Submit Search
Upload
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch08
•
Download as PPT, PDF
•
5 likes
•
936 views
Muhammad Attique Shah
Follow
Economics book slide Case and Fair a good path to learn basics of economics
Read less
Read more
Business
Slideshow view
Report
Share
Slideshow view
Report
Share
1 of 34
Download now
Recommended
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch07
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch07
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch05
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch05
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch16
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch16
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch09
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch09
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch02
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch02
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch10
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch10
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch06
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch06
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch19
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch19
Muhammad Attique Shah
Recommended
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch07
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch07
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch05
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch05
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch16
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch16
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch09
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch09
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch02
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch02
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch10
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch10
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch06
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch06
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch19
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch19
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch03
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch03
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch11
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch11
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch13
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch13
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch15
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch15
Muhammad Attique Shah
Principles of economics (Chapter 7)
Principles of economics (Chapter 7)
Yowela Estanislao
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch12
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch12
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch17
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch17
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch18
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch18
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch14
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch14
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch23
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch23
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch01
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch01
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch30
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch30
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch24
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch24
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch27
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch27
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch32
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch32
Muhammad Attique Shah
Principles of economics (Chapter 1)
Principles of economics (Chapter 1)
Yowela Estanislao
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch25
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch25
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch33
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch33
Muhammad Attique Shah
Principles of microeconomics
Principles of microeconomics
kzoomq
Principles of economics (Chapter 2)
Principles of economics (Chapter 2)
Yowela Estanislao
Case Econ08 Ppt 08
Case Econ08 Ppt 08
Amba Research
Ch07
Ch07
Carmela Grace Gavino
More Related Content
What's hot
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch03
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch03
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch11
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch11
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch13
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch13
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch15
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch15
Muhammad Attique Shah
Principles of economics (Chapter 7)
Principles of economics (Chapter 7)
Yowela Estanislao
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch12
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch12
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch17
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch17
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch18
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch18
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch14
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch14
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch23
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch23
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch01
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch01
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch30
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch30
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch24
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch24
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch27
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch27
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch32
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch32
Muhammad Attique Shah
Principles of economics (Chapter 1)
Principles of economics (Chapter 1)
Yowela Estanislao
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch25
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch25
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch33
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch33
Muhammad Attique Shah
Principles of microeconomics
Principles of microeconomics
kzoomq
Principles of economics (Chapter 2)
Principles of economics (Chapter 2)
Yowela Estanislao
What's hot
(20)
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch03
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch03
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch11
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch11
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch13
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch13
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch15
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch15
Principles of economics (Chapter 7)
Principles of economics (Chapter 7)
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch12
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch12
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch17
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch17
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch18
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch18
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch14
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch14
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch23
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch23
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch01
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch01
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch30
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch30
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch24
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch24
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch27
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch27
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch32
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch32
Principles of economics (Chapter 1)
Principles of economics (Chapter 1)
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch25
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch25
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch33
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch33
Principles of microeconomics
Principles of microeconomics
Principles of economics (Chapter 2)
Principles of economics (Chapter 2)
Similar to Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch08
Case Econ08 Ppt 08
Case Econ08 Ppt 08
Amba Research
Ch07
Ch07
Carmela Grace Gavino
Ch07
Ch07
Erika Shiomoto
Short-Run Costs and Output Decisions
Short-Run Costs and Output Decisions
Noel Buensuceso
Chapter SevenCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publ.docx
Chapter SevenCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publ.docx
mccormicknadine86
Cost 3
Cost 3
SINDH UNIVERSITY LAAR CAMPUS BADIN
MANAGERIAL_ECONOMICS_PPT_15_APR_pptx.pptx
MANAGERIAL_ECONOMICS_PPT_15_APR_pptx.pptx
AbhishekModak17
The Production And Cost C M A
The Production And Cost C M A
Zoha Qureshi
Cost theory
Cost theory
Kinnar Majithia
theory of cost
theory of cost
Meenal Gupta
Cost output relationship
Cost output relationship
SAMINAKHAN72
Cost theory and analysis.pptx
Cost theory and analysis.pptx
SominaKhanSneegdha
Theory of costs, micro economics
Theory of costs, micro economics
Ranita De
Theory of cost final
Theory of cost final
Tej Kiran
Cost oncept
Cost oncept
Ujjwal 'Shanu'
topic 4
topic 4
khanhhai
Cost 2
Cost 2
SINDH UNIVERSITY LAAR CAMPUS BADIN
Product And Cost
Product And Cost
Sahil Mahajan
Chap4
Chap4
Shu Shin
Chap4
Chap4
Shu Shin
Similar to Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch08
(20)
Case Econ08 Ppt 08
Case Econ08 Ppt 08
Ch07
Ch07
Ch07
Ch07
Short-Run Costs and Output Decisions
Short-Run Costs and Output Decisions
Chapter SevenCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publ.docx
Chapter SevenCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publ.docx
Cost 3
Cost 3
MANAGERIAL_ECONOMICS_PPT_15_APR_pptx.pptx
MANAGERIAL_ECONOMICS_PPT_15_APR_pptx.pptx
The Production And Cost C M A
The Production And Cost C M A
Cost theory
Cost theory
theory of cost
theory of cost
Cost output relationship
Cost output relationship
Cost theory and analysis.pptx
Cost theory and analysis.pptx
Theory of costs, micro economics
Theory of costs, micro economics
Theory of cost final
Theory of cost final
Cost oncept
Cost oncept
topic 4
topic 4
Cost 2
Cost 2
Product And Cost
Product And Cost
Chap4
Chap4
Chap4
Chap4
More from Muhammad Attique Shah
Dear ISFiT ambassador
Dear ISFiT ambassador
Muhammad Attique Shah
Constitutional development of pakistan since 1947 to the (1)
Constitutional development of pakistan since 1947 to the (1)
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch31
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch31
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch29
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch29
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch28
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch28
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch22
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch22
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch21
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch21
Muhammad Attique Shah
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch20
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch20
Muhammad Attique Shah
More from Muhammad Attique Shah
(8)
Dear ISFiT ambassador
Dear ISFiT ambassador
Constitutional development of pakistan since 1947 to the (1)
Constitutional development of pakistan since 1947 to the (1)
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch31
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch31
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch29
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch29
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch28
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch28
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch22
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch22
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch21
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch21
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch20
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch20
Recently uploaded
Call Girls In Connaught Place Delhi ❤️88604**77959_Russian 100% Genuine Escor...
Call Girls In Connaught Place Delhi ❤️88604**77959_Russian 100% Genuine Escor...
lizamodels9
Progress Report - Oracle Database Analyst Summit
Progress Report - Oracle Database Analyst Summit
Holger Mueller
Call Girls In Sikandarpur Gurgaon ❤️8860477959_Russian 100% Genuine Escorts I...
Call Girls In Sikandarpur Gurgaon ❤️8860477959_Russian 100% Genuine Escorts I...
lizamodels9
Kenya’s Coconut Value Chain by Gatsby Africa
Kenya’s Coconut Value Chain by Gatsby Africa
ictsugar
Market Sizes Sample Report - 2024 Edition
Market Sizes Sample Report - 2024 Edition
Mintel Group
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Rohini Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Rohini Delhi NCR
ashishs7044
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call Girls
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call Girls
Apsara Of India
Flow Your Strategy at Flight Levels Day 2024
Flow Your Strategy at Flight Levels Day 2024
Kirill Klimov
FULL ENJOY Call girls in Paharganj Delhi | 8377087607
FULL ENJOY Call girls in Paharganj Delhi | 8377087607
dollysharma2066
Call Girls in DELHI Cantt, ( Call Me )-8377877756-Female Escort- In Delhi / Ncr
Call Girls in DELHI Cantt, ( Call Me )-8377877756-Female Escort- In Delhi / Ncr
dollysharma2066
Lean: From Theory to Practice — One City’s (and Library’s) Lean Story… Abridged
Lean: From Theory to Practice — One City’s (and Library’s) Lean Story… Abridged
KaiNexus
Sales & Marketing Alignment: How to Synergize for Success
Sales & Marketing Alignment: How to Synergize for Success
Aggregage
Pitch Deck Teardown: NOQX's $200k Pre-seed deck
Pitch Deck Teardown: NOQX's $200k Pre-seed deck
HajeJanKamps
Call Girls In Radisson Blu Hotel New Delhi Paschim Vihar ❤️8860477959 Escorts...
Call Girls In Radisson Blu Hotel New Delhi Paschim Vihar ❤️8860477959 Escorts...
lizamodels9
Global Scenario On Sustainable and Resilient Coconut Industry by Dr. Jelfina...
Global Scenario On Sustainable and Resilient Coconut Industry by Dr. Jelfina...
ictsugar
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in New Ashok Nagar Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in New Ashok Nagar Delhi NCR
ashishs7044
Keppel Ltd. 1Q 2024 Business Update Presentation Slides
Keppel Ltd. 1Q 2024 Business Update Presentation Slides
KeppelCorporation
Intro to BCG's Carbon Emissions Benchmark_vF.pdf
Intro to BCG's Carbon Emissions Benchmark_vF.pdf
pollardmorgan
Annual General Meeting Presentation Slides
Annual General Meeting Presentation Slides
KeppelCorporation
Call US-88OO1O2216 Call Girls In Mahipalpur Female Escort Service
Call US-88OO1O2216 Call Girls In Mahipalpur Female Escort Service
callgirls2057
Recently uploaded
(20)
Call Girls In Connaught Place Delhi ❤️88604**77959_Russian 100% Genuine Escor...
Call Girls In Connaught Place Delhi ❤️88604**77959_Russian 100% Genuine Escor...
Progress Report - Oracle Database Analyst Summit
Progress Report - Oracle Database Analyst Summit
Call Girls In Sikandarpur Gurgaon ❤️8860477959_Russian 100% Genuine Escorts I...
Call Girls In Sikandarpur Gurgaon ❤️8860477959_Russian 100% Genuine Escorts I...
Kenya’s Coconut Value Chain by Gatsby Africa
Kenya’s Coconut Value Chain by Gatsby Africa
Market Sizes Sample Report - 2024 Edition
Market Sizes Sample Report - 2024 Edition
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Rohini Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Rohini Delhi NCR
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call Girls
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call Girls
Flow Your Strategy at Flight Levels Day 2024
Flow Your Strategy at Flight Levels Day 2024
FULL ENJOY Call girls in Paharganj Delhi | 8377087607
FULL ENJOY Call girls in Paharganj Delhi | 8377087607
Call Girls in DELHI Cantt, ( Call Me )-8377877756-Female Escort- In Delhi / Ncr
Call Girls in DELHI Cantt, ( Call Me )-8377877756-Female Escort- In Delhi / Ncr
Lean: From Theory to Practice — One City’s (and Library’s) Lean Story… Abridged
Lean: From Theory to Practice — One City’s (and Library’s) Lean Story… Abridged
Sales & Marketing Alignment: How to Synergize for Success
Sales & Marketing Alignment: How to Synergize for Success
Pitch Deck Teardown: NOQX's $200k Pre-seed deck
Pitch Deck Teardown: NOQX's $200k Pre-seed deck
Call Girls In Radisson Blu Hotel New Delhi Paschim Vihar ❤️8860477959 Escorts...
Call Girls In Radisson Blu Hotel New Delhi Paschim Vihar ❤️8860477959 Escorts...
Global Scenario On Sustainable and Resilient Coconut Industry by Dr. Jelfina...
Global Scenario On Sustainable and Resilient Coconut Industry by Dr. Jelfina...
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in New Ashok Nagar Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in New Ashok Nagar Delhi NCR
Keppel Ltd. 1Q 2024 Business Update Presentation Slides
Keppel Ltd. 1Q 2024 Business Update Presentation Slides
Intro to BCG's Carbon Emissions Benchmark_vF.pdf
Intro to BCG's Carbon Emissions Benchmark_vF.pdf
Annual General Meeting Presentation Slides
Annual General Meeting Presentation Slides
Call US-88OO1O2216 Call Girls In Mahipalpur Female Escort Service
Call US-88OO1O2216 Call Girls In Mahipalpur Female Escort Service
Ppt econ 9e_one_click_ch08
1.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 1 of 32 PowerPoint Lectures for Principles of Economics, 9e By Karl E. Case, Ray C. Fair & Sharon M. Oster ; ;
2.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 2 of 32
3.
© 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 8 PART II THE MARKET SYSTEM Choices Made by Households and Firms Short-Run Costs and Output Decisions Fernando & Yvonn Quijano Prepared by:
4.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 4 of 32 8Short-Run Costs and Output Decisions Costs in the Short Run Fixed Costs Variable Costs Total Costs Short-Run Costs: A Review Output Decisions: Revenues, Costs, and Profit Maximization Total Revenue (TR) and Marginal Revenue (MR) Comparing Costs and Revenues to Maximize Profit The Short-Run Supply Curve Looking Ahead CHAPTER OUTLINE PART II THE MARKET SYSTEM Choices Made by Households and Firms
5.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 5 of 32 Short-Run Costs and Output Decisions You have seen that firms in perfectly competitive industries make three specific decisions. FIGURE 8.1 Decisions Facing Firms
6.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 6 of 32 Costs in the Short Run fixed cost Any cost that does not depend on the firms level of output. These costs are incurred even if the firm is producing nothing. There are no fixed costs in the long run. variable cost A cost that depends on the level of production chosen. total cost (TC) Fixed costs plus variable costs. TC = TFC + TVC
7.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 7 of 32 Costs in the Short Run total fixed costs (TFC) or overhead The total of all costs that do not change with output even if output is zero. Total Fixed Cost (TFC) Fixed Costs TABLE 8.1 Short-Run Fixed Cost (Total and Average) of a Hypothetical Firm (1) Q (2) TFC (3) AFC (TFC/Q) 0 1 2 3 4 5 $1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 $ − 1,000 500 333 250 200
8.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 8 of 32 Costs in the Short Run Total Fixed Cost (TFC) Fixed Costs FIGURE 8.2 Short-Run Fixed Cost (Total and Average) of a Hypothetical Firm Average fixed cost is simply total fixed cost divided by the quantity of output. As output increases, average fixed cost declines because we are dividing a fixed number ($1,000) by a larger and larger quantity.
9.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 9 of 32 Costs in the Short Run Average Fixed Cost (AFC) Fixed Costs average fixed cost (AFC) Total fixed cost divided by the number of units of output; a per-unit measure of fixed costs. TFC AFC q = spreading overhead The process of dividing total fixed costs by more units of output. Average fixed cost declines as quantity rises.
10.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 10 of 32 Costs in the Short Run Total Variable Cost (TVC) Variable Costs total variable cost (TVC) The total of all costs that vary with output in the short run. total variable cost curve A graph that shows the relationship between total variable cost and the level of a firm’s output.
11.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 11 of 32 (9 x $2) + (6 x $1) = $24 (6 x $2) + (14 x $1) = $26 6 14 9 6 A B 3 units of output (7 x $2) + (6 x $1) = $20 (4 x $2) + (10 x $1) = $18 6 10 7 4 A B 2 units of output 4 6 (4 x $2) + (4 x $1) = $12 (2 x $2) + (6 x $1) = $10 4 2 A B 1 unit of output Total Variable Cost Assuming PK = $2, PL = $1 TVC = (K x PK) + (L x PL) Using Technique Units of Input Required (Production Function) K LProduce TABLE 8.2 Derivation of Total Variable Cost Schedule from Technology and Factor Prices Costs in the Short Run Total Variable Cost (TVC) Variable Costs
12.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 12 of 32 Costs in the Short Run Total Variable Cost (TVC) Variable Costs FIGURE 8.3 Total Variable Cost Curve In Table 8.2, total variable cost is derived from production requirements and input prices. A total variable cost curve expresses the relationship between TVC and total output.
13.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 13 of 32 Costs in the Short Run Marginal Cost (MC) Variable Costs marginal cost (MC) The increase in total cost that results from producing 1+ more unit of output. Marginal costs reflect changes in variable costs. TABLE 8.3 Derivation of Marginal Cost from Total Variable Cost Units of Output Total Variable Costs ($) Marginal Costs ($) 0 1 2 3 0 10 18 24 10 8 6
14.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 14 of 32 Costs in the Short Run The Shape of the Marginal Cost Curve in the Short Run Variable Costs FIGURE 8.4 Declining Marginal Product Implies That Marginal Cost Will Eventually Rise with Output In the short run, every firm is constrained by some fixed factor of production. A fixed factor implies diminishing returns (declining marginal product) and a limited capacity to produce. As that limit is approached, marginal costs rise.
15.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 15 of 32 Costs in the Short Run The Shape of the Marginal Cost Curve in the Short Run Variable Costs In the short run, every firm is constrained by some fixed input that (1) leads to diminishing returns to variable inputs and (2) limits its capacity to produce. As a firm approaches that capacity, it becomes increasingly costly to produce successively higher levels of output. Marginal costs ultimately increase with output in the short run.
16.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 16 of 32 Costs in the Short Run Graphing Total Variable Costs and Marginal Costs Variable Costs FIGURE 8.5 Total Variable Cost and Marginal Cost for a Typical Firm Total variable costs always increase with output. Marginal cost is the cost of producing each additional unit. Thus, the marginal cost curve shows how total variable cost changes with single- unit increases in total output. MCTVC TVC q TVC TVC =∆= ∆ = ∆ = 1Δ ofslope
17.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 17 of 32 Costs in the Short Run Average Variable Cost (AVC) Variable Costs TVC AVC q = average variable cost (AVC) Total variable cost divided by the number of units of output.
18.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 18 of 32 Costs in the Short Run Average Variable Cost (AVC) Variable Costs TABLE 8.4 Short-Run Costs of a Hypothetical Firm (1) q (2) TVC (3) MC (∆ TVC) (4) AVC (TVC/q) (5) TFC (6) TC (TVC + TFC) (7) AFC (TFC/q) (8) ATC (TC/q or AFC + AVC) 0 $ 0 $ − $ − $ 1,00 0 $ 1,000 $ − $ − 1 10 10 10 1,00 0 1,010 1,000 1,010 2 18 8 9 1,00 0 1,018 500 509 3 24 6 8 1,00 0 1,024 333 341 4 32 8 8 1,00 0 1,032 250 258 5 42 10 8.4 1,00 0 1,042 200 208.4 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −
19.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 19 of 32 Costs in the Short Run Graphing Average Variable Costs and Marginal Costs Variable Costs FIGURE 8.6 More Short-Run Costs When marginal cost is below average cost, average cost is declining. When marginal cost is above average cost, average cost is increasing. Rising marginal cost intersects average variable cost at the minimum point of AVC.
20.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 20 of 32 Costs in the Short Run Total Costs FIGURE 8.7 Total Cost = Total Fixed Cost + Total Variable Cost Adding TFC to TVC means adding the same amount of total fixed cost to every level of total variable cost. Thus, the total cost curve has the same shape as the total variable cost curve; it is simply higher by an amount equal to TFC.
21.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 21 of 32 Costs in the Short Run Total Costs Average Total Cost (ATC) average total cost (ATC) Total cost divided by the number of units of output. q TC ATC = AVCAFCATC +=
22.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 22 of 32 Costs in the Short Run Total Costs Average Total Cost (ATC) FIGURE 8.8 Average Total Cost = Average Variable Cost + Average Fixed Cost To get average total cost, we add average fixed and average variable costs at all levels of output. Because average fixed cost falls with output, an ever-declining amount is added to AVC. Thus, AVC and ATC get closer together as output increases, but the two lines never meet.
23.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 23 of 32 Costs in the Short Run Total Costs The Relationship Between Average Total Cost and Marginal Cost If marginal cost is below average total cost, average total cost will decline toward marginal cost. If marginal cost is above average total cost, average total cost will increase. As a result, marginal cost intersects average total cost at ATC’s minimum point, for the same reason that it intersects the average variable cost curve at its minimum point. The relationship between average total cost and marginal cost is exactly the same as the relationship between average variable cost and marginal cost.
24.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 24 of 32 Costs in the Short Run Short-Run Costs: A Review TABLE 8.5 A Summary of Cost Concepts Term Definition Equation Accounting costs Out-of-pocket costs or costs as an accountant would define them. Sometimes referred to as explicit costs. − Economic costs Costs that include the full opportunity costs of all inputs. These include what are often called implicit costs. − Total fixed costs Costs that do not depend on the quantity of output produced. These must be paid even if output is zero. TFC Total variable costs Costs that vary with the level of output. TVC Total cost The total economic cost of all the inputs used by a firm in production. TC = TFC + TVC Average fixed costs Fixed costs per unit of output. AFC = TFC/q Average variable costs Variable costs per unit of output. AVC = TVC/q Average total costs Total costs per unit of output. ATC = TC/q ATC = AFC + AVC Marginal costs The increase in total cost that results from producing 1 additional unit of output. MC = ∆TC/∆q
25.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 25 of 32 Costs in the Short Run Short-Run Costs: A Review Average and Marginal Costs at a College Costs in Dollars Students Total Fixed Cost Total Variable Cost Total Cost Average Total Cost 500 $60 million $ 20 million $ 80 million $160,000 1,000 60 million 40 million 100 million 100,000 1,500 60 million 60 million 120 million 80.000 2,000 60 million 80 million 140 million 70,000 2,500 60 million 100 million 60 million 60,000
26.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 26 of 32 Output Decisions: Revenues, Costs, and Profit Maximization perfect competition An industry structure in which there are many firms, each small relative to the industry, producing virtually identical products and in which no firm is large enough to have any control over prices. In perfectly competitive industries, new competitors can freely enter and exit the market. homogeneous products Undifferentiated products; products that are identical to, or indistinguishable from, one another. Perfect Competition
27.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 27 of 32 Output Decisions: Revenues, Costs, and Profit Maximization Perfect Competition FIGURE 8.9 Demand Facing a Single Firm In a Perfectly Competitive Market If a representative firm in a perfectly competitive market raises the price of its output above $2.45, the quantity demanded of that firm’s output will drop to zero. Each firm faces a perfectly elastic demand curve, d.
28.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 28 of 32 Output Decisions: Revenues, Costs, and Profit Maximization Total Revenue (TR) and Marginal Revenue (MR) P x qTR = = quantityxpricerevenuetotal total revenue (TR) The total amount that a firm takes in from the sale of its product: the price per unit times the quantity of output the firm decides to produce (P x q). marginal revenue (MR) The additional revenue that a firm takes in when it increases output by one additional unit. In perfect competition, P = MR.
29.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 29 of 32 Output Decisions: Revenues, Costs, and Profit Maximization Comparing Costs and Revenues to Maximize Profit FIGURE 8.10 The Profit-Maximizing Level of Output for a Perfectly Competitive Firm If price is above marginal cost, as it is at 100 and 250 units of output, profits can be increased by raising output; each additional unit increases revenues by more than it costs to produce the additional output. Beyond q* = 300, however, added output will reduce profits. At 340 units of output, an additional unit of output costs more to produce than it will bring in revenue when sold on the market. Profit-maximizing output is thus q*, the point at which P* = MC. The Profit-Maximizing Level of Output
30.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 30 of 32 Output Decisions: Revenues, Costs, and Profit Maximization Comparing Costs and Revenues to Maximize Profit The Profit-Maximizing Level of Output As long as marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost, even though the difference between the two is getting smaller, added output means added profit. Whenever marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost, the revenue gained by increasing output by 1 unit per period exceeds the cost incurred by doing so. The profit-maximizing perfectly competitive firm will produce up to the point where the price of its output is just equal to short-run marginal cost—the level of output at which P* = MC. The profit-maximizing output level for all firms is the output level where MR = MC.
31.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 31 of 32 Output Decisions: Revenues, Costs, and Profit Maximization Comparing Costs and Revenues to Maximize Profit A Numerical Example TABLE 8.6 Profit Analysis for a Simple Firm (1) q (2) TFC (3) TVC (4) MC (5) P = MR (6) TR (P x q) (7) TC (TFC + TVC) (8) PROFIT (TR − TC) 0 $ 10 $ 0 $ − $ 15 $ 0 $ 10 $ -10 1 10 10 10 15 15 20 -5 2 10 15 5 15 30 25 5 3 10 20 5 15 45 30 15 4 10 30 10 15 60 40 20 5 10 50 20 15 75 60 15 6 10 80 30 15 90 90 0
32.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 32 of 32 Output Decisions: Revenues, Costs, and Profit Maximization Comparing Costs and Revenues to Maximize Profit A Numerical Example Case Study in Marginal Analysis: An Ice Cream Parlor An analysis of fixed costs, variable costs, revenues, profits, and opening longer hours were used by this ice cream parlor to determine whether to stay in business.
33.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 33 of 32 Output Decisions: Revenues, Costs, and Profit Maximization The Short-Run Supply Curve FIGURE 8.11 Marginal Cost Is the Supply Curve of a Perfectly Competitive Firm At any market price,a the marginal cost curve shows the output level that maximizes profit. Thus, the marginal cost curve of a perfectly competitive profit-maximizing firm is the firm’s short-run supply curve. a This is true except when price is so low that it pays a firm to shut down—a point that will be discussed in Chapter 9.
34.
CHAShort-RunCostsa © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 34 of 32 average fixed cost (AFC) average total cost (ATC) average variable cost (AVC) fixed cost homogeneous product marginal cost (MC) marginal revenue (MR) perfect competition spreading overhead total cost (TC) total fixed costs (TFC) or overhead total revenue (TR) total variable cost (TVC) total variable cost curve variable cost 1. TC = TFC + TVC 2. AFC = TFC/q 3. Slope of TVC = MC 4. AVC = TVC/q 5. ATC = TC/q = AFC + AVC 6. TR = P x q 7. Profit-maximizing level of output for all firms: MR = MC 8. Profit-maximizing level of output for perfectly competitive firms: P = MC REVIEW TERMS AND CONCEPTS
Download now