an Integrated Package of Essential Health Services to address the triple burden of diseases. Principles of the way forward include prioritizing the poor, increasing community engagement, and raising domestic financing for health.
Implementation of bphsphc afghanistan experience august 2019Najibullah Safi
The document discusses Afghanistan's experience implementing the Basic Package of Health Services (BPHS) and Essential Package of Hospital Services (EPHS) through contracting non-governmental organizations (NGOs) since 2003. Key points include:
1) NGOs deliver health services in 31 of 34 provinces through competitive bidding managed by the Ministry of Public Health. Services are financed through international donors.
2) The BPHS defines 7 elements of primary health care including maternal and newborn care, child health and immunization, public nutrition, communicable disease treatment and control, mental health, disability and rehabilitation, and essential drug supply.
3) Health indicators like immunization rates and access to maternal health
The document discusses Afghanistan's experience monitoring basic health services contracts with NGOs in a conflict setting. It outlines Afghanistan's complex monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system involving multiple departments and organizations. Resources for M&E activities are substantial, with a third party responsible for most activities at a cost of $3.2 million per year. The relationship between contract managers and service-providing NGOs aims to improve performance through monitoring reports and meetings, though external factors sometimes interfere.
Global factors are increasingly influencing national policymaking. Globalization has led to greater interconnectedness between countries through increased cross-border movement, trade, and cultural harmonization. Health issues are now global concerns addressed through various global actors and mechanisms beyond traditional inter-state cooperation. These include global civil society, public-private partnerships, and influence from international organizations, transnational groups, and domestic and foreign bureaucrats. Effective health policymaking now requires engagement with this complex global context and array of global actors.
Effective implementation of national health strategy finalNajibullah Safi
The document outlines key actions for effective implementation of Afghanistan's national health strategy 2016-2020 to achieve universal health coverage. The actions include expanding health services coverage and packages, enhancing financial protection, improving coordination, strengthening accountability, increasing efficiency, and addressing cross-cutting issues such as capacity building and private sector regulation. The overall goal is to ensure all Afghans have access to needed health services without financial hardship.
Impact and cost effectivene of rotavirus vaccine introduction in afghanistanNajibullah Safi
This document provides a summary of a cost-effectiveness analysis of introducing rotavirus vaccination in Afghanistan. The analysis finds that vaccination would be highly cost-effective compared to no vaccination. It estimates that over 10 years, vaccination could avert over 1 million cases, 661,000 outpatient visits, 49,000 hospitalizations and nearly 12,000 deaths. The incremental cost per disability-adjusted life year averted is estimated to be $103-$59 depending on perspective, below Afghanistan's GDP per capita threshold for cost-effectiveness. Sensitivity analysis showed results were robust to varying parameters like disease burden and vaccine price. The document discusses limitations and next steps to support government adoption of vaccination.
Evaluation of thermotherapy for the treatment of cutaneousNajibullah Safi
This document summarizes a randomized controlled trial that evaluated the effectiveness of thermotherapy compared to glucantime injections for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan. The study involved 382 patients randomized to receive either a single thermotherapy treatment of 50 degrees Celsius for 30 seconds or 5 injections of glucantime over 7 days. The overall cure rate was 78.2%, with the thermotherapy group having a slightly higher cure rate of 82.5% compared to 74% for the glucantime group. The conclusion is that thermotherapy may be considered as an effective and cost-efficient alternative or complement to antimony treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis.
This document provides an update on polio eradication efforts in Afghanistan. It notes that 5 provinces and 47 districts are at high risk for polio, with districts categorized from fully accessible to inaccessible. In 2016, all confirmed polio cases were reported from access-compromised areas. To strengthen polio eradication, the approach focuses on gaining access, implementing alternative strategies, engaging communities, and enhancing monitoring. Lessons from 2015-2016 highlight the importance of strong coordination, maintaining neutrality, and improving quality in accessible but limited areas. Opportunities include political support and neutrality, while challenges include inaccessibility, knowledge gaps, and possible funding issues.
This document outlines Afghanistan's National Emergency Action Plan (NEAP) for polio eradication from 2016-2017. The plan's goal is to stop wild poliovirus transmission in Afghanistan by the end of 2016 with no new cases in 2017. Key strategies include maintaining program neutrality, focusing on high-risk areas, strengthening community engagement, and enhancing accountability. Targets include conducting 10 vaccination campaigns in 2016-2017 and improving surveillance. The plan also discusses improving campaign quality, monitoring, and data collection to enhance polio eradication efforts.
This document outlines the governance structure of Afghanistan's Country Coordinating Mechanism (ACCM) for Global Fund grants. It describes the functions and composition of the ACCM, its executive committee, and oversight committee. The ACCM coordinates grant proposals and oversight, comprises up to 30 members from government, civil society, international organizations, and is currently 29 members. The executive committee of 7 members manages daily operations and oversight. The oversight committee of 6-10 members monitors grant implementation and provides recommendations to improve performance.
Polio eradication in afghanistan way forward 2016 17Najibullah Safi
The document outlines Afghanistan's National Emergency Action Plan for polio eradication for 2016-2017. The key points are:
1) The goal is to stop wild poliovirus transmission in Afghanistan by the end of 2016.
2) Lessons from 2015-2016 include the need for strong coordination, a focus on high risk areas, and improving campaign quality in areas with access limitations.
3) Strategies include maintaining program neutrality, focusing on high risk provinces and districts, strengthening surveillance, and cross-border coordination with Pakistan.
2. Learning objectives
• Describe the structure of a plan for malaria
prevention, control and elimination
• Organize the available information into a
realistic plan
• Write a preliminary plan for malaria
prevention, control and elimination
3/11/2013 2
3. Proposed outline
• Introduction
– Importance of malaria as public health problem
– Importance of malaria as a socioeconomic problem
– Place of malaria in the national health program
– Brief description of malaria control program
– Planning period
3/11/2013 3
4. Situation analysis
• Country profile
– Demographic data
– Geographical features (e.g. forest, desert, coastal
areas)
– Metrological data (e.g. rainfall, rainy
days, temperature)
– Economic development (e.g. GDP/GNP, agriculture)
– Social and cultural aspects (e.g.
education, housing, sleeping habits)
3/11/2013 4
5. Situation analysis cont.
• The health care system
– Health care providers
• Government
• Households
• Private sector (for profit and non for profit)
• Traditional medicines
3/11/2013 5
6. Situation analysis cont.
• Health services (public, private, community
based)
– Organization
– Human resources
– Facilities and their distribution
– Supervisory system
– Accessibility and coverage
– Drug supplies and pharmacies
– General supplies system
– Training and educational infrastructure
3/11/2013 6
7. Situation analysis cont.
• Other health programs
– Vector borne disease control
– Programs targeting the sick child
– Maternal health
– Child health
– Laboratory services
– Tuberculosis
– Health information system
– Health education
3/11/2013 7
8. Situation analysis cont.
• Inter-sectoral links
– Environment
– Media and education
– Universities
– Research institutions
3/11/2013 8
9. Situation analysis cont.
• The malaria problem
– History of malaria problem
• Epidemiological picture
• Past epidemics
• Special risks that might reappear
• Changing trends
3/11/2013 9
10. Situation analysis cont.
• Past and current malaria control activities
– Policy and legislation
– Status of the program and current control
activities
– Human resources, organization chart
– Building equipment and supplies
– Budget
– Major control activities in the past and the result
– Research (past and current)
3/11/2013 10
11. Situation analysis cont.
• Current malaria problem
– Spatial and temporal distribution of malaria
– Drug resistance and efficacy
– Vector (e.g. distribution, ecology, susceptibility)
– Identification of major epidemiological types
– Basic epidemiological data
– Intensity and status of malaria
– Estimation of burden of disease
– Outstanding problems and major constraints
– Priority groups
3/11/2013 11
12. Situation analysis cont.
• Conclusion
– Priority (place of malaria among other problems)
– Opportunities for malaria control
• Political commitment
• Inter-sectoral links
• Technological development
• Funding
• Economical development projects
• Opportunities for changes, especially in the context of PHC
• Need for a new or revised plan of action
3/11/2013 12
13. Stratification
• Identification of major factors responsible for
peculiarities of malaria problem
• Identification of additional data required to
refine and update stratification for improved
program implementation
3/11/2013 13
14. National goals
• National economic and development goals
• National health goals
• Government health policies
3/11/2013 14
15. Objectives
• Existing national countrywide malaria control
objectives
• Proposed malaria control objectives by
stratum
• Relationship between existing and proposed
objectives
3/11/2013 15
16. Approaches
• Summary statement of approaches by stratum
and objectives
• List of activities to be implemented
3/11/2013 16
18. Operational targets
• Tabulation of the operational outputs for each
approach
• Operational targets necessary to achieve each
objective
• Time frame for achieving targets
3/11/2013 18
19. Operational milestones
• Plan for new services or expansion of existing
services
– Additional services (e.g. diagnostic, treatment)
– Additional staffing
– Additional facilities (e.g. lab, stores, office space)
– Time frame for introduction and note for geographical
distribution
• Training of staff
– Basic training, refresher training, distance learning
– Timetable of the course
3/11/2013 19
20. Organization and responsibilities
• Organization of systems and services
• Distribution of responsibilities at different
levels
• Coordination mechanism
• Community services
• Private sector
3/11/2013 20
21. Evaluation plan
• Short term
– Epidemiological, operational and other indicators
• Long term
– Health impact, socioeconomic and other
indicators
• Information system
– Health information system
– Management information system
3/11/2013 21
22. Evaluation plan cont.
• Data and information to be reported
• Levels of reporting
• Frequency of reporting
• Type of evaluation and level of responsibility
• Analysis of information, level of responsibility and
degree of authority
• Decision making mechanism
• Supervision (for continuing education of the staff
at all levels)
3/11/2013 22
23. Resource requirements
• Must be quantifiable
• Facilities (e.g. new clinics, insectarium)
• Personnel
• Fixed equipment
• Supplies and consumables
• Maintenance requirements
• Training requirements
3/11/2013 23
24. Costing and budgeting
• Salaries and allowances
• Expenses for organizational activities
• Supplies and equipment
• Training costs
• Miscellaneous expenses
3/11/2013 24
25. Presentation of the plan
• Information should be provided in
charts, tables, maps and graphs
• Summary for decision makers
• Most information – annexes
• Planning team
• Appropriate format
• Pages and figures should be clearly numbered
3/11/2013 25
26. Example of a plan
Afghanistan national malaria strategic
plan 2008 – 2013
3/11/2013 26
27. Introduction
• One fifth of the world population is at the risk
of malaria
• Global burden of 300-500 million cases and 1-
2 million deaths per year
• Over 90% Sub-Sahara Africa
• Most deaths; under five and pregnant women
• Threat 40% of the world population in about
100 countries
3/11/2013 27
28. Stratification of malaria in Afghanistan
• Major determinant of malaria transmission in
Afghanistan are:
– Altitude (below 2000m above the sea level)
– Agriculture (rice cultivation)
• Three strata
– First stratum: medium to high transmission
– Second stratum: low transmission
– Third stratum: has less potential for malaria
transmission
3/11/2013 28
32. Goal
To contribute to the improvement of the
health status in Afghanistan through
reduction of morbidity and mortality
associated with malaria
3/11/2013 32
33. Objectives
To reduce malaria morbidity by 60% by the
year 2013
To reduce malaria mortality by 90% by the
year 2013
To reduce the incidence of Falciparum malaria
to sporadic cases by the end of 2013 with a
vision to interrupt transmission of PF
3/11/2013 33
34. Strategies
Prompt and reliable diagnosis and effective
treatment
Application of effective preventive measures
in the framework of IVM such as ITNs
Detection and control of malaria epidemics
3/11/2013 34
35. Strategies cont.
Strengthening of the health system and
malaria control program
Institutional development
Improving surveillance system
Human resource development
M&E
Private sector involvement
Operational research and partnership
building
3/11/2013 35
36. Prompt and reliable diagnosis and
effective treatment
Targets:
By the end of 2013, 90% of uncomplicated
malaria cases will be managed according to
national diagnosis and treatment guidelines
By the end of 2013, 95% of severe and
complicated malaria cases will be managed
according to national diagnosis and treatment
guidelines
By the end of 2013, 60% of targeted Health
Posts will be able to diagnose malaria by RDTs
3/11/2013 36
37. Prompt and reliable diagnosis and
effective treatment cont.
Targets:
By the end of 2013, all CHCs and 90% of
targeted BHCs in priority areas (stratum 1) will
provide quality microscopy diagnosis for
malaria, TB and leishmaniasis
By the end of 2013, all Public health facilities
will provide appropriate and effective malaria
treatment according to National Treatment
Guideline
3/11/2013 37
38. Prompt and reliable diagnosis and
effective treatment cont.
Targets:
By the end of 2013, all Public health facilities
offering laboratory diagnosis will be regularly
monitored for quality assurance
By the end of 2010, 90% of private sector in
malaria prone areas involved in malaria
diagnosis and treatment will be informed
about national diagnosis and treatment
guidelines
3/11/2013 38
39. Prompt and reliable diagnosis and
effective treatment cont.
Targets:
By the end of 2013, 50% of private sector
clinics and doctors will be certified to a
standard set by MoPH and technical partners
By the end of 2010, a functioning referral
system for management of severe malaria
cases will be in place in 90% of health facilities
in target areas
3/11/2013 39
40. Application of effective
prevention measures
Targets:
By the end of 2010, 85% of households in
targeted population will have at least one ITNs
By the end of 2013, 85% of target population
will be protected by ITNs through scaling up of
effective implementation strategies
By the end of 2008, an IVM strategic plan
based on a comprehensive vector control
needs assessment will be developed
3/11/2013 40
41. Application of effective prevention
measures cont.
By the end of 2009, three entomological sentinel
sites- including monitoring of insecticide
resistance in Kabul, Jalalabad and Kunduz will be
fully functional
By the end of 2013, 12 million people living in the
targeted provinces will be stimulated through
COMBI strategy to acquire and regularly use LLINs
throughout the transmission season
By the end of 2013, 6 million LLINs will be
distributed in targeted provinces
3/11/2013 41
42. Detection and control of malaria
epidemics
Targets:
By the end of 2013, 90% of malaria epidemics
will be detected and controlled within 2
weeks
By the end of 2008, 90% of health facilities
(CHCs and BHCs) in strata 1 will be
strengthened to detect malaria epidemics
within one week of the beginning of
epidemics by utilizing weekly watch charts
3/11/2013 42
43. Detection and control of malaria
epidemics cont.
Targets:
By the end of 2008, all provincial
Epidemiology, Early Warning, Epidemic
preparedness & Surveillance teams will be
able to investigate any epidemic notification
and respond within one week
By the end of 2013, all epidemic prone
provinces have an early warning and
detection system for malaria epidemics
3/11/2013 43
44. Capacity building, institutional strengthening,
and integration
• At the beginning of 2009, an assessment for
institutional development of NMLCP will be
conducted leading to the development of a
framework and action plan for institutional
development
• By the end of 2009 all malaria control
programme staff will be trained in their
respective disciplines
• By the end of 2009 NMLCP and all PMLCPs will
be upgraded (buildings, equipment, vehicles)
and made fully functional
3/11/2013 44
45. Capacity building, institutional
strengthening, and integration cont.
Targets:
By the end of 2009 in order to strengthen the
malaria control at the community level, NMLCP and
all PMLCPs will have a Community Based Initiative
(CBI) component
From 2008 every two years a thorough evaluation
will be undertaken by Malaria Task Force to assess
the performance of all national and provincial
malaria control staff
By the end of 2008 a COMBI plan of action for
promotion of effective prevention and treatment of
malaria will be designed and implemented in all
targeted provinces
3/11/2013 45
46. Malaria control and border areas
By the end of 2010 a Border Coordination
Committee will be established and fully
functional to coordinate malaria control
activities in bordering areas with
neighbouring countries
3/11/2013 46
47. Operational research
To develop evidence based strategies it is essential
to conduct operation research as needed by the
program focusing on
Health system research
Prevention
Treatment
Target
By the end of 2008 malaria taskforce will develop
a well define mechanism for setting research
priorities and dissemination of research results
By the end of 2010, national institute for malaria
and leishmaniasis will be fully
functional, equipped and adequately staff
3/11/2013 47
48. Learning objectives
• Describe the structure of a plan for malaria
prevention, control and elimination
• Organize the available information into a
realistic plan
• Write a preliminary plan for malaria
prevention, control and elimination
3/11/2013 48