Honda marine outboard bf130 a service repair manualfhjsekdmme
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Ch 6 data and computer communicationwilliam stallingsbheemsain
- Asynchronous transmission transmits data one character at a time with start and stop bits, allowing the receiver to resynchronize for each character. This avoids long-term clock drift between transmitter and receiver.
- Synchronous transmission transmits data in blocks with synchronization patterns, requiring close clock alignment but allowing more efficient large block transfers.
- Error detection techniques like parity bits and error correction codes are needed due to inevitable transmission errors.
This document provides an overview of subband coding and filter banks. It introduces subband coding, which was developed in 1976 for speech coding. A key aspect is that it uses a frequency domain technique to decompose signals into multiple frequency subbands. Filter banks are used to implement subband coding, with analysis filters decomposing the input signal and synthesis filters reconstructing the output. Uniform filter banks are discussed as a technique to design digital filter banks with equal passband widths using prototype filters. Polyphase implementations can provide efficient analysis and synthesis filter bank structures.
The document provides an overview of spread spectrum techniques, including:
- A brief history noting its invention in the 1940s and military applications since the 1950s.
- Three main types of spread spectrum are described: direct sequence, frequency hopping, and time hopping.
- Direct sequence spread spectrum is explained in more detail, showing how the information signal is modulated by a spreading sequence.
- Advantages of spread spectrum techniques include resistance to jamming, ability to handle multipath interference, privacy, and allowing multiple access through different spreading codes.
Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a method to convert analog signals to digital signals for transmission. It involves sampling the analog signal, quantizing the samples to discrete levels, and encoding the quantized samples as binary code. At the receiver, PCM demodulation recovers the original analog signal. PCM allows analog signals to be transmitted over digital networks and is used in applications like digital telephony, audio recording, and radio control. Key steps in PCM include sampling the analog signal, quantizing the samples, encoding the quantized samples into binary code using methods like uniform quantization, and decoding and reconstructing the analog signal at the receiver.
Vector space concepts can be used to represent energy signals. Any set of signals can be represented as linear combinations of orthogonal basis functions in an N-dimensional vector space. Each signal is determined by its vector of coefficients. This geometric representation in vector spaces allows defining properties like vector lengths, angles between vectors, and inner products. It provides a mathematical basis for analyzing signals and noise in communication systems.
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is a digital modulation technique that encodes data by manipulating the phase of a carrier wave. There are three main types of PSK: BPSK uses two phases separated by 180 degrees to represent 1 and 0; QPSK uses four phases separated by 90 degrees to represent 2 bits per symbol; DPSK shifts the phase relative to the previous symbol by 0 or 180 degrees without a reference carrier. PSK is commonly used in optical communications systems due to its efficiency and noise resistance.
Honda marine outboard bf130 a service repair manualfhjsekdmme
The document promotes clicking a link to get more information. It thanks the reader for their time and directs them to click a link for additional details. The summary is brief and focuses on the key points of directing the reader to click a link and get more information after thanking them for reading.
Ch 6 data and computer communicationwilliam stallingsbheemsain
- Asynchronous transmission transmits data one character at a time with start and stop bits, allowing the receiver to resynchronize for each character. This avoids long-term clock drift between transmitter and receiver.
- Synchronous transmission transmits data in blocks with synchronization patterns, requiring close clock alignment but allowing more efficient large block transfers.
- Error detection techniques like parity bits and error correction codes are needed due to inevitable transmission errors.
This document provides an overview of subband coding and filter banks. It introduces subband coding, which was developed in 1976 for speech coding. A key aspect is that it uses a frequency domain technique to decompose signals into multiple frequency subbands. Filter banks are used to implement subband coding, with analysis filters decomposing the input signal and synthesis filters reconstructing the output. Uniform filter banks are discussed as a technique to design digital filter banks with equal passband widths using prototype filters. Polyphase implementations can provide efficient analysis and synthesis filter bank structures.
The document provides an overview of spread spectrum techniques, including:
- A brief history noting its invention in the 1940s and military applications since the 1950s.
- Three main types of spread spectrum are described: direct sequence, frequency hopping, and time hopping.
- Direct sequence spread spectrum is explained in more detail, showing how the information signal is modulated by a spreading sequence.
- Advantages of spread spectrum techniques include resistance to jamming, ability to handle multipath interference, privacy, and allowing multiple access through different spreading codes.
Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a method to convert analog signals to digital signals for transmission. It involves sampling the analog signal, quantizing the samples to discrete levels, and encoding the quantized samples as binary code. At the receiver, PCM demodulation recovers the original analog signal. PCM allows analog signals to be transmitted over digital networks and is used in applications like digital telephony, audio recording, and radio control. Key steps in PCM include sampling the analog signal, quantizing the samples, encoding the quantized samples into binary code using methods like uniform quantization, and decoding and reconstructing the analog signal at the receiver.
Vector space concepts can be used to represent energy signals. Any set of signals can be represented as linear combinations of orthogonal basis functions in an N-dimensional vector space. Each signal is determined by its vector of coefficients. This geometric representation in vector spaces allows defining properties like vector lengths, angles between vectors, and inner products. It provides a mathematical basis for analyzing signals and noise in communication systems.
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is a digital modulation technique that encodes data by manipulating the phase of a carrier wave. There are three main types of PSK: BPSK uses two phases separated by 180 degrees to represent 1 and 0; QPSK uses four phases separated by 90 degrees to represent 2 bits per symbol; DPSK shifts the phase relative to the previous symbol by 0 or 180 degrees without a reference carrier. PSK is commonly used in optical communications systems due to its efficiency and noise resistance.
1) The document discusses various types of noise models that can affect digital images, including spatially independent noise models like Gaussian, impulse, uniform, Rayleigh, gamma, and exponential noise.
2) Spatially dependent noise models include periodic noise, which can be reduced via frequency domain filtering.
3) The parameters of different noise models can be estimated from small patches of images, by acquiring images of a flat surface under uniform lighting, or from the Fourier spectrum of periodic noise. Understanding noise models is important for image denoising.
This document discusses color image processing and color models. It covers:
1) The basics of color perception and how humans see color through cone cells in the eye sensitive to different wavelengths.
2) Common color models like RGB, HSV, and CMYK and how they represent color.
3) Converting between color models and adjusting color properties like hue, saturation, and intensity.
4) Applications of color processing like pseudocoloring grayscale images and correcting color imbalances.
5) Approaches for adapting color images to be more visible for those with color vision deficiencies.
Amplitude Modulation and Frequency ModulationKavitaGiri5
Modulation basics, Need of Modulation, AM Frequency spectrum, AM generation, FM frequency spectrum, FM generation methods, Advantages and Disadvantages of AM and FM
1) The document discusses digital modulation techniques for transmitting digital information over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. It describes geometric representations of signal waveforms and orthogonalization procedures.
2) Binary and M-ary modulation schemes are covered, including binary antipodal signaling, orthogonal signaling, pulse position modulation, and frequency-shift keying. Optimal receivers for the AWGN channel using correlation and matched filtering are also described.
3) Probabilities of error are derived for various digital modulation techniques, including M-ary pulse amplitude modulation, phase-shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. Differential phase-shift keying is also introduced.
This document provides information about phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation techniques. It begins with an introduction to PSK and discusses how it conveys data by changing the phase of a carrier signal. It then describes the basic PSK techniques of binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK). BPSK uses two phases separated by 180 degrees to encode one bit per symbol, while QPSK uses four phases separated by 90 degrees to encode two bits per symbol. The document discusses the implementation, modulation, demodulation, and advantages of these PSK techniques.
Mathematical Explanation of channel capacityHere we can see that the channel capacity is measured with the multiplication of pulses per second and information. This is how we can measure the channel capacity.
The document provides an overview of different switching technologies used in data communication networks. It discusses space division switching, time division switching, and two dimensional switching. Space division switching provides separate physical connections but has practical limitations due to the large number of crosspoints required. Time division switching uses time-division multiplexing and time-slot interchange to connect inputs to outputs without crosspoints, but introduces processing delays. Two dimensional switching combines space and time division switching using multistage switches to interconnect time slots with low blocking probability. The document also covers circuit switching, packet switching, hybrid switching, network synchronization techniques, routing processes, and traffic control measures used for bandwidth management.
This document provides an overview of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and routing protocols used in MANETs. It describes key characteristics of MANETs including that they are formed without pre-existing infrastructure and routes between nodes may contain multiple hops. It also discusses challenges in MANET routing like limited wireless range and mobility-induced route changes. The document then summarizes the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol, including how it uses route requests and route replies to discover routes, maintains routes in packet headers, and utilizes route caching for faster routing.
Delta modulation is a signal encoding technique used to more efficiently transmit analog signals over bandwidth-limited channels. It works by approximating the input signal as a staircase function and transmitting only a single bit per sample to indicate whether the signal increased or decreased from the previous sample. At the receiver, the bits are used to reconstruct the staircase approximation, which is then filtered to recover the original analog signal. The key aspects are transmitting only a single bit per sample, using a fixed step size, and increasing or decreasing the approximated signal based on the signal differences.
The document summarizes Lecture 7 which covered:
1) A review of Lecture 6 on PCM waveforms and the remaining portion of Chapter 2 on spectral densities of PCM waveforms and multi-level signaling.
2) An overview of Chapter 3 on baseband demodulation/detection including matched filters, correlators, Bayes' decision criterion, and maximum likelihood detection.
3) Key aspects of line codes including how pulse shaping can control the signal spectrum and ensure symbol transitions, comparisons of line codes based on power spectral density, DC component, and bandwidth.
The document discusses image analysis and processing in the frequency domain. Specifically, it discusses filtering images by modifying their frequency domain representations. It provides examples of common frequency domain filters like low-pass filters, high-pass filters, and Laplacian filters. It explains how to implement these filters using techniques like the discrete Fourier transform and how different filter types like ideal, Butterworth, and Gaussian filters affect an image's frequency content in different ways, such as smoothing or sharpening.
The document describes the transform and quantization processes used in H.264 video compression. It discusses how the discrete cosine transform is approximated using integer arithmetic. The forward and inverse processes are derived from each other. Scaling matrices are incorporated to normalize values and minimize computational complexity while maintaining good compression performance. Quantization values are specified in the standard through scaling matrices.
A power amplifier is an electronic device that increases the power of an input signal so it can drive output devices like speakers or radio transmitters. It amplifies low-power signals to a higher power level needed to power external devices. Power amplifiers are used to boost signals to a level sufficient for driving loads such as speakers or transmitting antennas.
This document discusses finite word length effects in digital signal processing. It describes fixed-point number representation which uses a certain number of bits for the integer and fractional parts, allowing values between 0000.0001 and 9999.9999 to be represented. Common representations like signed, one's complement, and two's complement are described. An example shows a 32-bit number representing -43.625. Limit cycles and zero input limit cycles are defined as unwanted periodic oscillations that can occur in recursive systems due to finite word lengths. Methods to prevent overflow include saturation arithmetic and scaling the input signal, while dead bands and overflow limit cycles are also discussed.
The document discusses two-view geometry in computer vision. It introduces epipolar geometry and how corresponding points in two images are related by the fundamental matrix. It describes how the fundamental matrix can be estimated from point correspondences using the 8-point algorithm and its normalized variant to improve robustness. The document also briefly mentions that multi-view geometry for three or more views is described by higher order tensors like the trifocal and quadrifocal tensors.
Creación y tratamiento de imágenes digitales: definición y tipos de imágenesAplicaciones Gráficas
El documento define y describe los conceptos clave de las imágenes digitales, incluyendo los tipos de imágenes (bitmap o raster vs vectorial), la estructura de píxeles y matriz, profundidad de bits y cuantificación de color, resolución y tamaño de la imagen. Explica los tipos básicos de imágenes como binaria, escala de grises, color RGB e indexada, y cómo se almacenan y representan los colores en cada caso.
This document discusses digital modulation techniques used in communication systems. It explains that modulation involves adding information to a carrier signal by varying the amplitude, frequency, or phase. Specifically, it describes amplitude-shift keying (ASK), which uses two amplitude levels to encode bits, frequency-shift keying (FSK), which encodes bits as two different frequencies, and phase-shift keying (PSK), which encodes bits as two phases separated by 180 degrees. The document provides an overview of analog modulation as well as digital modulation and demodulation techniques for transmitting digital data over analog channels.
1) The document discusses various types of noise models that can affect digital images, including spatially independent noise models like Gaussian, impulse, uniform, Rayleigh, gamma, and exponential noise.
2) Spatially dependent noise models include periodic noise, which can be reduced via frequency domain filtering.
3) The parameters of different noise models can be estimated from small patches of images, by acquiring images of a flat surface under uniform lighting, or from the Fourier spectrum of periodic noise. Understanding noise models is important for image denoising.
This document discusses color image processing and color models. It covers:
1) The basics of color perception and how humans see color through cone cells in the eye sensitive to different wavelengths.
2) Common color models like RGB, HSV, and CMYK and how they represent color.
3) Converting between color models and adjusting color properties like hue, saturation, and intensity.
4) Applications of color processing like pseudocoloring grayscale images and correcting color imbalances.
5) Approaches for adapting color images to be more visible for those with color vision deficiencies.
Amplitude Modulation and Frequency ModulationKavitaGiri5
Modulation basics, Need of Modulation, AM Frequency spectrum, AM generation, FM frequency spectrum, FM generation methods, Advantages and Disadvantages of AM and FM
1) The document discusses digital modulation techniques for transmitting digital information over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. It describes geometric representations of signal waveforms and orthogonalization procedures.
2) Binary and M-ary modulation schemes are covered, including binary antipodal signaling, orthogonal signaling, pulse position modulation, and frequency-shift keying. Optimal receivers for the AWGN channel using correlation and matched filtering are also described.
3) Probabilities of error are derived for various digital modulation techniques, including M-ary pulse amplitude modulation, phase-shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. Differential phase-shift keying is also introduced.
This document provides information about phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation techniques. It begins with an introduction to PSK and discusses how it conveys data by changing the phase of a carrier signal. It then describes the basic PSK techniques of binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK). BPSK uses two phases separated by 180 degrees to encode one bit per symbol, while QPSK uses four phases separated by 90 degrees to encode two bits per symbol. The document discusses the implementation, modulation, demodulation, and advantages of these PSK techniques.
Mathematical Explanation of channel capacityHere we can see that the channel capacity is measured with the multiplication of pulses per second and information. This is how we can measure the channel capacity.
The document provides an overview of different switching technologies used in data communication networks. It discusses space division switching, time division switching, and two dimensional switching. Space division switching provides separate physical connections but has practical limitations due to the large number of crosspoints required. Time division switching uses time-division multiplexing and time-slot interchange to connect inputs to outputs without crosspoints, but introduces processing delays. Two dimensional switching combines space and time division switching using multistage switches to interconnect time slots with low blocking probability. The document also covers circuit switching, packet switching, hybrid switching, network synchronization techniques, routing processes, and traffic control measures used for bandwidth management.
This document provides an overview of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and routing protocols used in MANETs. It describes key characteristics of MANETs including that they are formed without pre-existing infrastructure and routes between nodes may contain multiple hops. It also discusses challenges in MANET routing like limited wireless range and mobility-induced route changes. The document then summarizes the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol, including how it uses route requests and route replies to discover routes, maintains routes in packet headers, and utilizes route caching for faster routing.
Delta modulation is a signal encoding technique used to more efficiently transmit analog signals over bandwidth-limited channels. It works by approximating the input signal as a staircase function and transmitting only a single bit per sample to indicate whether the signal increased or decreased from the previous sample. At the receiver, the bits are used to reconstruct the staircase approximation, which is then filtered to recover the original analog signal. The key aspects are transmitting only a single bit per sample, using a fixed step size, and increasing or decreasing the approximated signal based on the signal differences.
The document summarizes Lecture 7 which covered:
1) A review of Lecture 6 on PCM waveforms and the remaining portion of Chapter 2 on spectral densities of PCM waveforms and multi-level signaling.
2) An overview of Chapter 3 on baseband demodulation/detection including matched filters, correlators, Bayes' decision criterion, and maximum likelihood detection.
3) Key aspects of line codes including how pulse shaping can control the signal spectrum and ensure symbol transitions, comparisons of line codes based on power spectral density, DC component, and bandwidth.
The document discusses image analysis and processing in the frequency domain. Specifically, it discusses filtering images by modifying their frequency domain representations. It provides examples of common frequency domain filters like low-pass filters, high-pass filters, and Laplacian filters. It explains how to implement these filters using techniques like the discrete Fourier transform and how different filter types like ideal, Butterworth, and Gaussian filters affect an image's frequency content in different ways, such as smoothing or sharpening.
The document describes the transform and quantization processes used in H.264 video compression. It discusses how the discrete cosine transform is approximated using integer arithmetic. The forward and inverse processes are derived from each other. Scaling matrices are incorporated to normalize values and minimize computational complexity while maintaining good compression performance. Quantization values are specified in the standard through scaling matrices.
A power amplifier is an electronic device that increases the power of an input signal so it can drive output devices like speakers or radio transmitters. It amplifies low-power signals to a higher power level needed to power external devices. Power amplifiers are used to boost signals to a level sufficient for driving loads such as speakers or transmitting antennas.
This document discusses finite word length effects in digital signal processing. It describes fixed-point number representation which uses a certain number of bits for the integer and fractional parts, allowing values between 0000.0001 and 9999.9999 to be represented. Common representations like signed, one's complement, and two's complement are described. An example shows a 32-bit number representing -43.625. Limit cycles and zero input limit cycles are defined as unwanted periodic oscillations that can occur in recursive systems due to finite word lengths. Methods to prevent overflow include saturation arithmetic and scaling the input signal, while dead bands and overflow limit cycles are also discussed.
The document discusses two-view geometry in computer vision. It introduces epipolar geometry and how corresponding points in two images are related by the fundamental matrix. It describes how the fundamental matrix can be estimated from point correspondences using the 8-point algorithm and its normalized variant to improve robustness. The document also briefly mentions that multi-view geometry for three or more views is described by higher order tensors like the trifocal and quadrifocal tensors.
Creación y tratamiento de imágenes digitales: definición y tipos de imágenesAplicaciones Gráficas
El documento define y describe los conceptos clave de las imágenes digitales, incluyendo los tipos de imágenes (bitmap o raster vs vectorial), la estructura de píxeles y matriz, profundidad de bits y cuantificación de color, resolución y tamaño de la imagen. Explica los tipos básicos de imágenes como binaria, escala de grises, color RGB e indexada, y cómo se almacenan y representan los colores en cada caso.
This document discusses digital modulation techniques used in communication systems. It explains that modulation involves adding information to a carrier signal by varying the amplitude, frequency, or phase. Specifically, it describes amplitude-shift keying (ASK), which uses two amplitude levels to encode bits, frequency-shift keying (FSK), which encodes bits as two different frequencies, and phase-shift keying (PSK), which encodes bits as two phases separated by 180 degrees. The document provides an overview of analog modulation as well as digital modulation and demodulation techniques for transmitting digital data over analog channels.
2. Überblick
• Präfix-Addierer als schneller Addierer
• Der Addierer ist ein grundlegender Baustein des digitalen Entwurfs
(ALUs, Programmzähler, Adressgeneratoren).
• Es gibt viele verschiedene Arten von Addierern. Der Entwickler sollte
die Kompromisse verstehen und je nach Anwendungsfall auswählen.
Inhärent schneller bei breiten
Addierern (>16 bits)
5. Carry-Ripple-Addierer
Der Engpass für die
Geschwindigkeit des Ripple-
Carry-Addierers ist die
sequentielle Erzeugung des
Übertragbits. Dies bedeutet,
dass der längste Pfad in der
Schaltung die
Übertragsleitungen
durchläuft .
Wie hoch ist die
Verzögerung durch einen n-
bit Volladdierer?
6. Volladdierer erneut besucht
Jeder Addierer gibt an einem speziellen Ausgang an, ob er den
eingehenden Übertrag absorbiert, weiterleitet oder erzeugt.
7. Volladdierer mit Propagate und Generate
Die Berechnung des
Generierungs- und
Propagierungssignals hat
keinen zusätzlichen
Hardware-Aufwand
9. 4-bit Carry-Look-Ahead-Addierer
Für jede Summe muss man wissen,
was der Übertrag ist. Diese
Berechnung kann schneller
gemacht werden.
der Ausgangsübertrag eines 4-Bit-Addierers hängt
direkt vom Eingangsübertrag ab und nicht vom
Zwischenergebnis des Übertrags
Die Übertragsberechnung ist hier
viermal schneller als beim Carry-Ripple-
Addierer.
10. 32-bit Carry-Look-Ahead-Addierer
können wir die Übertragsberechnung n-mal schneller machen als die n-Bit Carry-Ripple-Adder-Version? Mit anderen Worten, ist die
Verzögerung des Addierers O(1)?
die Gruppe als Ganzes propagiert einen Übertrag
nach dem Ausgang, wenn alle Spalten den Übertrag
weiterleiten
die Gruppe als Ganzes generiert
einen Übertrag nach dem
Ausgang, wenn Spalte 3 einen
Übertrag erzeugt(g3=1) oder
propagiert einen Übertrag, der in
Spalte 2 erzeugt wurde (p3.g2=1)
oder …
Der Übertrag wird als Vielfaches von 4 in den nächsten Block übertragen, daher
ist die Verzögerung durch N-bit carry-lookahead Addierer mit 4-Bit Blöcken:
12. Präfix-Addierer
Präfixaddierer haben drei Stufen
• Vorverarbeitung
• Übertragsübertragung (mit Präfix)
• Nachbearbeitung
• Addierer unterscheiden sich nur in der Art und Weise, wie die
Übertragsübertragung berechnet wird. Das Problem der
Übertragung kann jedoch parallel behandelt werden, indem ein
paralleles Präfix verwendet wird.
15. Parallele Präfix-Operationen
Block z erzeugt einen Übertrag, wenn
• ein Übertrag in Block x erzeugt wird oder
• Block x einen Übertrag weitergibt, der in Block y
erzeugt wurde
Block z gibt einen Übertrag weiter, wenn
sowohl Block x als auch Block y den
Übertrag weitergeben
21. Zusammenfassung
• Carry-Ripple-Addierer ist ein sehr effizienter Addierer für kleine
Bitbreiten
• Der Engpass für die Geschwindigkeit des Ripple-Carry-Addierers ist die
sequentielle Erzeugung der Übertragbits.
• Parallele Präfixschaltungen verwenden ein Baumnetzwerk zur
Übertragsberechnung, um die Latenz zu verringern
• Addierer-Architekturen bieten Kompromisse bei Fläche,
Stromverbrauch, und Verzögerung
• „pick two“ für Ihre Anwendung
-sportliches Lernziel: 8-bit Addierer vorausgesetzt voll…
Vor Tieftauchgang in das Thema, Motivation
Von Taschenrechnern bis DSPs für Totewinkelerkennung in Fahrerassistenz
Addition für n-binärzahlen basiert sich auf schriftlen Addition Links nach Rechts
Illustrate: dd a0 and b0 to obtain s0, process a1,b1, c1 to obtain sum a1 and carry a1
Wahrheietstabelle: Alle möglichen Kombinationen von Eingängen und Übertrag und deren Ausgang
Komprimierte Darstellung: Gleichungen, die disjunktive Normalform aus den Wahrheitswerten der Tabelle bildet und dann vereinfacht
Mit einem Volladdierer kann man drei einstellige Binärzahlen addieren
Dabei liefert der Ausgang summe und übertrag
Abbildung zeigt aufbau eines VA mit logikgattern
Grundbaustein für Addierwerk und Multiplizierer
CRA dient der Addition mehrstellige n-bit zahl
Eingang: 2 n bit Zahlen + carry, summe und ausgang
Kette von n 1-bit VA
Der Übertrags-Ausgang der Addierer wird jeweils an einen Eingang des nächsten Volladdierers angeschlossen.
da der Volladdierer das korrekte Ergebnis erst dann ausgeben kann, wenn der vorhergehende Volladdierer das Übertragsbit geliefert hat.
Es ist von Natur aus seriell(langsam), da zwei Zahlen von links nach rechts addiert werden. Im schlimmsten Fall s7 auf c7 warten muss, das auf c6 warten muss
Zuse
Wie können wir es schneller machen, vielleicht mit mehr Kosten? durch Verkürzung der für die Ermittlung von Übertragsbits erforderlichen Zeit.
Neuformulierung der Basisaddierer-Stufe
zwei Signale: Generate (erzeuge neuen Übertrag)
Propagate (leite eventuellen Übertrag weiter)
Die Funktion des Volladdierers kann durch Propagate und Generate Signale ausgedrückt werden
Volladdier hat bereits die implementierung um propagate und generate signal zu generieren
(2 gatter bilden in Halbaddierer)
Kein zusätzliche Aufwand
Carry ripple adder mit propagate und generate signal (anders dargestellt)
Carry bits sind immer noch abhängig auf voherige Stufe daher noch kein Vorteil dass man parallel propagate und generate bits berechnet
Verzögerung
Gleichung erklaren:
Schaltung:
Zeigen Sie, dass der Übertrag nicht in die nächste Stufe, sondern direkt in die Summenlogik geht.
Sondern, carry bit wird mit eingang übertrag berechnet
Kritische Pfad
Ein Fan-in von mehr als 4 ist für einzelne CMOS-Gattern unpraktisch, da die Rauschimmunität und die Anstiegs- und Abfallzeiten schlecht sind und
daher schlechte Verzögerung.
32-bit CLA, 4-bit
Concept: Group generate /propagate (also known as prefix)
Präfix sum mit liste von zahlen
Seriel: n-Schritte
Parallel prefix log n oder 2 log n schritte
1024
Stufe
Ripple carry adder auch als prefix adder darstell
Annahme: eingang carry ist null
Formeln vereinfacht,
Interpretation: Was erzählt der Präfix: Stufe 1 und 0 generieren ein Carry-bit
So schnell wie möglich berechnen mit präfix logik
Interpretation Präfix Logik:
für gruppe ist ähnich wie für einzeln stufen
Erste formeln
Zweite formeln
Ergebnis (1,0)
Blocks?? Intuitiv??
Man drosselt die Formeln auf in Blöcke von Bits
Eingang: einzelne pg bits (gruppe besteht aus 1-bit)
Erste stufe: berechne g und p für gruppen von 2 spalten, also
Zweite stufe: größer block, nutzt zwischen ergebnis als preficx
End ergebnis
4-bit KS Adder
Eingang
Erste stufe: erklären
Zweite stufe: pg block for spalte 7:4
Dritte stufe: spalte 7:0
Ausgang carra plus propagate ergibt die summen bit
Schnellste addierer Log(n)
Erkläre die Performanz Parametern
Höhe hardware Aufwand, routing aufwand,