This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in urban areas and large cities. It finds that:
1) Incidence rates of TB are significantly higher in metropolitan areas like Milan, which notifies 40% of regional cases and 9% of national cases.
2) TB affects younger foreign populations more so than older Italian populations. The highest number of foreign TB cases come from Africa, Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe.
3) Targeted screening and treatment programs, along with infection control measures, are needed in high-risk urban groups and settings like homeless shelters and prisons to help control the spread of TB in cities.
Data driven comparison of the covid-19 progression in france - v201231Mohamed Bouanane
This study has showed that the hypothesis of the development of herd immunity is real and would be more important in the territories that were most severely affected in the first wave.
Globally, a slower progression of the Covid-19 in terms of hospitalizations, intensive care admissions and mortality during the second wave. This slow progression is believed to be due to several factors such as improved hospital treatment protocols which could have contributed to the reduction in mortality, or the possible decrease in the virulence of new strains of the SARS-Cov-2 virus.
1) Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections, affect around 2 million patients per year in the US, resulting in around 90,000 deaths at a cost of $4.5-5.7 billion annually.
2) The most common sites of nosocomial infections are the urinary tract, surgical sites, bloodstream, and lungs for those on ventilators.
3) Prevention strategies aim to reduce the use and duration of invasive devices like urinary catheters when possible, as well as following strict insertion and maintenance protocols to minimize infection risks for those with necessary devices.
This document discusses infections in immune-compromised hosts, including:
1) General principles of infections in this population, including potential etiologies, importance of early diagnosis, and challenges of treatment.
2) Specific sections covering infections in hematopoietic bone marrow transplant recipients, solid organ transplant recipients, HIV/AIDS patients, chemotherapy-induced neutropenic patients, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy.
3) Guidelines for evaluation, diagnosis, and management of infections in these high-risk groups. Prevention through prophylactic antibiotics, antivirals and antifungals is a major focus.
PPT Sandgren "Urban TB Control in the European Union"StopTb Italia
This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Andreas Sandgren on urban tuberculosis control in the European Union. It finds that tuberculosis patterns differ significantly between and within countries, with higher notification rates in many large cities. It also notes that tuberculosis disproportionately affects vulnerable groups who face social and economic disadvantages, with these populations experiencing the highest disease burden. The document concludes that reaching out to vulnerable populations in urban settings through intensified case finding and tailored interventions will be important for the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control to help eliminate tuberculosis in the European Union.
PPT Castelli "Dall'HIV all'AIDS fino alla coinfezione: una diagnosi difficile?"StopTb Italia
This document discusses the challenges of diagnosing HIV, AIDS, and co-infections. It notes that distinguishing between HIV infection, AIDS, and co-infections can be difficult. Point-of-care rapid tests have helped increase HIV testing, though they cannot identify acute HIV infections. The document emphasizes the importance of confirming positive rapid HIV tests with supplemental tests due to the potential for false positives in low prevalence populations.
PPT Bonora "Clinica e terapia dell'HIV"StopTb Italia
The document discusses the clinical management of HIV infection and lessons from anti-tuberculosis therapy. It notes that combination antiretroviral therapy is effective at suppressing HIV due to its ability to prevent the selection of drug-resistant strains, in contrast to less effective single-drug regimens. Over time, combination therapy has resulted in more HIV-infected individuals achieving sufficient immune recovery to approach the life expectancy of the general population. However, non-AIDS comorbidities have become more prevalent as the HIV-infected population ages.
Data driven comparison of the covid-19 progression in france - v201231Mohamed Bouanane
This study has showed that the hypothesis of the development of herd immunity is real and would be more important in the territories that were most severely affected in the first wave.
Globally, a slower progression of the Covid-19 in terms of hospitalizations, intensive care admissions and mortality during the second wave. This slow progression is believed to be due to several factors such as improved hospital treatment protocols which could have contributed to the reduction in mortality, or the possible decrease in the virulence of new strains of the SARS-Cov-2 virus.
1) Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections, affect around 2 million patients per year in the US, resulting in around 90,000 deaths at a cost of $4.5-5.7 billion annually.
2) The most common sites of nosocomial infections are the urinary tract, surgical sites, bloodstream, and lungs for those on ventilators.
3) Prevention strategies aim to reduce the use and duration of invasive devices like urinary catheters when possible, as well as following strict insertion and maintenance protocols to minimize infection risks for those with necessary devices.
This document discusses infections in immune-compromised hosts, including:
1) General principles of infections in this population, including potential etiologies, importance of early diagnosis, and challenges of treatment.
2) Specific sections covering infections in hematopoietic bone marrow transplant recipients, solid organ transplant recipients, HIV/AIDS patients, chemotherapy-induced neutropenic patients, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy.
3) Guidelines for evaluation, diagnosis, and management of infections in these high-risk groups. Prevention through prophylactic antibiotics, antivirals and antifungals is a major focus.
PPT Sandgren "Urban TB Control in the European Union"StopTb Italia
This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Andreas Sandgren on urban tuberculosis control in the European Union. It finds that tuberculosis patterns differ significantly between and within countries, with higher notification rates in many large cities. It also notes that tuberculosis disproportionately affects vulnerable groups who face social and economic disadvantages, with these populations experiencing the highest disease burden. The document concludes that reaching out to vulnerable populations in urban settings through intensified case finding and tailored interventions will be important for the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control to help eliminate tuberculosis in the European Union.
PPT Castelli "Dall'HIV all'AIDS fino alla coinfezione: una diagnosi difficile?"StopTb Italia
This document discusses the challenges of diagnosing HIV, AIDS, and co-infections. It notes that distinguishing between HIV infection, AIDS, and co-infections can be difficult. Point-of-care rapid tests have helped increase HIV testing, though they cannot identify acute HIV infections. The document emphasizes the importance of confirming positive rapid HIV tests with supplemental tests due to the potential for false positives in low prevalence populations.
PPT Bonora "Clinica e terapia dell'HIV"StopTb Italia
The document discusses the clinical management of HIV infection and lessons from anti-tuberculosis therapy. It notes that combination antiretroviral therapy is effective at suppressing HIV due to its ability to prevent the selection of drug-resistant strains, in contrast to less effective single-drug regimens. Over time, combination therapy has resulted in more HIV-infected individuals achieving sufficient immune recovery to approach the life expectancy of the general population. However, non-AIDS comorbidities have become more prevalent as the HIV-infected population ages.
This document summarizes information about tuberculosis (TB) in Italy and Europe in 2020. Some key points:
- In 2020, over 10 million people worldwide fell ill with TB and 1.5 million died from the disease. It is one of the top 10 causes of death globally.
- In Italy in 2020, there were 2,287 reported TB cases, down from 4,692 in 2010. The notification rate decreased from 8 cases per 100,000 people in 2010 to 3.8 cases per 100,000 in 2020.
- 55.7% of Italian TB cases in 2020 were in foreign-born individuals, up from 33% of cases in 2011. Monitoring TB rates in foreign-born populations
Counting children with TB - the role of modellingcheweb1
This document provides an overview of a presentation on counting children with tuberculosis (TB) through modeling. The presentation covers several topics: TB epidemiology globally and historically; the natural history of TB infection and disease; the impact of HIV on TB; estimating the burden of pediatric TB, drug-resistant TB, and latent TB infection in children through modeling; and modeling TB mortality in children. Figures and data are presented on various slides to illustrate concepts in TB transmission dynamics and the challenges in measuring disease burden in children.
Powepoint On Epidemiological INDICES OF TB
Suitable For Community Medicine Students - KUHS
KERALA MEDICAL BOARD
Prepared By A Student from
Mount Zion Medical College , Chayalode Adoor
This study aimed to provide an updated estimate of the global burden of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection. The researchers constructed trends in annual risk of TB infection for countries from 1934 to 2014, using data from LTBI surveys and estimates of smear-positive TB prevalence. They estimated that in 2014, approximately 1.7 billion people, or 23% of the global population, had a latent TB infection. The regions with the highest prevalence were South-East Asia, Western Pacific, and Africa, accounting for around 80% of cases. An estimated 55.5 million people had a recent infection and were at high risk of developing active TB disease, of which around 11% were isoniazid-resistant. Left unaddressed,
The document summarizes key points from a presentation on developing a Model of Care to address tuberculosis (TB) in London. It outlines three main aspects the model aims to improve: 1) detection and diagnosis of TB through raising awareness in high-risk communities and among healthcare workers, and piloting active/latent case finding; 2) coordinated commissioning of TB services; and 3) reducing variability in service provision across London. The model was developed through extensive stakeholder engagement to address increasing TB rates in London and risks of further fragmentation, unequal care, and drug-resistant TB without changes to the current system.
The document presents information on tuberculosis (TB) including its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical features, treatment guidelines, and nursing interventions. It provides data on the TB burden in Ethiopia and discusses the country's TB control strategies. The presentation aims to increase understanding of TB for health professionals.
"What Will It Take To Control TB?" Richard Chaisson, MDUWGlobalHealth
Dr. Richard Chaisson, Professor of Medicine, Epidemiology and International Health and Director of the Center for Tuberculosis Research at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore was the keynote Jan. 19 as part of the Washington Global Health Discovery Series. His talk was on ""What Will It Take To Control TB?"
TB and HIV epidemics are closely linked, with each exacerbating the other. People with HIV are at much higher risk of developing active TB disease. TB is also a leading cause of death among people with HIV. Integrated and collaborative efforts are needed globally using the "Three I's" approach of intensified TB case finding, isoniazid preventive therapy, and infection control to reduce the burden of TB among people living with HIV and HIV among TB patients.
This document discusses a study on factors predisposing to tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance in Londiani Sub County Hospital. It aims to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of TB patients, their knowledge of completing drug dosages, and the relationship between drug-resistant TB and other illnesses. The study justification is that TB remains a major global public health issue, with drug-resistant strains complicating treatment. The objectives are to describe TB patients and understand how knowledge and comorbidities influence drug resistance. The study will be limited to consenting patients at the hospital and provide practical and theoretical significance.
The document summarizes successes and challenges in rolling out antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low-income countries. Key successes include increasing ART access through lowered drug prices and expanded treatment guidelines by the WHO. However, challenges remain such as late treatment initiation leading to high mortality, low pediatric diagnosis rates, limited second-line treatment options, and loss to follow up. Ongoing efforts are needed to further scale up and improve ART programs.
Training on tuberculosis for counselors 2012Madhu Oswal
This document provides information about a training for tuberculosis (TB) helpline counselors conducted by MCF. It begins with details about the venue and dates of the training. It then discusses why a TB helpline is needed, providing statistics on the global and local burden of TB. The document covers topics like what TB is, its transmission, diagnosis, drug-resistant TB, clinical features, and risk factors. It aims to equip counselors with knowledge to address callers' queries about TB.
Poster presentation at the AIDS 2018 conference in Amsterdam.
By: Marieke J. van der Werf and Csaba Ködmön, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, ECDC.
The document discusses integrated strategies for dengue prevention and control. It outlines the global impact of dengue virus, with 50 million cases each year in over 100 endemic countries. A multi-sectoral approach is needed involving social communication, epidemiological surveillance, entomology, patient care, and laboratories. Key strategies include reducing mosquito breeding sites, using insect repellents, treating patients, and conducting public education campaigns.
Population density and access to sanitation were positively correlated with COVID-19 cases in Mozambique. The number of cases showed a cubic relationship with population density and a quadratic relationship with access to sanitation. While higher population density intuitively increases transmission, the relationship between more sanitation access and more cases was likely due to busier areas having both better sanitation and easier transmission, rather than sanitation itself increasing risk. The findings provide evidence on how these factors influenced COVID-19 spread in Mozambique.
1. Mycobacterial diseases, including tuberculosis, are caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. Tuberculosis infects over 1.5 billion people globally and causes millions of deaths each year.
2. Tuberculosis is transmitted through the air when people with active TB cough, sneeze, or speak. It most commonly affects the lungs but can spread throughout the body. Symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss.
3. Diagnosis involves examination of sputum samples for acid-fast bacteria under microscopy and culture. Chest x-rays also help with diagnosis but may appear normal in some groups like advanced HIV patients. Tuberculosis is treated with a combination of antibiotics over
This study aims to analyze risk factors associated with patients lost to follow up (LTFU) from tuberculosis (TB) treatment at Mulago National Referral Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. It will conduct a retrospective cohort study reviewing records of TB patients enrolled in directly observed treatment from January 2021 to January 2022. Sociodemographic factors, treatment program factors, and patient behavior will be evaluated using statistical analyses to identify independent predictors of LTFU and relationships between variables. Identifying reasons for LTFU could help improve TB treatment programs and reduce mortality and transmission in Uganda.
PPT Rizzardini "HAART, sostenibilità di un miracolo"StopTb Italia
This document discusses the sustainability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV/AIDS treatment. It begins by recounting the history of HAART from initial hope to "miracle" outcomes. However, it notes the global economic crisis challenges sustainability of healthcare systems. Charts show rising healthcare costs as a percentage of GDP in many nations by 2030 and 2050. Italy faces a large national debt and rising healthcare spending. The document questions if the HAART miracle can continue given these economic pressures and need to control costs.
This document summarizes information about tuberculosis (TB) in Italy and Europe in 2020. Some key points:
- In 2020, over 10 million people worldwide fell ill with TB and 1.5 million died from the disease. It is one of the top 10 causes of death globally.
- In Italy in 2020, there were 2,287 reported TB cases, down from 4,692 in 2010. The notification rate decreased from 8 cases per 100,000 people in 2010 to 3.8 cases per 100,000 in 2020.
- 55.7% of Italian TB cases in 2020 were in foreign-born individuals, up from 33% of cases in 2011. Monitoring TB rates in foreign-born populations
Counting children with TB - the role of modellingcheweb1
This document provides an overview of a presentation on counting children with tuberculosis (TB) through modeling. The presentation covers several topics: TB epidemiology globally and historically; the natural history of TB infection and disease; the impact of HIV on TB; estimating the burden of pediatric TB, drug-resistant TB, and latent TB infection in children through modeling; and modeling TB mortality in children. Figures and data are presented on various slides to illustrate concepts in TB transmission dynamics and the challenges in measuring disease burden in children.
Powepoint On Epidemiological INDICES OF TB
Suitable For Community Medicine Students - KUHS
KERALA MEDICAL BOARD
Prepared By A Student from
Mount Zion Medical College , Chayalode Adoor
This study aimed to provide an updated estimate of the global burden of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection. The researchers constructed trends in annual risk of TB infection for countries from 1934 to 2014, using data from LTBI surveys and estimates of smear-positive TB prevalence. They estimated that in 2014, approximately 1.7 billion people, or 23% of the global population, had a latent TB infection. The regions with the highest prevalence were South-East Asia, Western Pacific, and Africa, accounting for around 80% of cases. An estimated 55.5 million people had a recent infection and were at high risk of developing active TB disease, of which around 11% were isoniazid-resistant. Left unaddressed,
The document summarizes key points from a presentation on developing a Model of Care to address tuberculosis (TB) in London. It outlines three main aspects the model aims to improve: 1) detection and diagnosis of TB through raising awareness in high-risk communities and among healthcare workers, and piloting active/latent case finding; 2) coordinated commissioning of TB services; and 3) reducing variability in service provision across London. The model was developed through extensive stakeholder engagement to address increasing TB rates in London and risks of further fragmentation, unequal care, and drug-resistant TB without changes to the current system.
The document presents information on tuberculosis (TB) including its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical features, treatment guidelines, and nursing interventions. It provides data on the TB burden in Ethiopia and discusses the country's TB control strategies. The presentation aims to increase understanding of TB for health professionals.
"What Will It Take To Control TB?" Richard Chaisson, MDUWGlobalHealth
Dr. Richard Chaisson, Professor of Medicine, Epidemiology and International Health and Director of the Center for Tuberculosis Research at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore was the keynote Jan. 19 as part of the Washington Global Health Discovery Series. His talk was on ""What Will It Take To Control TB?"
TB and HIV epidemics are closely linked, with each exacerbating the other. People with HIV are at much higher risk of developing active TB disease. TB is also a leading cause of death among people with HIV. Integrated and collaborative efforts are needed globally using the "Three I's" approach of intensified TB case finding, isoniazid preventive therapy, and infection control to reduce the burden of TB among people living with HIV and HIV among TB patients.
This document discusses a study on factors predisposing to tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance in Londiani Sub County Hospital. It aims to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of TB patients, their knowledge of completing drug dosages, and the relationship between drug-resistant TB and other illnesses. The study justification is that TB remains a major global public health issue, with drug-resistant strains complicating treatment. The objectives are to describe TB patients and understand how knowledge and comorbidities influence drug resistance. The study will be limited to consenting patients at the hospital and provide practical and theoretical significance.
The document summarizes successes and challenges in rolling out antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low-income countries. Key successes include increasing ART access through lowered drug prices and expanded treatment guidelines by the WHO. However, challenges remain such as late treatment initiation leading to high mortality, low pediatric diagnosis rates, limited second-line treatment options, and loss to follow up. Ongoing efforts are needed to further scale up and improve ART programs.
Training on tuberculosis for counselors 2012Madhu Oswal
This document provides information about a training for tuberculosis (TB) helpline counselors conducted by MCF. It begins with details about the venue and dates of the training. It then discusses why a TB helpline is needed, providing statistics on the global and local burden of TB. The document covers topics like what TB is, its transmission, diagnosis, drug-resistant TB, clinical features, and risk factors. It aims to equip counselors with knowledge to address callers' queries about TB.
Poster presentation at the AIDS 2018 conference in Amsterdam.
By: Marieke J. van der Werf and Csaba Ködmön, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, ECDC.
The document discusses integrated strategies for dengue prevention and control. It outlines the global impact of dengue virus, with 50 million cases each year in over 100 endemic countries. A multi-sectoral approach is needed involving social communication, epidemiological surveillance, entomology, patient care, and laboratories. Key strategies include reducing mosquito breeding sites, using insect repellents, treating patients, and conducting public education campaigns.
Population density and access to sanitation were positively correlated with COVID-19 cases in Mozambique. The number of cases showed a cubic relationship with population density and a quadratic relationship with access to sanitation. While higher population density intuitively increases transmission, the relationship between more sanitation access and more cases was likely due to busier areas having both better sanitation and easier transmission, rather than sanitation itself increasing risk. The findings provide evidence on how these factors influenced COVID-19 spread in Mozambique.
1. Mycobacterial diseases, including tuberculosis, are caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. Tuberculosis infects over 1.5 billion people globally and causes millions of deaths each year.
2. Tuberculosis is transmitted through the air when people with active TB cough, sneeze, or speak. It most commonly affects the lungs but can spread throughout the body. Symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss.
3. Diagnosis involves examination of sputum samples for acid-fast bacteria under microscopy and culture. Chest x-rays also help with diagnosis but may appear normal in some groups like advanced HIV patients. Tuberculosis is treated with a combination of antibiotics over
This study aims to analyze risk factors associated with patients lost to follow up (LTFU) from tuberculosis (TB) treatment at Mulago National Referral Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. It will conduct a retrospective cohort study reviewing records of TB patients enrolled in directly observed treatment from January 2021 to January 2022. Sociodemographic factors, treatment program factors, and patient behavior will be evaluated using statistical analyses to identify independent predictors of LTFU and relationships between variables. Identifying reasons for LTFU could help improve TB treatment programs and reduce mortality and transmission in Uganda.
PPT Rizzardini "HAART, sostenibilità di un miracolo"StopTb Italia
This document discusses the sustainability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV/AIDS treatment. It begins by recounting the history of HAART from initial hope to "miracle" outcomes. However, it notes the global economic crisis challenges sustainability of healthcare systems. Charts show rising healthcare costs as a percentage of GDP in many nations by 2030 and 2050. Italy faces a large national debt and rising healthcare spending. The document questions if the HAART miracle can continue given these economic pressures and need to control costs.
PPT Rusconi "Le multiresistenze dell'HIV/AIDS"StopTb Italia
This document discusses HIV drug resistance and multiresistance. It notes that the emergence of resistance is an inevitable consequence of incomplete viral suppression by antiretroviral drugs. Resistance can develop through the selection of pre-existing mutations under drug pressure or the generation of new mutations over time. The level of resistance depends on factors like the genetic barrier of the drugs. Long-term failing treatment can lead to the accumulation of multiple resistance mutations. Data is presented on increasing resistance prevalence correlated with higher viral loads. Resistance testing is important to identify mutations and guide treatment choices.
PPT Concia "Localizzazioni extrapolmonari nella coinfezione"StopTb Italia
This document discusses various sites of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. It begins by listing common sites of extrapulmonary TB, with percentages of extrapulmonary cases that occur at each site. The most common sites are pleura (20-25%), lymphatics (20-40%), and genitourinary (5-18%). It then discusses specific forms of extrapulmonary TB including tuberculosis of the central nervous system, bones/joints, skin, and other organ systems. Risk factors for developing extrapulmonary TB are also mentioned.
This document summarizes a presentation on immunological testing for tuberculosis (TB) and HIV co-infection. It discusses the clinical utility of interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) for detecting latent TB infection (LTBI) in HIV-infected individuals. While IGRAs perform similarly to the tuberculin skin test (TST) in identifying those who could benefit from LTBI treatment, important questions remain about their use in HIV-positive populations with different CD4 counts. The document also examines the diagnostic value of IGRAs for active TB, finding no evidence they are more sensitive than the TST, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
PPT Bocchino "Diagnosi dell'infezione tubercolare"StopTb Italia
This document summarizes guidelines for diagnosing tuberculosis infection. It discusses the characteristics and performance of interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) like QFT-IT and T-SPOT compared to the tuberculin skin test (TST). While IGRAs generally have higher specificity than TST, their sensitivity can be reduced in high prevalence settings. Factors like BCG vaccination, repeated exposures, and immunocompromise can affect test performance. Guidelines provide recommendations on using IGRAs and TST depending on the clinical setting and population. Further research is still needed to optimize IGRA testing methods and better predict which individuals will develop active tuberculosis.
PPT Angarano "Storia naturale dell'HIV"StopTb Italia
The document summarizes the natural history of HIV/AIDS, beginning with its identification and description in 1981. It describes how HIV attacks and destroys CD4+ T cells, ultimately overwhelming the immune system. As the immune system is compromised, victims develop secondary infections and diseases that they are no longer able to fight off, leading to AIDS and death if left untreated. The introduction of antiretroviral therapy in the 1990s was able to control viral replication and boost CD4+ counts, reducing AIDS-related illnesses and death rates dramatically. However, even with treatment, chronic inflammation persists and contributes to accelerated aging effects and non-AIDS comorbidities over time.
The document discusses the genetic epidemiology of tuberculosis. It summarizes that analysis of TB epidemics in Europe from the 18th-19th centuries found mortality rates of up to 2% per year without chemotherapy. There was an initial spike in cases over the first 50-100 years, followed by a slow decline over the next 200-250 years. This supports the hypothesis that the initial phase eliminated the most susceptible 20% of the population.
The document summarizes epidemiological data on tuberculosis (TB) in Italy and globally. It notes that the TB notification rate in Italy decreased by 7.7% from 2007 to 2012. In 2012, 58.3% of Italian TB cases were in foreign-born individuals and the rate of multi-drug resistant TB was 3%. Globally in 2012, there were an estimated 8.6 million incident TB cases and 1.3 million deaths, with South-East Asia and Africa accounting for most cases and deaths. Major ongoing challenges include TB/HIV co-infection, multi-drug resistant TB, and improving detection of "missing" TB cases.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
PPT Codecasa "Urban TB control"
1. La TB nelle aree metropolitane
L.R. Codecasa, M. Ferrarese
Centro Regionale di Riferimento per il controllo della
TBC
Istituto Villa Marelli. AO Niguarda, Milano
2. The winter of our discontempt….
(W. Shakespeare, Richard III)
3. TBC nelle grandi città europee
50
Casi
x
100000
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Londra Milano Rotterdam Barcellona Parigi
4. Trend incidenza TBC e media 2000 - 2010
25 Milano Lombardia Italia
Casi
x
100.000
20 19,1
15
10 10,1
5 7,5
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Incidenza nazionale stabile ma con:
• Differenze territoriali rilevanti
• Valori significativamente più elevati nelle aree metropolitane (ASL Milano, notifica il
40% dei casi regionali e il 9% dei casi nazionali di TBC)
5. Numero
casi
TBC
per
fascia
d’età
e
nazionalità
-‐
2010
Negli
italiani
la
TBC
colpisce
sopra2u2o
gli
anziani,
negli
stranieri
l’età
giovane
–
adulta
con
picco
nella
fascia
30
–
39
anni
6. TBC
in
stranieri
Area di
provenienza
15%
Casi TBC dal Sud 27%
America
- Quota ++ in
rapporto ai residenti -
- Quota femmine + 25%
dei maschi
31%
maschi
femmine
7. RischioTBC
in
stranieri:
10
nazionalità
più
frequen@
a
confronto
con
le
presenze
sul
territorio
* Paesi di origine ad elevata incidenza TBC (≥ 100 casi x
8. " Il numero dei casi anno è il 5%
dei casi totali segnalati
" In media ogni mese viene segnalato 1 caso che
frequenta collettività scolastiche
" La proporzione di bambini stranieri è simile a
quella dei casi adulti
L’andamento della TBC nei bambini non preoccupa, ma esistono nella
popolazione i fattori di rischio per lo sviluppo di micro-epidemie nelle
comunità infantili
9. POLMONITE
BILATERALE?
" Perù,
13
anni
" Calo
ponderale
15
kg,
febbre,
tosse.
" RichiesO
anOcorpi
anOgliadina!
" QuanOferon
+
" Inviata
per
profilassi
con
isoniazide
" Esame
dire2o
posiOvo
per
BAAR+++
11. Le Regioni che hanno attivato la sorveglianza ed hanno inviato informazioni sugli esiti sono state Emilia-Romagna, Friuli Venezia
Giulia, Lombardia, Marche, Piemonte, Toscana e Veneto, Regioni che rappresentavano il 71% dei casi di TBC notificati a livello
nazionale nel 2007
Sono pervenute
informazioni sugli esiti
di 1.818 casi di TBC
polmonare su 2.107.
Esiti di trattamento TBC
per pervenuti per Regione
Anno 2007
D.G. Prevenzione Sanitaria
Ufficio Malattie Infettive e
Fonte: La tubercolosi in Italia. Rapporto 2008 – www.salute.gov.it Profilassi Internazionale
12. Esi@
della
terapia
casi
di
TBC
2009
Non
pervenuto Sfavorevole Favorevole
Cause
esito
sfavorevole
7,4 Perso
al
follow
up
(43%)
19,3
Trasferito
17
%
Decesso
17
%
Interro2o
15%
73,3 Fallimento/altro
8%
Obiettivo OMS: trattare con successo 85% dei casi
Differenze significative degli esiti della terapia tra centri ospedalieri:
Villa Marelli tratta con successo oltre il 90% dei malati
13.
14.
15. There is an increased drive to use awareness as a measure for TB control and to
improve the lack of knowledge, also in EU countries [55]. Mass TB awareness
campaigns in general population may not be effective [56], but early suspicion is
more likely when knowledge about TB among is increased in the exposed
population, high-risk groups, staff working with high-risk groups and health care
professionals
16. Infection control in community settings and big cities
Infection control (IC) is an essential component of TB control and prevention, including
WHO´s updated Stop TB strategy and the EU Standards of TB Care [65-73].
Shortcomings in IC were major contributors to nosocomial outbreaks [74-76], even in
European TB reference. Poor ventilation and overcrowding have been drivers of TB
transmission in congregate settings such as homeless shelters, prisons and drug
consumption houses [78-80]. General IC principles for health care settings, described
in detail elsewhere [74, 81], can benefit these specific congregate venues. However,
engeneering control activities may be difficult to implement in existing buildings and
other measures, such as personal protective equipment for employees, cannot be
expected. New interest in IC has been awakened by the emergence of multi-drug
resistant (MDR) and extensively-drug resistant (XDR) TB
17. Active case finding among urban high-risk groups should be complemented by tailored
opportunities for completion of the diagnostic process and treatment, e.g. through low-
threshold public health "One-Stop-TB-Shops" with sufficient nursing, social and community
health care worker staff, clinical follow-up or admission to general hospitals or modern-day
sanatoria, adequate legal frameworks for social support and protection and ensuring
knowledge about and facilitating access to health care services. Contact-tracing may not be
feasible or effective amongst all urban risk groups, but can be in specific populations, e.g.
household or professional contacts [4, 12]. Indiscriminate radiographic screening of
immigrants is described as inefficient and not cost-effective [9, 69, 98, 101, 103]. However,
some interventions may be highly effective or cost-effective when targeted at specific urban
high-risk groups, e.g. homeless persons and prisoners
18.
19.
20. The contribution of DNA fingerprinting to the epidemiological standard data in the
context of urban TB control have been described elsewhere, with an extensive list of
references [142]. Briefly, molecular indications for epidemiological links and
identification of risk factors for transmission are crucial for understanding the specific
epidemiology of TB in big cities, allowing the detection of risk groups and informing
(targeted) public health interventions [12, 19]. Since the 1990's DNA fingerprinting
revealed that a considerable proportion of TB in low-incidence countries was caused
by recent transmission (including reinfection), in particular in urban areas, and not
due to late reactivation of infections acquired domestically or infections acquired
abroad. Molecular epidemiological studies identified factors for a higher risk of
clustering, reflecting the risk of infection, such as alcohol abuse, intravenous drug use
(IDU), homelessness, or ethniticy [142]. They also confirmed high-risk sites for TB
transmission in big cities, e.g. congregate settings such as shelters for homeless
persons or prisons. Not sure this is the best way to phrase this but I was trying to put
here what is in the reco : that molecular tools complement the surveillance data