Pregnancy
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Puerto Rico has a significant problem with teen pregnancy, with 19.2% of live births in 2000 being to mothers under 20 years old. This is a higher percentage than in the United States, where teen birth rates have declined since 1991. Factors that contribute to teen pregnancy in Puerto Rico include increased early sexual activity combined with decreased use of contraceptives. Unplanned pregnancies accounted for about 60% of all births in Puerto Rico in 2000, with an even higher percentage among teenage mothers. While San Juan, Bayamon and Ponce had the highest raw numbers of teen births, the towns with the highest percentages relative to total births were Morovis, Loiza, Vieques, Comerio and Sal
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More than 32% of Puerto Rico's population is children and adolescents between the ages of 10 to 19 years. In 2000, there were 11,390 live births to teenage mothers under 20 years of age out of a total of 59,640 live births on the island. While the rate of teen births has declined in the United States since 1991, Puerto Rico saw continued increases in the proportion of births to teenage mothers throughout most of the 1990s, though rates have decreased somewhat from 1998 to 2000 thanks to education campaigns promoting abstinence and awareness of pregnancy signs. Pregnancies among females aged 18-19 continue to occur at alarming rates and remain a significant problem.
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- Abstinence-only sex education programs saw a rise in the late 1990s but were eliminated by the Obama administration in favor of more comprehensive programs teaching contraception.
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P 1cp 1
The one child policy instituted in China in 1979 aimed to control population growth through encouraging urban families to only have one child and imposing penalties for additional children. While largely ignored in rural areas, it created strong pressure in cities and led to issues like forced abortions and sterilizations. Exceptions existed but mostly maintained zero population growth. The policy disproportionately impacted females through sex-selective abortion and abandonment of girls. It reduced China's population but is criticized for its methods and lack of representation of the people's will.
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China's One Child Policy
China implemented its one child policy in 1979 to reduce rapid population growth. The policy used penalties to discourage families from having more than one child. It advocated for delayed marriage, childbearing, and fewer healthier babies. Exceptions were made for ethnic minorities and couples where both parents were only children. Benefits were given to families with one child like preferential education, healthcare, housing and wages. However, the policy also led to issues like sex-selective abortion, a rising gender imbalance, and the "little emperor syndrome" with single children. While it helped control population, rural areas were more reluctant due to needs for old age support and child labor. The future of the policy is uncertain with some speculation that it may change after affecting one
P 1cp 1
The one child policy instituted in China in 1979 aimed to control population growth through encouraging urban families to only have one child and imposing penalties for additional children. While largely ignored in rural areas, it created strong pressure in cities and led to issues like forced abortions and sterilizations. Exceptions existed but mostly maintained zero population growth. The policy disproportionately impacted females through sex-selective abortion and abandonment of girls. It reduced China's population but is criticized for its methods and lack of representation of the people's will.
Country report
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The document summarizes China's one-child and two-child population policies. The one-child policy, introduced in 1979, aimed to limit population growth through restrictions on family size and late marriage. It was effective but also caused negative effects like gender imbalance and population aging. In 2016, China introduced a universal two-child policy to address these issues and balance the population structure. The two-child policy may help ease aging pressures and boost the labor force, but could also increase household costs and housing demand. Overall the document recommends continuing the two-child policy with measures to relieve living pressures for young families.
One Child Policy In China
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Kenya has an unusually rich set of Kenya has an unusually rich set of national-level demographic data which allow estimation of mortality rates for about the last 30 years. Earlier data (before around 1950) were based on crude estimates for small areas collected during the 1920s and 1930s for other purposes.
TPJ haiti article
Haiti has the highest rates of child, neonatal, and maternal mortality in the Western Hemisphere. In 2013, Haiti's neonatal mortality rate was 25 per 1000 live births, infant mortality rate was 55 per 1000 live births, and child mortality rate for those under 5 was 73 per 1000. The maternal mortality ratio in Haiti was 380 per 100,000 live births in 2013. The authors identify poverty, preterm birth, low birth weight, lack of access to care for pneumonia and antibiotics, and complications during childbirth as key contributing factors to these high mortality rates in Haiti. They propose establishing a network of community care and a central referral hospital to improve access to evidence-based interventions and reduce mortality rates.
Haiti Presentation
Haiti has a long history of poverty and political instability which has negatively impacted the health of its population. The public health system reaches only 60% of people and spends very little (0.8-1% of GDP) on health. Many health problems are prevalent, including malnutrition, HIV/AIDS, and diarrhea. International aid totaling over $5 billion since 1990 has supported food and health programs, but Haiti remains desperately poor with high rates of poverty, disease, and malnutrition.
Teen Pregnancy Precede-Proceed Phase 1 Although we have s.docx
This document discusses teen pregnancy at multiple levels - national, state, and local. At the national level, the US has higher teen birth rates than other developed countries despite declines. Each year, teen childbearing costs the US $6 billion in lost tax revenue and $2 billion in public expenditures. In California in 2005, there were 96,490 teen pregnancies among girls aged 15-19, with Hispanic girls having the highest rates and numbers of teen births. In San Diego, with a teen population of 709,916, there were 26,385 teen pregnancies in the past year, with Latinas having disproportionately higher rates. Risk factors for teen pregnancy are discussed at each level and include socioeconomic status, education,
UP Economists- Population-latest
1) Rapid population growth, especially among the poorest, poses difficulties for development and poverty reduction in the Philippines. Official data shows higher poverty incidence and lower human capital investment in larger families.
2) The poor prefer smaller families but are unable to achieve their preferences due to lack of access to family planning. Over half of pregnancies among the poor are unintended and unwanted births represent unmet need.
3) Ensuring access to modern family planning methods and information can help address both private and social costs of unintended pregnancies while respecting individual choice. Reproductive health and family planning programs offer benefits to individuals, the economy, and the environment.
Sexual Expressions in Jamaica
Sexual Expressions in Jamaica evaluates particular reproductive health matters in Jamaica. All the chapters are cogently selected in keeping with the general purpose of a comprehensive proposition to forward an understanding of sexual expressions of Jamaicans aged 15-49 years old. Sex education in Jamaica has been, for years, seeking to address lowered aged of sexual debut to no avail, and the consequences of this reality is such that they open socioeconomic challenges for the populace. The sexual expressions of youth may result in cervical cancers, teenage pregnancies and STIs, and these tabs must be borne by the society. It is not the resultant cost of the health and reproductive health matters that is of concern in this book, but the sexual expressions of Jamaicans aged 15-49 years. Many of the sexual expressions that are enlisted in this book are placed herein because they contribute to the broad-spectrum in understanding Jamaicans’ sexual choices, by forwarding peoples’ perspectives these will allow policy makers a better understanding of those issues from the vantage point of the target population and thereby policies can be institute to address particular issues from a research focus.
Author: Dr. Paul A. Bourne
Sexual Expressions in Jamaica
Sexual Expressions in Jamaica evaluates particular reproductive health matters in Jamaica. All the chapters are cogently selected in keeping with the general purpose of a comprehensive proposition to forward an understanding of sexual expressions of Jamaicans aged 15-49 years old. Sex education in Jamaica has been, for years, seeking to address lowered aged of sexual debut to no avail, and the consequences of this reality is such that they open socioeconomic challenges for the populace. The sexual expressions of youth may result in cervical cancers, teenage pregnancies and STIs, and these tabs must be borne by the society. It is not the resultant cost of the health and reproductive health matters that is of concern in this book, but the sexual expressions of Jamaicans aged 15-49 years. Many of the sexual expressions that are enlisted in this book are placed herein because they contribute to the broad-spectrum in understanding Jamaicans’ sexual choices, by forwarding peoples’ perspectives these will allow policy makers a better understanding of those issues from the vantage point of the target population and thereby policies can be institute to address particular issues from a research focus
By Dr. Paul A. Bourne
Causes and Health Consequence of Early Marriage as Perceived by Egyptian Fema...
This document summarizes a study that compares the perceived causes and health consequences of early marriage among Egyptian females in rural versus urban areas. A sample of 200 early-married females aged 15-49 were interviewed using a questionnaire. Results showed the average age of marriage was lower in rural (14.94 years) than urban (15.58) areas. Rural females reported more miscarriages and preterm births. Education levels and employment opportunities were lower for rural females. The study aims to understand perceptions that could help address early marriage and improve maternal and child health.
Concept note regional youth forum eng
The document provides background information on a proposed Regional Forum of Youths of Latin America and the Caribbean in 2014. It summarizes the key issues facing youth in the region related to poverty, education, employment, health, and political participation. The forum aims to facilitate dialogue between youth and other stakeholders to generate recommendations on priorities for youth to be incorporated into the post-2015 development agenda. The expected results are recommendations for the post-2015 agenda and establishing alliances to promote youth issues regionally and globally. Proposed themes for discussion include eradicating poverty, education, gender equity, health, jobs, and political participation. The forum will prioritize participation of youth representatives from across the region along with relevant governmental and non-governmental
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The Convention on the Rights of the Child has had a profound influence since its adoption 30 years ago. It established that all children have universal, inalienable rights regardless of their background. As a result of the Convention, child mortality has declined dramatically, more children are in school, and children are increasingly seen as rights holders rather than passive objects of aid. However, challenges remain in fully realizing children's rights, especially for the most marginalized. Progress must be accelerated to achieve the vision of the Convention by its 30th anniversary and beyond.
Teenage pregnancy and home environment factors in ogbomoso, nigeria
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between teenage pregnancy and home environment factors in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. The study used survey data to examine how factors like residential density, household head, household size/composition, housing characteristics, and neighborhood environment relate to incidence of teenage pregnancy. It found teenage pregnancy was higher in areas of high residential density and correlated with factors like living with a single mother, larger household size, and neighborhood peers/media influences. The study concludes home environment plays a role in teenage pregnancy rates and calls for actions to promote supportive home/social environments for youth.
Teenage pregnancy
A case study about Teenage pregnancy which is a widespread problem all over the world. Teen pregnancy and childbearing bring substantial social and economic costs through immediate and long-term impacts on teen parents and their children.
Policy brief impact-of-covid-19-on-women
1) The COVID-19 pandemic is having disproportionate impacts on women and girls including increased risk of violence, greater mental health impacts due to increased caregiving responsibilities, and reduced access to sexual and reproductive health services.
2) Evidence from past epidemics and initial reports on COVID-19 suggest increases in domestic violence against women. Women also bear a greater burden of unpaid care work, negatively impacting their mental health.
3) During past outbreaks, resources were diverted from routine healthcare including services for women like maternal care and contraceptives. Projections estimate COVID-19 could lead to millions of unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortions due to reduced access to family planning services.
Infant Mortality Rate in the US Compared to Sweden
This document compares the infant mortality rates of the United States and Sweden. It finds that the US has a much higher infant mortality rate despite being wealthier and spending more on healthcare. The US rate is 2.5 times higher than Sweden's. The document attributes the US's high rate to factors of high inequality, including income inequality, a large uninsured population, and racial inequality. These inequalities lead to limited access to resources and healthcare, especially among minority and low-income groups.
Health for the world’s adolescents
1) The World Health Organization (WHO) report "Health for the world's adolescents" addresses improving health outcomes for the world's one billion adolescents. It highlights both successes, such as declining adolescent pregnancy and maternal mortality rates in some regions, as well as ongoing challenges like HIV mortality among adolescents rising in Africa.
2) Adolescence is a crucial life stage for establishing health behaviors and patterns that affect future adult health. Many major causes of illness and death among adolescents, like road injuries, violence, and mental health issues, have preventable underlying factors.
3) Achieving overall health and development requires a holistic, multisector approach that addresses individual, social, and environmental determinants of adolescent health
Informe de la OMS acerca de la salud de los adolescentes en el mundo - en inglés
1) The report highlights that while progress has been made in reducing adolescent deaths from preventable causes like pregnancy complications and measles, HIV now causes more adolescent deaths.
2) Adolescence is a crucial life stage for establishing health behaviors that impact lifelong health. Many mental health disorders and risk factors for noncommunicable diseases emerge during this period.
3) A comprehensive approach is needed to address the diverse determinants of adolescent health across multiple levels, from the individual to policies, and require coordination between health and other sectors.
Health for the world’s adolescents
Según el informe elaborado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la depresión es la principal causa de enfermedad y discapacidad entre los adolescentes de ambos sexos de edades comprendidas entre los 10 y los 19 años.
Las tres principales causas de mortalidad entre los adolescentes a nivel mundial son los traumatismos causados por el tránsito, el VIH/sida y el suicidio. Se estima que en 2012 fallecieron 1,3 millones de adolescentes en todo el mundo.
WHO_FWC_MCA_14.05_eng.pdf
1) Adolescent health is improving in some areas due to efforts to reduce child and maternal mortality, but challenges remain. While deaths from pregnancy complications and measles have declined, HIV deaths are rising among adolescents in Africa.
2) Adolescence is a crucial period for both short- and long-term health. Health risks established during this time like obesity, substance abuse, and mental health issues can affect overall life-long well-being.
3) Improving adolescent health requires a multifaceted approach that addresses the individual as well as their environments, including families, communities, and policies. Coordinated action is needed across healthcare and other sectors.
S13c6 chapter 6- facts and figures on health
Health does not mean the 'hospital and the doctors', health is the reflection of nutrition/food, water, environment, air, pollution, society, infrastructure and the leaders intelligence. In this chapter some of the facts and figures related to family and health, various causes for death in various age groups in different locations, food insecurity - hunger - under nutrition, why orphanages are increasing, environment - water supply - sanitation -its impact on health care, doctor - population ratio, money spent on health, measures taken by the government still not able to achieve the satisfactory results, why millennium development goals are not achieved and how these can be handled well with model village and model nation are mentioned.
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Pregnancy
- 1. DATA SUMMARY magnitude of TEEN PREGNANCY IN PUERTO RICO Census data from 2000 show that more than 32% of the population of Puerto Rico is children and adolescents. Were counted 619.236 (16.3%) adolescents between the ages of 10 to 19 years on the island several social problems and urgent public health such as high school dropout, unplanned pregnancies, abortions, infant mortality, low birth weight, suicide , sexually transmitted diseases and prenatal care late arrival, among others, would be reduced by preventing pregnancies in this young population. How many births we talking about? The Vital Statistics Office of Puerto Rico reported a total of 59.640 live births by 2000 and of these, 11.390 (19.2%) were to teenage mothers under 20. How do we compare with the U.S.? While in the United States births to teens aged 15 to 19 has declined since 1991, Puerto Rico confronted, in most of the nineties (90), continued increases in the proportion of births teenage mothers alive (20.7% in 1997 and 17% in 1998). Furthermore, the establishment of several social and public health strategies, as past aggressive education campaigns early signs of pregnancy and the importance of sexual abstinence, have generated statistically significant decreases from 1998 (20.4%) to 2000 ( 19.2%) in Puerto Rico. What factors are associated with teen births? This increase in early sexual activity and the decline in the use of conceptive barriers are factors that have contributed to increases in teenage pregnancies. A recent study by the Department of Health, showed that about 60% of births were unplanned Puerto Rico in 2000 and this situation was accentuated among younger mothers (ESMIPR, 2000). Where there are more births to teenagers? In 1999, the towns with more births to teenagers were San Juan, Bayamón and Ponce, but in percentage terms because of their births, the people with the highest percentages were: Morovis, Loiza, Vieques, Comerio and Salinas. What age is more significant the problem of teenage pregnancy? Although today there are extremes of births among girls aged 10 and 11 years and mothers aged 19 in its seventh pregnancy. Pregnancies to females in the group of 18-19 years continue with alarming numbers.