1. Optical fiber communication has advanced rapidly since its introduction in 1970, with millions of kilometers of fiber installed worldwide for telecommunications.
2. Traditional long-haul trunk networks have greatly benefited from fiber optics, with multi-gigabit per second systems now common. Submarine fiber optic cables now carry large volumes of international traffic across oceans.
3. New applications and services are emerging that take advantage of improved fiber optic technology and performance, such as local area networks, fiber to the home, and multimedia services. The future of fiber optics is promising as the technology continues to enhance.
Optical communication, also known as optical telecommunication, is communication at a distance using light to carry information. It can be performed visually or by using electronic devices. The earliest basic forms of optical communication date back several millennia, while the earliest electrical device created to do so was the photophone, invented in 1880.
An optical communication system uses a transmitter, which encodes a message into an optical signal, a channel, which carries the signal to its destination, and a receiver, which reproduces the message from the received optical signal. When electronic equipment is not employed the 'receiver' is a person visually observing and interpreting a signal, which may be either simple (such as the presence of a beacon fire) or complex (such as lights using color codes or flashed in a Morse code sequence).
Modern communication relies on optical networking systems using optical fiber, optical amplifiers, lasers, switches, routers, and other related technologies. Free-space optical communication use lasers to transmit signals in space, while terrestrial forms are naturally limited by geography and weather. This article provides a basic introduction to different forms of optical communication.
Visual forms
Visual techniques such as smoke signals, beacon fires, hydraulic telegraphs, ship flags and semaphore lines were the earliest forms of optical communication.[1][2][3][4] Hydraulic telegraph semaphores date back to the 4th century BCE Greece. Distress flares are still used by mariners in emergencies, while lighthouses and navigation lights are used to communicate navigation hazards.
The heliograph uses a mirror to reflect sunlight to a distant observer.[5] When a signaler tilts the mirror to reflect sunlight, the distant observer sees flashes of light that can be used to transmit a prearranged signaling code. Naval ships often use signal lamps and Morse code in a similar way.
Aircraft pilots often use visual approach slope indicator (VASI) projected light systems to land safely, especially at night. Military aircraft landing on an aircraft carrier use a similar system to land correctly on a carrier deck. The coloured light system communicates the aircraft's height relative to a standard landing glideslope. As well, airport control towers still use Aldis lamps to transmit instructions to aircraft whose radios have failed.
An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic communications
Optical communication, also known as optical telecommunication, is communication at a distance using light to carry information. It can be performed visually or by using electronic devices. The earliest basic forms of optical communication date back several millennia, while the earliest electrical device created to do so was the photophone, invented in 1880.
An optical communication system uses a transmitter, which encodes a message into an optical signal, a channel, which carries the signal to its destination, and a receiver, which reproduces the message from the received optical signal. When electronic equipment is not employed the 'receiver' is a person visually observing and interpreting a signal, which may be either simple (such as the presence of a beacon fire) or complex (such as lights using color codes or flashed in a Morse code sequence).
Modern communication relies on optical networking systems using optical fiber, optical amplifiers, lasers, switches, routers, and other related technologies. Free-space optical communication use lasers to transmit signals in space, while terrestrial forms are naturally limited by geography and weather. This article provides a basic introduction to different forms of optical communication.
Visual forms
Visual techniques such as smoke signals, beacon fires, hydraulic telegraphs, ship flags and semaphore lines were the earliest forms of optical communication.[1][2][3][4] Hydraulic telegraph semaphores date back to the 4th century BCE Greece. Distress flares are still used by mariners in emergencies, while lighthouses and navigation lights are used to communicate navigation hazards.
The heliograph uses a mirror to reflect sunlight to a distant observer.[5] When a signaler tilts the mirror to reflect sunlight, the distant observer sees flashes of light that can be used to transmit a prearranged signaling code. Naval ships often use signal lamps and Morse code in a similar way.
Aircraft pilots often use visual approach slope indicator (VASI) projected light systems to land safely, especially at night. Military aircraft landing on an aircraft carrier use a similar system to land correctly on a carrier deck. The coloured light system communicates the aircraft's height relative to a standard landing glideslope. As well, airport control towers still use Aldis lamps to transmit instructions to aircraft whose radios have failed.
An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic communications
Open Spectrum - Physics, Engineering, Commerce and PoliticsBrough Turner
The Open Spectrum Potential for Evolutionary and Revolutionary Technology and Business Solutions
by
Brough Turner; Founder and CTO at Ashtonbrooke and Chief Strategy Officer at Dialogic
Presented to the Boston chapter of the IEEE Communications Society, May 14, 2009.
In November 2008, the FCC voted unanimously to permit unlicensed wireless devices that operate in the empty "white space" between TV channels. Their “TV White Spaces” decision was the culmination of many years of proceedings, but it's just one step in a much larger discussion, commonly referred to as “Open Spectrum.”
Our use of radio spectrum is regulated under principles that were established in the 1920s, when radio spectrum appeared to be a scarce resource and frequency was the only reasonable basis for allocation. Today’s wireless technology vastly exceeds anything imagined in the 1920s and from physical principles we know that many, many orders of magnitude further improvement are possible. Already the application of new approaches in just a few slivers of spectrum has fostered new industries – WiFi, Bluetooth and more.
The presentation discusses the predecessors, potentiality, and directions for Open Spectrum. This will include:
A brief history spectrum regulation from before the Radio Act of 1925 to today.
Results from measurements of actual spectrum utilization in New York and Washington DC.
An overview of "Open Spectrum" experiments to date, including “license exempt sharing” in the 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands and different forms of "secondary use" including UWB, 3650 MHz and now TV White Spaces.
The physics of propagation and its impact on the range of White Spaces services vs. WiFi, WiMAX, 3GSM and LTE.
IEEE 802.11y protocols and the prospects for expanding secondary use beyond TV White Spaces.
Brough Turner is founder and CTO at Ashtonbrooke and Chief Strategy Officer at Dialogic. Formerly he was founder and CTO at Natural MicroSystems and NMS Communications. He speaks and writes on a variety of communications topics including 3G and 4G wireless tutorials. He presented most recently at the 4G Wireless Evolution conference in February. Brough is an electrical engineering graduate of MIT and has 25 years experience in telecommunications.
Fiber optic systems are important telecommunication
infrastructure for world-wide broadband networks. Wide
bandwidth signal transmission with low delay is a key
requirement in present day applications. Optical fibers provide
enormous and unsurpassed transmission bandwidth with
negligible latency, and are now the transmission medium of
choice for long distance and high data rate transmission in
telecommunication networks.
The attached narrated power point presentation explores the evolution and generations of fiber optics as well as recent trends in Optical Fiber Communications. An attempt has also been made to introduce a few emerging and exciting technologies in the area of Optical Communications. The material will be useful to KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
More Related Content
Similar to PPT.OpticalFibercommunication.9July18-13.09.18.pptx
Open Spectrum - Physics, Engineering, Commerce and PoliticsBrough Turner
The Open Spectrum Potential for Evolutionary and Revolutionary Technology and Business Solutions
by
Brough Turner; Founder and CTO at Ashtonbrooke and Chief Strategy Officer at Dialogic
Presented to the Boston chapter of the IEEE Communications Society, May 14, 2009.
In November 2008, the FCC voted unanimously to permit unlicensed wireless devices that operate in the empty "white space" between TV channels. Their “TV White Spaces” decision was the culmination of many years of proceedings, but it's just one step in a much larger discussion, commonly referred to as “Open Spectrum.”
Our use of radio spectrum is regulated under principles that were established in the 1920s, when radio spectrum appeared to be a scarce resource and frequency was the only reasonable basis for allocation. Today’s wireless technology vastly exceeds anything imagined in the 1920s and from physical principles we know that many, many orders of magnitude further improvement are possible. Already the application of new approaches in just a few slivers of spectrum has fostered new industries – WiFi, Bluetooth and more.
The presentation discusses the predecessors, potentiality, and directions for Open Spectrum. This will include:
A brief history spectrum regulation from before the Radio Act of 1925 to today.
Results from measurements of actual spectrum utilization in New York and Washington DC.
An overview of "Open Spectrum" experiments to date, including “license exempt sharing” in the 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands and different forms of "secondary use" including UWB, 3650 MHz and now TV White Spaces.
The physics of propagation and its impact on the range of White Spaces services vs. WiFi, WiMAX, 3GSM and LTE.
IEEE 802.11y protocols and the prospects for expanding secondary use beyond TV White Spaces.
Brough Turner is founder and CTO at Ashtonbrooke and Chief Strategy Officer at Dialogic. Formerly he was founder and CTO at Natural MicroSystems and NMS Communications. He speaks and writes on a variety of communications topics including 3G and 4G wireless tutorials. He presented most recently at the 4G Wireless Evolution conference in February. Brough is an electrical engineering graduate of MIT and has 25 years experience in telecommunications.
Fiber optic systems are important telecommunication
infrastructure for world-wide broadband networks. Wide
bandwidth signal transmission with low delay is a key
requirement in present day applications. Optical fibers provide
enormous and unsurpassed transmission bandwidth with
negligible latency, and are now the transmission medium of
choice for long distance and high data rate transmission in
telecommunication networks.
The attached narrated power point presentation explores the evolution and generations of fiber optics as well as recent trends in Optical Fiber Communications. An attempt has also been made to introduce a few emerging and exciting technologies in the area of Optical Communications. The material will be useful to KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
1. Optical Fiber Communication
- An Overview
Speaker : S. L. Maskara
[ Retired (2004 ) Professor of IIT Kharagpur ]
maskara.shankar@gmail.com
Lecture in STC at
NSIT, New Delhi
09 July 2018
2. Fiber Optics communication
• Introduced 1970
• Fiber installed for Telephony 1980’s early
• Long distance land based fiber installation completed 1988
• Submarine F.O. cables installation began 1988
• LAN applications using O.F. 1988
• Million (10) km of O.F. by 1994 worldover
• Point to point to distributed network.
• Fiber to home (FTTH)
• Optical Fibers
• Sources and Detectors
• Components like: connectors, splices
• Advances: Optical amplifier, circulator, attenuator, filters, WD multiplexer, external modulators
7. FIBER OPTICS
OPTICAL GLASS FIBERS
PROPOGATION, TECHNOLOGY, APPLICATIONS
ATTENUATION
DISPERSION MODAL, CHROMATIC
MATERIAL
WAVEGUIDE
MULTIMODE STEP GRADED INDEX
50ns/km 0.25ns/km
SINGLE MODE 90 <0.1 20 ps/km.nm
0.8-0.9 1.3 1.55
ZERO DISPERSION SHIFTED & FLATTENED FIBER
8. ZERO DISPERSION SHIFTED & FLATTENED FIBER
ADVANTAGES
SMALL SIZE
LESS WEIGHT
NONREACTIVE
LARGE BANDWIDTH
HIGH DATA RATE
LOW LOSS
LONG REPEATERLESS SPAN
NO EMI/RFI/CROSSTALK
NONINDICTIVE
19. INJECTION LASER
• PHOTONS EMITTED WITH ELECTRONS FALL FROM C.B. TO V.B.
• STIMULATED EMISSION
• MUCH BRIGHTER (10mW)
• FASTER RESPONSE
• NARROW LINE WIDTH
• LIFE 10000 - 20000 Hours – 105 Hours
• NON LINEAR CHARACTERSTICS
• B.W. SEVERAL MHz AT FULL POWER
20. LEDs
• PHOTONS EMITTED WITH ELECTRONS FALL FROM C.B. TO V.B.
• SPONTANEOUS EMISSION
• LESS BRIGHTER (OUTPUT 0.1mW To 2mW)
• SLOWER RESPONSE
• WIDER SPECTRAL WIDTH
• LIFE 107 Hours
• LINEAR CHARACTERSTICS
• B.W. 50 MHz
29. OVERVIEW OF FIBRE OPTIC COMMUNICATION
SUBSCIBER LOOPS
• FDDI
• ISDN
• BISDN
• PHOTONIC
SWITCHING
• HDTV
• ATV
• LARGE NO. OF
• WDM/FDM/TDM
• COHERENT
• EXTERNAL
MODULATION
• OPT. AMP.
PHOTONIC SWITCH
LIGHTWAVE TRANSMISSION
PHOTONIC ERA
30.
31.
32. 1. FIBRE OPTIC MEDIUM & LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY ARE ADVANCING
FAST WITH CONTINUOUS ENHANCED PERFORMANCE.
2. TRADITIONAL LONG-HAUL/ TRUNK DEMAND IS BEING GREATLY MET
BY FIBRE OPTICS.
400 MBPS, 1.6 GBPS, 2.4 GBPS, 3.8 GBPS SYSTEMS HAVE BECOME
REALITY. MILLIONS OF KMS OF FIBRE INSTALLED.
3. SUBMARINES FIBRE OPTIC SYSTEMS OVER ATLANTIC, PACIFIC OCEANS
& OTHER SEAS ARE OPERATIONAL, BEING INSTALLED AND BEING
PLANNED CARRYING LARGE VOLUMES OF INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC.
4. NEW SERVICES AND APPLICATIONS EMERGING WITH IMPROVED
FIBRE OPTIC TECHNOLOGY AND PERFORMANCE LANS, FIBRE
DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE (FDDI), MULTIPLEXED BACKBONES,
ISDN, B-ISDN, MULTIMEDIA.
5. POWER COMPANIES, RAILWAYS, PIPELINES – MAJOR USER OF
DEDICATED SYSTEMS- LARGE BANDWIDTH, FLEXIBILITY, RELIABILITY.
RECENT TRENDS IN FIBRE OPTIC COMMUNICATION
33. 6. LOCAL LOOPS/ SUBSCRIBER LOOPS:
• PROMOTION OF SERVICES BRINGING FIBRE TO THE HOME (FTTH) &
FIBRE IN THE LOOP (FITL)
• NOT ONLY FOR LARGE BANDWIDTH BUT EVEN FOR PLAIN OLD
TELEPHONE SERVICE (POTS).
• FIBRE TO SOLVE PROBLEM OF THE LAST MILE.
• FOR ISDN- FIBRES RECOMMENDED FOR EVEN BASIC RATE ACCESS.
SUITABILITY FOR PRIMARY RATE ACCESS ALREADY ESTABLISHED.
• LET THERE BE EXPRESSWAY IN THE LOOP – THEN WALK, CYCLE OR RUN
A BULLET TRAIN…
Cont..
34. 7. FUTURE – FITL, OPTICAL NETWORKS- OPTICAL ETHER WITH WDM,
COHERENT TECHNOLOGY AND PHOTONICS SWITCHING
DEVELOPMENTS. FUTURE OF FIBRE OPTICS IS AS BRIGHT AS LIGHT.
DISTRIBUTION, MULTI-ACCESS , RE-CONFIGURABILITY
8. PLASTIC/POLYMER FIBRE HOLD BETTER PROMISE AT LEAST FOR
LAN APPLICATIONS.
9. OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS – ERBIUM DOPED FIBRE AMPLIFIER, MULTI
QUANTUM WELL MATERIALS/DEVICES.
10. SOLITONS – 10 GBPS X 2000 KM FEASIBLE
11. PHOTONIC – OPTOELECTRONIC IC’S.
Cont..
35.
36. CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF OPTICAL NETWORKING
(ACHIEVED/ TO BE ACHIEVED)
1. POINT TO POINT :
MULTIWAVELENGTH TRANSMISSION (WDM)
IMPROVED FURTHER WITH EDFA COMING.
CAPACITY INCREASE ON EXISTING SYSTEMS.
2. BROADCAST AND SELECT NETWORKS:
CONCURRENCY
STAR NETWORK
SIMPLE
3. BROADCAST-STAR SWITCHING FABRICS:
SWITCHING IN WAVELENGTH
DOMAIN-AVOID COMPLEXITY
OF TIME & SPACE SWITCHES
37. Cont..
4. WAVELENGTH ROUTING:
SELECTIVE ROUTING OF OPTICAL SIGNALS ACCORDING
TO THEIR WAVELENGTHS AS THEY TRAVEL THROUGH
THE NETWORK.
WAVELENGTH REUSE, WDM CROSSCONNECT,
REARRANGEABILITY THROUGH SPACE SWITCHES
WAVELENGTH SELECTIVE ELEMENTS
ADD-DROP CAPABILITY
5. SCALABILITY:
ADD MORE NODES WAVELENGTH REUSE IN MULTIHOP NETWORKS,
WAVELENGTH CONVERSION
6. WAVELENGTH TRANSLATION:
CHANGE WAVELENGTH BEYOND BOUNDARIES OF
ADMINISTRATIVE DOMAINS- LARGE SCALE NETWORKS
38. Cont..
7. TRANSPARENCY:
DATA FORMAT etc.
8. NETWORK LAYERING:
OPTICAL CONNECTIVITY LAYER. FIBRE-SONET-ATM.
NOW FIBRE-OPT CONN-TRANSPORT-SWITCHING
9. NETWORK MANAGEMENT, CONTROL AND OPERATIONS IN
TRANSPARENT SYSTEMS:
MONITORING & CONTROL
39.
40.
41.
42.
43. SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODULE (STM)
C4 + PON ≡ V04 +SOH ≡ STM PON CAPABLE OF INDICATING ERRORS
OCCURING DURING ITS JOURNEY FROM
POINTS LOADING TO UNLOADING
RESPONSIBLE NETWORK ELEMENT CANNOT
BE IDENTIFIED BY Vo4PON
SOH → TO IDENTIFY NET ELEMENTS WHERE
ERROR CAME IN.
STM-1 → VC4
9 ROWS X 270 COLUMNS ≡ 2430 BYTES ≡ 2430 X 8 b/s X 8000 Fr/sec
= 155.52 Mbps
9 COLUMNS→ SOH
1 COLUMN → POH
260 COLUMN→ VC4 PAYLOAD VC4= 261 X 4 = 2349 BYTES