The document discusses various topics related to anaesthesia including:
- Types of anaesthesia such as general, local and balanced anaesthesia.
- Preanaesthetic medications that are used to relieve anxiety and prevent complications.
- Stages of anaesthesia from analgesia to medullary paralysis.
- Molecular targets of general anaesthetics such as GABA-A and NMDA receptors.
- Classification of anaesthetics into inhalational and intravenous agents.
- Properties, uses and side effects of common inhalational agents like halothane, sevoflurane and nitrous oxide.
- Intravenous induction agents including thiopentone, propofol and ketamine.
ANAESTHESIA MANAGEMENT IN PATIENTS OF NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS.pptxSumit Tyagi
Comprehensive ppt covering myasthenia graves in details along with other neuromuscular disorders.
brief and complete solution for presentation needs of DNB/MD students in anaesthesia department.full coverage of myasthenia graves with light on all other neuromuscular disease.illustrative diagram of NMJ.Tabular list of drugs exacerbating myasthenia graves and increasing the duration of action of the muscular relaxants
A 65 year old female from sundergarh presented with swelling in front of neck gradually increasing size over 3 years without airway compromise,complications,any other comorbid conditions , diagnosed as hypothyroidism 2 yrs back & is on treatment with levothyroxine with FNAC diagnosis diffuse colliod goiter pattern & ECG showing RBBB pattern.
ANAESTHESIA MANAGEMENT IN PATIENTS OF NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS.pptxSumit Tyagi
Comprehensive ppt covering myasthenia graves in details along with other neuromuscular disorders.
brief and complete solution for presentation needs of DNB/MD students in anaesthesia department.full coverage of myasthenia graves with light on all other neuromuscular disease.illustrative diagram of NMJ.Tabular list of drugs exacerbating myasthenia graves and increasing the duration of action of the muscular relaxants
A 65 year old female from sundergarh presented with swelling in front of neck gradually increasing size over 3 years without airway compromise,complications,any other comorbid conditions , diagnosed as hypothyroidism 2 yrs back & is on treatment with levothyroxine with FNAC diagnosis diffuse colliod goiter pattern & ECG showing RBBB pattern.
Abstract
Carotid body tumors are rare, slow-growing, hypervascular neuroendocrine tumors. Although these tumors are benign neoplasm, they also have a tendency to malignant transformation. Complete surgical excision is the gold standard therapeutic modality for the treatment of carotid body tumors. Early surgical removal is recommended to prevent the development of larger and more advanced tumors, which are associated with higher morbidity and mortality. In this report, we presented three cases of carotid body tumor which were successfully treated with complete surgical excision, and reviewed the current literature. Furthermore, it was emphasized the necessity of early surgical management regardless of patient age and tumor size.
Abstract
Carotid body tumors are rare, slow-growing, hypervascular neuroendocrine tumors. Although these tumors are benign neoplasm, they also have a tendency to malignant transformation. Complete surgical excision is the gold standard therapeutic modality for the treatment of carotid body tumors. Early surgical removal is recommended to prevent the development of larger and more advanced tumors, which are associated with higher morbidity and mortality. In this report, we presented three cases of carotid body tumor which were successfully treated with complete surgical excision, and reviewed the current literature. Furthermore, it was emphasized the necessity of early surgical management regardless of patient age and tumor size.
THIS ppt explains in brief about general anesthesia for under graduates. It includes brief classification, mechanism of action, side effects of some important drugs. concepts like diffusion hypoxia, second gas effect, balanced anesthesia and pre- anaesthetic medication are discussed.
Lecture slides for undergraduate Medical students (MBBS) for Pharmacology class. Presentation includes some important historical milestones followed by introduction to general anesthesia. Stages of general anesthesia, Inhalational and intravenous anesthetic agents with their pros and cons and uses. Complications of general anesthesia and pre anesthetic medication is in the last part of presentation.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
ppt GA_LECTURE.ppt
1.
2. ANAESTHESIA – is the reversible loss of
response to noxious stimuli.
GENERAL ANAESTHESIA – when anaesthesia is
associated with loss of conciousness.
LOCAL ANAESTHESIA – when conciousness is
maintained during anaesthesia.
3. BALANCED ANAESTHESIA
Unconciousness
Analgesia
Muscle relaxation
Abolition of compensatory reflex response
General anesthetics have therapeutic indices of
about 2 - 4.
4. PREANAESTHETIC MEDICATION
It is the use of drugs prior to anesthesia to
make it more safe and pleasant.
To relieve anxiety – benzodiazepines.
To prevent allergic reactions – antihistaminics.
To prevent nausea and vomiting – antiemetics.
To provide analgesia – opioids.
To prevent acidity – proton pump inhibitor
To prevent bradycardia and secretion – atropine.
5. STAGES OF ANESTHESIA
Stage I : Analgesia
Stage II : Excitement, combative
behavior – dangerous state
Stage III : Surgical anesthesia
-Plane 1- roving movements of eyeballs
-Plane 2- prog. loss of corneal reflex (surgery)
-Plane 3- pupils start dilating, muscle relaxation
-Plane4- only abdo respi, fully dilated pupils
Stage IV : Medullary paralysis –
respiratory and vasomotor
control ceases.
6. MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF THE GA
GABA –A : Potentiation by Halothane,
Propofol, Etomidate
NMDA receptors : inhibited by Ketamine &
N2O
8. CLASSIFICATION
There are two types of anaesthetics :
Inhalational --- for maintenance
Intravenous --- for induction and short
procedures
Inhalation anaesthetics:
Advantage of controlling the depth of
anesthesia.
Metabolism is very minimal.
Excreted by exhalation.
10. The important characteristics of Inhalational
anaesthetics which govern the anaesthesia are
Partial pressure of anaesthetic in inspired gas
Pulmonary ventilation
Alveolar exchange
Solubility in the blood
(blood : gas partition co-efficient)
Solubility in the fat
(oil : gas partition co-efficient)
11. BLOOD : GAS PARTITION CO-EFFICIENT
It is a measure of solubility in the blood.
It determines the rate of induction and
recovery of Inhalational anesthetics.
Lower the blood : gas co-efficient – faster the
induction and recovery – Nitrous oxide.
Higher the blood : gas co-efficient – slower
induction and recovery – Halothane.
13. BLOOD GAS PARTITION COEFFICIENT
Agents with low solubility in
blood quickly saturate the
blood. The additional
anesthetic molecules are then
readily transferred to the brain.
14. OIL: GAS PARTITION CO-EFFICIENT
It is a measure of lipid solubility.
Lipid solubility - correlates strongly with the
potency of the anesthetic.
Higher the lipid solubility – potent anesthetic
e.g., halothane
15. MAC value is a measure of inhalational
anesthetic potency.
It is defined as the minimum alveolar
anesthetic concentration ( % of the inspired
air) at which 50% of patients do not respond
to a surgical stimulus.
MAC values are additive and lower in the
presence of opioids.
MAC values 1.1 to 1.2 used during surgery.
16. OIL GAS PARTITION CO-EFFICIENT
Higher the Oil: Gas
Partition Co-efficient
lower the MAC .
E.g., Halothane
1.4 220
0.8
18. Second gas effect
Nitrous oxide is very insoluble in blood and other
tissues.
This results in rapid equilibration.
The rapid uptake of N2O from alveolar gas serves to
concentrate coadministered halogenated anesthetics.
This effect (the "second gas effect") speeds induction
of anesthesia.
19. Diffusional hypoxia
On discontinuation of N2O administration, nitrous
oxide gas can diffuse from blood to the alveoli, diluting
O2 in the lung.
This can produce an effect called diffusional hypoxia.
To avoid hypoxia, 100% O2 should be administered
when N2O is discontinued.
20. INHALATIONAL ANESTHETICS
Nitrous oxide:
Safest inhalational anaesthetic.
Noninflammable, nonirritating
Low potency anaesthetic, poor muscle relaxant
but a good analgesic.
No toxic effect on the heart, liver and kidney.
A/E- diffusional hypoxia, megaloblastic anemia.
21. INHALATIONAL ANESTHETICS
Ether
Potent anaesthetic, good analgesic, good muscle
relaxants.
Irritant, inflammable, explosive
Induction is very slow and unpleasant (highly soluble
in blood)
Recovery is slow
22. INHALATIONAL ANESTHETICS
Halothane:
It is a potent anesthetic.
Poor analgesic, poor muscle relaxant.
Induction is pleasant.
It sensitizes the heart to catecholamines.
It dilates bronchus – preferred in asthmatics.
It inhibits uterine contractions.
Halothane hepatitis and malignant
hyperthermia can occur.
23. INHALATIONAL ANESTHETICS
Enflurane:
Sweet and ethereal odor.
Generally do not sensitizes the heart to
catecholamines.
Seizures occurs at deeper levels –
contraindicated in epileptics.
Caution in renal failure due to fluoride.
24. INHALATIONAL ANESTHETICS
Isoflurane:
It is commonly used with oxygen or nitrous
oxide.
It do not sensitize the heart to
catecholamines.
Its pungency can irritate the respiratory
system.
25. INHALATIONAL ANESTHETICS
Desflurane:
It is delivered through special vaporizer.
It is a popular anesthetic for day care
surgery.
Induction and recovery is fast, cognitive
and motor impairment are short lived
It irritates the air passages producing cough
and laryngospasm.
26. INHALATIONAL ANESTHETICS
Sevoflurane:
Induction and recovery is fast.
It is pleasant and acceptable due to lack of
pungency.
It does not cause air way irritancy.
Concerns about nephrotoxicity.
27. Anesthetic B:G PC O:G PC Features Notes
Halothane 2.3 220 PLEASANT Arrhythmia
Hepatitis
Hyperthermia
Enflurane 1.9 98 PUNGENT Seizures
Hyperthermia
Isoflurane 1.4 91 PUNGENT Widely used
Sevoflurane 0.62 53 PLEASANT Nephrotoxicity
Desflurane 0.42 23 IRRITANT Cough
Nitrous 0.47 1.4 PLEASANT Anemia
28. PARENTERAL ANAESTHETICS (IV)
These are used for induction of anesthesia.
Rapid onset of action.
Recovery is mainly by redistribution.
Also reduce the amount of inhalation
anesthetic for maintenance.
E.g., thiopental, midazolam propofol,
etomidate, ketamine.
29. PARENTERAL ANAESTHETICS
Thiopental (Pentothal):
It is an ultra short acting barbiturates.
Consciousness regained within 10-20 mins by
redistribution to skeletal muscle.
It do not increase ICT.
It is eliminated slowly from the body by
metabolism and produce hang over.
It can be used for rapid control of seizures.
A/E – Laryngospasm, acute intermittent porphyria
-- pain, necrosis, gangrene on extravasation &
inadvertant arterial injection
30. PARENTERAL ANAESTHETICS
Propofol :
Most commonly used IV anesthetic.
Unconsciousness in ~ 45 seconds and
lasts ~15 minutes.
Anti-emetic in action.
Non-irritant to airways.
Suited for day care surgery - residual
impairment is less marked.
A/E- pain during injection, fall in BP
31. PARENTERAL ANAESTHETICS
Ketamine : Dissociative anesthesia
Produce - profound analgesia, immobility,
amnesia with light sleep.
Acts by blocking NMDA receptors
Heart rate and BP are elevated due to
sympathetic stimulation.
Respiration is not depressed and reflexes are
not abolished.
32. PARENTERAL ANAESTHETICS
Ketamine
Emergence delirium, hallucinations and
involuntary movements occurs during
recovery (can be minimized by diazepam or
midazolam).
It is useful for burn dressing and trauma
surgery.
Dangerous for hypertensive and IHD.
33. PARENTERAL ANAESTHETICS
Neuroleptanalgesia
It is characterized by calmness, psychic
indifference and intense analgesia without
total loss of consciousness.
Combination of Fentanyl and Droperidol.
A/E- chest wall rigidity
34. PARENTERAL ANAESTHETICS
Neuroleptanalgesia
It is associated with decreased motor
functions, suppressed autonomic reflexes,
cardiovascular stability with mild amnesia.
It causes drowsiness but respond to
commands.
Used for endoscopies, angiography and
minor operations.
39. Effects of alcohol
CNS
Depressant
excitation and euphoria are experienced at lower
plasma concentrations
promotes GABAA receptor
inhibits NMDA receptors
Turnover of NA in brain is enhanced.
40. CVS
Moderate doses
-tachycardia
-mild rise in BP
Large doses
-direct myocardial & vasomotor centre depression
-fall in BP
chronic alcoholism
-hypertension
-cardiomyopathy
-cardiac arrhythmias
46. Methanol poisoning
Toxic effects are due to formic acid
vomiting, headache, epigastric pain, uneasiness,
dyspnoea, bradycardia and hypotension, delirium
blindness
death due to respiratory failure
Treatment
Symptomatic
Ethanol
Haemodialysis
Fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole)
Folate therapy (Calcium leucovorin)
47. MCQs
Q1. Preanaesthetic medication is given:
A. to decrease the duration of surgery
B. to make the anaesthetic procedure pleasant and safe
C. to control patients comorbidity
D. to maintain blood pressure
Ans. B
48. Q2. Which of the following is NOT used as
preanaesthetic medication:
A. Glycopyrrolate
B. Pethidine
C. Pantoprazole
D. Adrenaline
Ans. D
50. Q4. Malignant hyperthermia may be a complication
of use of the following anaesthetic:
A. Ether
B. Halothane
C. Nitrous oxide
D. Propofol
Ans. B
51. Q5. The following general anaesthetic has good
analgesic but poor muscle relaxant action:
A. Halothane
B. Nitrous oxide
C. Ether
D. Isoflurane
Ans. B
52. Q6. 'Second gas effect' is exerted by the following
gas when coadministered with halothane:
A. Nitrogen
B. Nitrous oxide
C. Nitric oxide
D. CO2
Ans. B
53. Q7. Which general anaesthetic selectively inhibits
excitatory NMDA receptors:
A. Propofol
B. Halothane
C. Desflurane
D. Ketamine
Ans. D
54. Q8. Which of the following is NOT a component of
anaesthetic state?
A. Amnesia
B. Analgesia
C. Hyperthermia
D. Unconsciousness
Ans. C
55. Q9. The minimal alveolar concentration of an
inhalational anaesthetic is a measure of
A. Therapeutic index
B. Potency
C. Efficacy
D. Diffusibuity
Ans. B
57. Bibliography
Essentials of Medical Pharmacology -7th edition by KD Tripathi
Goodman & Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 12th
edition by Laurence Brunton (Editor)
Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology - 6th edition
by Richard A. Harvey
Basic and Clinical pharmacology 11th edition by Bertram G Katzung
Rang & Dale's Pharmacology -7th edition
by Humphrey P. Rang
Clinical Pharmacology 11th edition By Bennett and Brown, Churchill
Livingstone
Principles of Pharmacology 2nd edition by HL Sharma and KK Sharma
Review of Pharmacology by Gobind Sparsh