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![Further ‘non-central’ deictic dimensions: social, discourse, manner and degree deixis
Exercise 1: Give one example of each of these four types (from English or any other
language).
• deictic expressions must be distinguished from anaphora (the use of ‚pro-forms’ to
refer to an entity that has already been introduced in the text/conversation)
3. Speech acts
• Based on the assumption that language use is not normally limited to exchanging
information, speech act theory (Austin 1962, Searle 1969) tries to classify the different
functions that utterances can have in a communicative context.
3.1 Components of speech acts
(ι) The form and (context-independent) meaning of the relevant sentence: locution.
(ιι) The function of an utterance (or: the speaker’s communicative intention) in a given
situation: illocution (the most important aspect of speech acts).
(ιιι) The intended or actual effects of a locutionary act: perlocution.
3.2 Types of speech acts
Assertives: Madrid is the capital of Spain. (Sp represents a state of affairs. Assertives
commit speakers to the truth of the proposition)
Commissives: I promise to marry your sister! (Sp commits him-/herself to the
performance of an action)
Directives: Please close the door! (an attempt by Sp[eaker] to get H[earer] to do sth.)
Expressives: Thank you for the nice present! (Sp expresses a psychological state about
the situation or state of affairs denoted by the proposition)
Declaratives: I hereby pronounce you man and wife. (Sp brings about a change in the
world by uttering a sentence. Declaratives must be tied to an institutional context in
order for the speech act to be effective)
• illocutionary acts are defined in terms of felicity conditions
- propositional content: e.g. you cannot promise sth. which has already happened
- preparatory condition: e.g. you cannot promise sth. which the hearer does not want
- sincerity condition: e.g. you cannot promise sth. which you cannot put into practice
- essential condition (‘illocutionary point’): constitutes the speech act, e.g. the
essential condition of a commisive is to commit the speaker to performing the
action described in the propositional content.
3.3 Indirect speech acts
An explicit speech act functions as a (different) implicit speech act:
(21) There is a draught here. (direct = assertive, indirect= request)
(22) Could you pass me the pepper? (direct = question, illocution = request)
Indirect speech acts are standardized to different degrees:
(23) There’s a coffee machine around the corner. Do you happen to pass by?
(24) Could you tell me the time?
(25) Could you tell me the time, please!
Reading for Pragmatics II: Kortmann 235-247; Cruse 363-373
2](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Mid term 2 code 2 key.docxgggggggggggggg
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This document outlines the topics that will be covered in sessions 10 and 11 of a Discourse Analysis course. Session 10 will cover discourse and pragmatics, including what pragmatics is, the relationship between language, context and discourse, and speech acts and discourse. Session 11 will focus on politeness, including politeness strategies, how politeness varies across cultures and gender, and how failures in cross-cultural politeness can inhibit communication. The course is taught by Dr. Badriya Al Mamari during the 2021/2022 academic year for English Language and Literature majors.Approaches to discoourse analysis
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pragmatics speech act theory promises, felicity conditions
This document provides an overview of speech act theory. It discusses that speech act theory attempts to explain how speakers use language to accomplish intended actions and how listeners determine intended meaning. It was first proposed by J.L. Austin and later expanded on by John Searle. The document then discusses key aspects of speech act theory, including locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. It also discusses felicity conditions and provides an example of the speech act of promising. Finally, it provides a brief overview of John Searle's contributions to the development of speech act theory.
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This document discusses speech acts and their classification. It defines speech acts as actions performed through utterances. Speech acts have three components - the locutionary act of saying something, the illocutionary act of doing something in saying it, and the perlocutionary act of doing something by saying it. Speech acts are classified into five categories - declarations, representatives, expressives, directives, and commissives. The document also discusses performative and indirect speech acts.
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This document discusses the role of context in discourse analysis and interpretation. It covers topics such as pragmatic context, features of context like participants and setting, co-text, principles of local interpretation and analogy. The document is a paper written by a group of students that analyzes references, presuppositions, implicatures, inferences and how contextual features and expanding context influence interpretation.
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The document discusses key concepts in pragmatics including context, inference, implicature, speech acts, and Grice's cooperative principle. Context guides pragmatic meaning and inference beyond literal semantics. Speech acts are social actions performed through language that depend on felicity conditions. Grice proposed conversational maxims of quality, quantity, relation, and manner to describe cooperative frameworks underlying conversations. Speakers can flout maxims to generate implicatures for purposes like sarcasm or diplomacy.
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Discourse analysis is the study of language use in context. It focuses on how spoken and written language is structured and how meaning is derived based on context. Key aspects of discourse analysis include cohesion, coherence, speech events, background knowledge, conversational interaction, and the cooperation principle. Cohesion refers to linguistic ties like anaphora that link parts of discourse. Coherence relies on background knowledge to interpret meaning. Speech events and interactions provide social context. The cooperation principle proposes conversational maxims like being relevant and clear that aid understanding. Overall, discourse analysis examines language patterns and pragmatics to interpret intended meanings in context.
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Discourse analysis session 10 and 11 _ 05_12_2021 Pragmatics and discourse an...
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pragmatics speech act theory promises, felicity conditions
pragmatics speech act theory promises, felicity conditions
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Mid term 2 code 2 key.docxgggggggggggggg
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Mid term 2 code 1 key.docxbbvbbbbbbbbnbn
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Mid term 2 code 2 NPCB.docxggggggggggggg
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Midterm 1_01.docdfdfffffffffffffffffffff
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MACMILLAN_200_Grammar.and.Vocabulary.pdf
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