The document contains information about Akshay Sir who teaches subjects related to Indian economy and sociology. It provides his educational qualifications and experience of over 3 years in teaching subjects like GS economics, sociology optional, and clearing UGC NET exam thrice in sociology. The document also contains detailed information about functions and monetary policy tools of Reserve Bank of India including CRR, SLR, repo rate, reverse repo rate, LAF operations, and other qualitative methods used by RBI to control money supply and credit.
What is RBI, Structure of RBI, Function of RBI(Traditional/Promotional/Supervisory), Economic Policies, Monetary Policies, CRR, SLR, RRR, LAF, MSF, OMOS
The document discusses money, banking, and government budgets. It defines money and its key functions as a medium of exchange, measure of value, store of value, and standard for deferred payments. It describes different measures of money supply and the role of commercial and central banks. It also explains how commercial banks create credit and how central banks control money supply through various quantitative and qualitative methods. Finally, it outlines the components, receipts, expenditures, and types of deficits in government budgets.
This document discusses various aspects of banking in India including the key regulatory bodies and acts that govern banking. It provides an overview of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as the central bank that regulates monetary policy and the banking system. Some of the main tools of monetary policy discussed are bank rate, cash reserve ratio (CRR), statutory liquidity ratio (SLR), open market operations (OMOs), and the liquidity adjustment facility (LAF). The document also briefly mentions the money market in India, specifically the call money market.
The document provides information on credit creation and credit control methods used by central banks like the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). It discusses that credit control is a tool used by central banks under monetary policy. The goals of credit control include stabilizing prices, production, employment and exchange rates. It then explains the process of credit creation through commercial bank lending and the expansion of the money supply. The document outlines various quantitative and qualitative methods used by RBI for credit control, including bank rate, reserve requirements, open market operations, and moral persuasion.
Just sharing my efforts makes me feel happy and self-satisfied. Feel free to use my works as your project work at school.
Contact me at @ashmitg132@gmail.com
The Reserve Bank of India lowered its benchmark repo rate by 25 basis points to 5.75% to boost economic growth amid a slowdown. This was the third consecutive rate cut by the RBI in 2019 and changed its policy stance to accommodative from neutral. The rate cut comes as India's GDP growth forecast was reduced to 7% for fiscal year 2020 due to weaker investment and consumption growth. Inflation projections were also increased slightly but price stability remains a key objective along with supporting growth. Other measures announced included waiving digital transaction fees and setting up panels to review ATM charges and small finance bank licensing.
This document provides a capsule for the upcoming IBPS RRB exams, focusing on important topics like current affairs, banking awareness, and static general knowledge. It begins with an introduction and overview of the sections included.
It then analyzes the expected question pattern and distribution for the general awareness section based on previous years' exams. The majority of the questions are expected to cover topics like banking awareness, current affairs, national and international events, the Indian economy, and sports.
The document proceeds to provide detailed content on important banking topics like the structure of the Indian banking system, the roles and functions of the Reserve Bank of India, types of bank accounts and interest rates, non-banking financial companies, and foreign exchange
This document provides an introduction to monetary policy in India. It defines monetary policy as policies formulated by the Reserve Bank of India to manage economic growth and inflation through controlling the money supply, interest rates, and money availability. The key objectives of India's monetary policy are to accelerate economic growth, control inflation, achieve stability in the external rupee, and promote savings and investment. The Reserve Bank of India uses various tools and rates to implement monetary policy, including the bank rate, repo rate, reverse repo rate, cash reserve ratio, and statutory liquidity ratio.
What is RBI, Structure of RBI, Function of RBI(Traditional/Promotional/Supervisory), Economic Policies, Monetary Policies, CRR, SLR, RRR, LAF, MSF, OMOS
The document discusses money, banking, and government budgets. It defines money and its key functions as a medium of exchange, measure of value, store of value, and standard for deferred payments. It describes different measures of money supply and the role of commercial and central banks. It also explains how commercial banks create credit and how central banks control money supply through various quantitative and qualitative methods. Finally, it outlines the components, receipts, expenditures, and types of deficits in government budgets.
This document discusses various aspects of banking in India including the key regulatory bodies and acts that govern banking. It provides an overview of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as the central bank that regulates monetary policy and the banking system. Some of the main tools of monetary policy discussed are bank rate, cash reserve ratio (CRR), statutory liquidity ratio (SLR), open market operations (OMOs), and the liquidity adjustment facility (LAF). The document also briefly mentions the money market in India, specifically the call money market.
The document provides information on credit creation and credit control methods used by central banks like the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). It discusses that credit control is a tool used by central banks under monetary policy. The goals of credit control include stabilizing prices, production, employment and exchange rates. It then explains the process of credit creation through commercial bank lending and the expansion of the money supply. The document outlines various quantitative and qualitative methods used by RBI for credit control, including bank rate, reserve requirements, open market operations, and moral persuasion.
Just sharing my efforts makes me feel happy and self-satisfied. Feel free to use my works as your project work at school.
Contact me at @ashmitg132@gmail.com
The Reserve Bank of India lowered its benchmark repo rate by 25 basis points to 5.75% to boost economic growth amid a slowdown. This was the third consecutive rate cut by the RBI in 2019 and changed its policy stance to accommodative from neutral. The rate cut comes as India's GDP growth forecast was reduced to 7% for fiscal year 2020 due to weaker investment and consumption growth. Inflation projections were also increased slightly but price stability remains a key objective along with supporting growth. Other measures announced included waiving digital transaction fees and setting up panels to review ATM charges and small finance bank licensing.
This document provides a capsule for the upcoming IBPS RRB exams, focusing on important topics like current affairs, banking awareness, and static general knowledge. It begins with an introduction and overview of the sections included.
It then analyzes the expected question pattern and distribution for the general awareness section based on previous years' exams. The majority of the questions are expected to cover topics like banking awareness, current affairs, national and international events, the Indian economy, and sports.
The document proceeds to provide detailed content on important banking topics like the structure of the Indian banking system, the roles and functions of the Reserve Bank of India, types of bank accounts and interest rates, non-banking financial companies, and foreign exchange
This document provides an introduction to monetary policy in India. It defines monetary policy as policies formulated by the Reserve Bank of India to manage economic growth and inflation through controlling the money supply, interest rates, and money availability. The key objectives of India's monetary policy are to accelerate economic growth, control inflation, achieve stability in the external rupee, and promote savings and investment. The Reserve Bank of India uses various tools and rates to implement monetary policy, including the bank rate, repo rate, reverse repo rate, cash reserve ratio, and statutory liquidity ratio.
This document provides information on various key terms related to financial inclusion and interest rates in India. It defines financial inclusion as ensuring access to appropriate financial products and services for all sections of society, especially vulnerable groups, at an affordable cost. It discusses the Reserve Bank of India's role in promoting financial inclusion through various initiatives like no-frills accounts, business correspondent models, and financial literacy programs. The document also explains terms like repo rate, reverse repo rate, cash reserve ratio, statutory liquidity ratio, base rate, and call rates which are tools used by RBI to regulate monetary policy and liquidity in the banking system.
The document discusses credit control methods used by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the role of RBI. It outlines both quantitative and qualitative credit control methods used by RBI, including bank rate, open market operations, cash reserve ratio, statutory liquidity ratio, margin requirements, moral suasion, direct action, and rationing of credit. It then describes several key roles of RBI, such as being the sole issuer of currency notes, banker to the government, banker's bank, custodian of foreign currency reserves, lender of last resort, monetary authority, and credit controller. The document also provides an overview of RBI's monetary policy and how it can be expansionary or contractionary.
1) Money was introduced to solve problems with barter systems like the "double coincidence of wants". Money acts as a medium of exchange, store of value, and standard for deferred payments.
2) Money supply refers to the total quantity of money in circulation and includes components like currency, demand deposits, and other deposits. It is classified into narrow (M1) and broad money (M2, M3, M4).
3) Commercial banks create money through the process of credit creation, lending out a multiple of the initial deposits based on required reserve ratios. They accept deposits and extend loans to earn profits.
This document discusses India's monetary policy. It defines monetary policy as the steps taken by the Reserve Bank of India to regulate the supply and cost of money. It influences money supply, interest rates, and money availability. The key objectives of monetary policy are to ensure price stability, economic growth, and employment. The RBI pursues both contractionary and expansionary monetary policy using tools like open market operations, bank rate, cash reserve ratio, and statutory liquidity ratio to influence money supply. The recent changes to India's monetary policy include a multiple indicator approach and linking banking to rural self-help groups.
The document provides information on the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which is India's central bank. It details that the RBI was established in 1935 and nationalized after independence. The document outlines the RBI's objectives such as managing monetary policy, maintaining price stability, and facilitating agriculture and industrial finance. It also describes the RBI's roles like being the sole issuer of currency, acting as the banker and debt manager to the government, regulating other banks, and using tools like open market operations to control money supply and credit.
The document discusses the monetary policy tools used by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to control money supply in the economy. It outlines both quantitative and qualitative instruments. Quantitative tools include open market operations, liquidity adjustment facilities like repo and reverse repo rates, marginal standing facilities, reserve ratios like SLR and CRR. Qualitative tools include credit rationing, selective credit control, margin requirements, and moral suasion. The Monetary Policy Committee headed by the RBI Governor is responsible for fixing benchmark interest rates in India according to its mandate outlined in the RBI Act.
The document provides information about the Reserve Bank of India (RBI):
- It establishes RBI was founded in 1935 and nationalized in 1949. RBI has 20 board members including the governor and 4 deputy governors.
- RBI's key functions include being the sole issuer of banknotes, banker to the government, lender of last resort, controller of credit and money markets, and custodian of foreign exchange reserves.
- RBI uses quantitative tools like CRR, SLR, open market operations and qualitative tools like credit ceilings to implement monetary policy and influence the money supply. Its goal is to maintain price stability and economic growth.
The document provides an overview of two key Indian monetary policy terms: the repo rate and statutory liquidity ratio (SLR). The repo rate is the interest rate at which commercial banks borrow funds from the Reserve Bank of India. A reduction in the repo rate will allow banks to borrow funds at a cheaper rate. The SLR is the minimum amount of funds that commercial banks must hold in government approved securities. The SLR is set by the RBI and helps control the expansion of bank credit. The SLR has recently been reduced by 100 basis points to 24% of deposits, freeing up more cash for banks to lend.
The document provides an overview of two key Indian monetary policy terms: the repo rate and statutory liquidity ratio (SLR). The repo rate is the interest rate at which commercial banks borrow funds from the Reserve Bank of India. A reduction in the repo rate will allow banks to borrow funds at a cheaper rate. The SLR is the minimum amount of funds that commercial banks must hold in government approved securities. The SLR is set by the RBI and helps control the expansion of bank credit. The SLR has recently been reduced by 100 basis points to 24% of deposits, freeing up more cash for banks to lend.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of India that monitors and implements monetary policy. It acts as a banker to the government and other banks, manages government securities, controls money supply and credit in the economy, regulates foreign exchange, and publishes important economic data. RBI also plays a promotional role in developing the banking and financial system.
The central bank of a country is responsible for controlling the money supply and formulation of monetary policy. It acts as a bank for both the government and commercial banks. Some key functions of central banks include having the sole right of currency issuance, providing loans to the government and acting as the lender of last resort for commercial banks. Central banks use various quantitative and qualitative methods to control the credit in the economy and influence monetary conditions. These include tools like adjusting the bank rate, open market operations, changing reserve requirements, and using moral suasion to guide commercial bank lending.
The document discusses the role and functions of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as the central bank of India. It outlines that the RBI regulates the financial sector, acts as a banker to the government and other banks, issues currency, controls money supply and credit, regulates foreign exchange, and works to promote economic development. The RBI fulfills various roles including monetary authority, regulator of the economy, controller of the banking system, and manager of payment systems. It uses tools like interest rates, cash reserve ratios, and open market operations to achieve its goals of maintaining price stability and economic growth.
This document provides a summary of key banking concepts and terms. It begins by outlining the primary functions of banks, including accepting deposits through savings accounts, fixed deposits, current accounts, and recurring deposits. It also discusses granting loans and advances through cash credits, bank overdrafts, and discounting bills. The document then lists some secondary functions of banks like funds transfer, cheque collection, and locker facilities. It provides an overview of the Reserve Bank of India and its roles and responsibilities. It concludes by defining several important financial terms used in banking like APR, ABS, EPS, RTGS, NEFT, CAR, NPA, and others.
This document provides an overview of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), including its history, functions, monetary policy tools, and credit controls. It establishes that the RBI was established in 1935 and nationalized in 1949. It acts as the central bank, banker to the government, lender of last resort, and controller of money supply and credit in India through various monetary policy tools like bank rate, cash reserve ratio, and open market operations.
The document discusses key aspects of India's financial system, including the formal and informal sectors, various financial markets and instruments. It provides details on money markets, participants in call money, commercial bill, treasury bill, certificate of deposit and commercial paper markets. It also explains key monetary policy tools such as bank rate, cash reserve ratio, statutory liquidity ratio, repo rate and reverse repo rate.
Financial intermediaries connect borrowers and lenders by accepting funds from lenders and loaning them to borrowers. They perform maturity transformation, risk transformation, and convenience denomination. Major types of financial intermediaries in India include commercial banks, the Reserve Bank of India, savings banks, life and general insurance companies, investment companies, trusts, and government lending institutions like NHB. Commercial banks promote capital formation, investment, and development. The RBI acts as the central bank that regulates other banks and implements monetary policy.
This document provides an overview of monetary policy in India. It discusses the objectives of monetary policy as rapid economic growth, price stability, exchange rate stability, balance of payments equilibrium, and full employment. It describes various monetary measures used by the Reserve Bank of India, including bank rate, cash reserve ratio, statutory liquidity ratio, open market operations, repo rate, and reverse repo rate. Selective credit control measures and limitations of monetary policy are also summarized.
The document discusses various monetary policy instruments used by the Reserve Bank of India to regulate money supply and credit conditions. It explains key tools like cash reserve ratio (CRR), statutory liquidity ratio (SLR), refinance facilities, open market operations (OMO), liquidity adjustment facility (LAF), market stabilization scheme (MSS), repo rate, reverse repo rate, and bank rate. It provides details on how these tools work and their impact on the economy, interest rates, exchange rates, inflation, and common people.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This document provides information on various key terms related to financial inclusion and interest rates in India. It defines financial inclusion as ensuring access to appropriate financial products and services for all sections of society, especially vulnerable groups, at an affordable cost. It discusses the Reserve Bank of India's role in promoting financial inclusion through various initiatives like no-frills accounts, business correspondent models, and financial literacy programs. The document also explains terms like repo rate, reverse repo rate, cash reserve ratio, statutory liquidity ratio, base rate, and call rates which are tools used by RBI to regulate monetary policy and liquidity in the banking system.
The document discusses credit control methods used by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the role of RBI. It outlines both quantitative and qualitative credit control methods used by RBI, including bank rate, open market operations, cash reserve ratio, statutory liquidity ratio, margin requirements, moral suasion, direct action, and rationing of credit. It then describes several key roles of RBI, such as being the sole issuer of currency notes, banker to the government, banker's bank, custodian of foreign currency reserves, lender of last resort, monetary authority, and credit controller. The document also provides an overview of RBI's monetary policy and how it can be expansionary or contractionary.
1) Money was introduced to solve problems with barter systems like the "double coincidence of wants". Money acts as a medium of exchange, store of value, and standard for deferred payments.
2) Money supply refers to the total quantity of money in circulation and includes components like currency, demand deposits, and other deposits. It is classified into narrow (M1) and broad money (M2, M3, M4).
3) Commercial banks create money through the process of credit creation, lending out a multiple of the initial deposits based on required reserve ratios. They accept deposits and extend loans to earn profits.
This document discusses India's monetary policy. It defines monetary policy as the steps taken by the Reserve Bank of India to regulate the supply and cost of money. It influences money supply, interest rates, and money availability. The key objectives of monetary policy are to ensure price stability, economic growth, and employment. The RBI pursues both contractionary and expansionary monetary policy using tools like open market operations, bank rate, cash reserve ratio, and statutory liquidity ratio to influence money supply. The recent changes to India's monetary policy include a multiple indicator approach and linking banking to rural self-help groups.
The document provides information on the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which is India's central bank. It details that the RBI was established in 1935 and nationalized after independence. The document outlines the RBI's objectives such as managing monetary policy, maintaining price stability, and facilitating agriculture and industrial finance. It also describes the RBI's roles like being the sole issuer of currency, acting as the banker and debt manager to the government, regulating other banks, and using tools like open market operations to control money supply and credit.
The document discusses the monetary policy tools used by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to control money supply in the economy. It outlines both quantitative and qualitative instruments. Quantitative tools include open market operations, liquidity adjustment facilities like repo and reverse repo rates, marginal standing facilities, reserve ratios like SLR and CRR. Qualitative tools include credit rationing, selective credit control, margin requirements, and moral suasion. The Monetary Policy Committee headed by the RBI Governor is responsible for fixing benchmark interest rates in India according to its mandate outlined in the RBI Act.
The document provides information about the Reserve Bank of India (RBI):
- It establishes RBI was founded in 1935 and nationalized in 1949. RBI has 20 board members including the governor and 4 deputy governors.
- RBI's key functions include being the sole issuer of banknotes, banker to the government, lender of last resort, controller of credit and money markets, and custodian of foreign exchange reserves.
- RBI uses quantitative tools like CRR, SLR, open market operations and qualitative tools like credit ceilings to implement monetary policy and influence the money supply. Its goal is to maintain price stability and economic growth.
The document provides an overview of two key Indian monetary policy terms: the repo rate and statutory liquidity ratio (SLR). The repo rate is the interest rate at which commercial banks borrow funds from the Reserve Bank of India. A reduction in the repo rate will allow banks to borrow funds at a cheaper rate. The SLR is the minimum amount of funds that commercial banks must hold in government approved securities. The SLR is set by the RBI and helps control the expansion of bank credit. The SLR has recently been reduced by 100 basis points to 24% of deposits, freeing up more cash for banks to lend.
The document provides an overview of two key Indian monetary policy terms: the repo rate and statutory liquidity ratio (SLR). The repo rate is the interest rate at which commercial banks borrow funds from the Reserve Bank of India. A reduction in the repo rate will allow banks to borrow funds at a cheaper rate. The SLR is the minimum amount of funds that commercial banks must hold in government approved securities. The SLR is set by the RBI and helps control the expansion of bank credit. The SLR has recently been reduced by 100 basis points to 24% of deposits, freeing up more cash for banks to lend.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of India that monitors and implements monetary policy. It acts as a banker to the government and other banks, manages government securities, controls money supply and credit in the economy, regulates foreign exchange, and publishes important economic data. RBI also plays a promotional role in developing the banking and financial system.
The central bank of a country is responsible for controlling the money supply and formulation of monetary policy. It acts as a bank for both the government and commercial banks. Some key functions of central banks include having the sole right of currency issuance, providing loans to the government and acting as the lender of last resort for commercial banks. Central banks use various quantitative and qualitative methods to control the credit in the economy and influence monetary conditions. These include tools like adjusting the bank rate, open market operations, changing reserve requirements, and using moral suasion to guide commercial bank lending.
The document discusses the role and functions of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as the central bank of India. It outlines that the RBI regulates the financial sector, acts as a banker to the government and other banks, issues currency, controls money supply and credit, regulates foreign exchange, and works to promote economic development. The RBI fulfills various roles including monetary authority, regulator of the economy, controller of the banking system, and manager of payment systems. It uses tools like interest rates, cash reserve ratios, and open market operations to achieve its goals of maintaining price stability and economic growth.
This document provides a summary of key banking concepts and terms. It begins by outlining the primary functions of banks, including accepting deposits through savings accounts, fixed deposits, current accounts, and recurring deposits. It also discusses granting loans and advances through cash credits, bank overdrafts, and discounting bills. The document then lists some secondary functions of banks like funds transfer, cheque collection, and locker facilities. It provides an overview of the Reserve Bank of India and its roles and responsibilities. It concludes by defining several important financial terms used in banking like APR, ABS, EPS, RTGS, NEFT, CAR, NPA, and others.
This document provides an overview of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), including its history, functions, monetary policy tools, and credit controls. It establishes that the RBI was established in 1935 and nationalized in 1949. It acts as the central bank, banker to the government, lender of last resort, and controller of money supply and credit in India through various monetary policy tools like bank rate, cash reserve ratio, and open market operations.
The document discusses key aspects of India's financial system, including the formal and informal sectors, various financial markets and instruments. It provides details on money markets, participants in call money, commercial bill, treasury bill, certificate of deposit and commercial paper markets. It also explains key monetary policy tools such as bank rate, cash reserve ratio, statutory liquidity ratio, repo rate and reverse repo rate.
Financial intermediaries connect borrowers and lenders by accepting funds from lenders and loaning them to borrowers. They perform maturity transformation, risk transformation, and convenience denomination. Major types of financial intermediaries in India include commercial banks, the Reserve Bank of India, savings banks, life and general insurance companies, investment companies, trusts, and government lending institutions like NHB. Commercial banks promote capital formation, investment, and development. The RBI acts as the central bank that regulates other banks and implements monetary policy.
This document provides an overview of monetary policy in India. It discusses the objectives of monetary policy as rapid economic growth, price stability, exchange rate stability, balance of payments equilibrium, and full employment. It describes various monetary measures used by the Reserve Bank of India, including bank rate, cash reserve ratio, statutory liquidity ratio, open market operations, repo rate, and reverse repo rate. Selective credit control measures and limitations of monetary policy are also summarized.
The document discusses various monetary policy instruments used by the Reserve Bank of India to regulate money supply and credit conditions. It explains key tools like cash reserve ratio (CRR), statutory liquidity ratio (SLR), refinance facilities, open market operations (OMO), liquidity adjustment facility (LAF), market stabilization scheme (MSS), repo rate, reverse repo rate, and bank rate. It provides details on how these tools work and their impact on the economy, interest rates, exchange rates, inflation, and common people.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
5. UP GK अक्षय सर CODE – Y699
Mechanical
Engineer -Chitkara
School Of Engg.
& tech. Punjab
Masters of
sociology- Panjab
University ,
Chandigarh
1. UPSC mains 2017
2. HCS Prelims- 2021
3. Optional – Sociology
4. Ugc net cleared
thrice for assistant
professor in
sociology
Educator of
GS economic &
sociology option -3
years
7. UP GK अक्षय सर CODE – Y699
Function of RBI
Quantitative Method
Quantitative Method 1
RBI
8. UP GK अक्षय सर CODE – Y699
Function of RBI
Bank of issue – Issue of new currency, all notes except rupee one note and all coins are issued by the RBI.
Rupee 1 note and coins are issued by the ministry of finance but circulated by RBI.
To issue money RBI has to maintain a reserve of 200 Cr (115 Cr in Gold and 85 Cr in foreign Currency )
RBI also ensure that issue of new money does not lead to inflation.
Rupee 1 note is signed by finance secretary of india & other note by RBI Governor.
2. Banker & Debt manager to the govt – RBI act as banker to both central as well as state govt.
It carries out all the banking business of the govt and keep the cash of the govt
RBI also provides credit (loan) to the govt.
The govt borrow money by selling T- Bills (Treasury bill) for short term and G- sec/ Bonds for long term.
RBI also manager the govt debt.
3. Banker’s Bank -RBI holds a part of the CRR (Cash reserve ratio) of the bank to manage inflation
RBI also provide loan to the bank when there is temporarily need of fund. Thus acting as a (lender of last resort)
the banks in temporarily need of fund are supposed to approach other sources like call money market (1 day) & notice Money (1-14 days) , Inter bank transaction and then only approach the
RBI.
The RBI supervision, regulate & advices the banks
9. UP GK अक्षय सर CODE – Y699
4. Custodian of foreign Reserve-It includes management of FEMA act 1999 (Foreign exchange Management Act.)
Keeping the forex reserve (foreign exchange) of the country.
Stabilizing the exchange rate of rupee.
d. Representing the govt of india in the international monetary fund and world Bank.
4. Monetary authority – It includes formulation, implementation and monitoring of the monetary policy.
RBI stabilizes the WPI index & CPI index.
5.Regulator and Supervisor of payment & settlement system
Bank –Banking Regulation act 1949, payment system act 2007.
6. Development function - It did set up developmental banks such as IDBI, SIDBI, NABARD, EXIM bank & NHB.
7. International Cooperation – Eg. BASEL, IMF, G20, financial stability Boar
8. Controller of Credit – RBI act as a (COC) which means control of lending and deposit capacity of the bank.
The control of money supply which is essential to control inflation and to promote economic growth .
RBI can ask any particular bank on whole banking system to not to lend to particular group or person.
10. UP GK अक्षय सर CODE – Y699
Quantitative Method – It aims at controlling the cost and quantity of credit.
Bank Rate - It is the interest rate which Rbi charges on long term lending.
The Client who can borrow through this route are central govt, state govt, financial Institution, co- operative bonds, NBFC.
A rise in bank rate causes the commercial bank to increase the rate at which they lend. Thus discourages the public from taking loan.
6.50 = Dec 2022
When unemployment rate goes up the central bank reduces bank rate so that cheap funds are available to banks & so youth gets loan at lower rate to start business.
Bill of exchange – It is a written document that assures payment of money by purchaser to the seller for goods purchase at a future date.
Discounting – Means the process of converting the bill of exchange into money at an earlier rate that is mentioned in the bill of exchange.
If receiver needs money urgently, he can approach a bank for money & bank accepts the (BOE) and makes payment after deducting a certain % as interest.
Further the bank can convert this money into a lesser discount rate from the RBI. This is called as rediscounting.
Open Market Operations-It can be described as the purchase and sale of govt securities in the open market by the RBI in order to influence the vol of money in the
economy.
Purchase of govt securities inject the money into the market and thus expands credit.
Sale of securities have the opposite effect that is absorbing excess liquidity from the market and shrinking of the credit thus helps in managing inflation.
11. UP GK अक्षय सर CODE – Y699
CRR – Cash Reserve Ratio
It is a monetary tool to regulate supply of money, banks are required to keep a certain (%) of their net demand & time liabilities with the RBI in cash form.
CRR deposit earns no interest (expect demonetization RBI gave interest on CRR deposit)
CRR is adjusted to manage liquidity and inflation.
The more the CRR the less money available for the lending by the bank.
Thus RBI uses CRR either to drain excess liquidity or to release funds needed for growth.
Can not be in the form of gold or form $ by they are volatile.
Mandated under RBI act 1934.
Dec 2022 – 4.5%.
SLR – Statutory liquidity Ratio
It is a portion of NDTL of Bank that they should keep with themselves in the form of gold, cash govt securities approved by RBI, state development loans.
By changing the level of (SLR), the RBI can increase or decrease the bank credit expansion.
This reserve is a precautionary measure as it prevents the bank from landing all its deposit.
To make commercial bank to invest in govt security so that govt has adequate financial sources.
Mandated under Banking regulation Act 1949.
Dec 2022 – 18%
CRR & SLR are counted on fortnightly basis. If not maintained bank will have to pay penalty interest rate to RBI which is linked with Bank Rate
12. UP GK अक्षय सर CODE – Y699
Bank Run- It is the situation when everybody wants to take money out of one’s bank account before the bank run’s out of the reserve as more & more people withdraw their fund. The probability of bank to default payment
increases.
Liquidity Adjustment facility – (LAF)
LAF operation help the RBI to effectively transmit interest rate signal to the market. it is a short term credit control measure to absorb the access liquidity. It has 2 instruments .
Repo Rate
Reverse Repo Rate
Repo Rate - (Repurchase Rate) – 6.25 – Jan 2023 (1-14 days)
RBI lends on a short term bases to commercial bank on the bases of security of govt bonds non SLR quote (G-sec as collaterals )
RBI charges an interest Rate on these transactions.
It is our Polity Rate to control inflation.
Bank’s can’t pledge their SLR – quota( g-sec).
2013- RBI introduced term Repo for (7/14/28) days to inject liquidity over a period that is longer than overnight
If Inflation is high – RBI repo rate high – dear money policy.
Reverse Repo Rate – 3.35 – Jan 2023
When RBI borrows from commercial bank to absorb access liquidity on the bases of securities & repurchase them after sometime.
It is the rate of interest the RBI pays to its clients who offer short – term loan to it
RBI gives its (G-sec) as a collateral to its client.
13. UP GK अक्षय सर CODE – Y699
Long term Repo Operation –The tenure of LTRO will be from 1 to 3 years loan given
Repo rate . This will increase loanable funds with bank.
SDF – Standing deposit facility -Clients can park their extra money with RBI. RBI does not give any collateral (G-sec) in return.
This has replaced reverse Repo Rate
SDF Jan 2023 – 6%
MSF ( Marginal Standing facility)-it was introduced in 2011.
Only schedule commercial banks can borrow from the RBI at a rate more than repo rate.
It is a overnight loan. If the bank do not have security over and above the (SLR) required, MSF is open to them.
They can use the securities from the SLR Quota & keep the max amount of loan to 1% of NDTL and the loan size will be minimum 1 cr & further amount are in multiple of 1 cr.
The rate of interest for MSF is (Repo rate + 0.25)
MSF Jan 2023 – 6.50
Market Stabilization scheme – Surplus liquidity of a more enduring nature arising from large capital inflow is absorbed through sale of short- dated govt securities and T- Bills.
Base Rate-It is the rate below which schedule commercial bank can not lend loan to its customer.
Base Rate Dec 2022 – 6.25%
14. UP GK अक्षय सर CODE – Y699
Qualitative method
These method control use and direction of credit. These method discriminate between sector.
Regulation of margin required
Margin is the amount that has to be contributed by the borrower. If the margin is high, loan off take will be low.
Eg. gold deposit ( min 60k gold deposit 1 Lakh loan)
Regulation of consumer credit
a. Minimum down payment
b. Period of repayment
Rationing of credit – In this method the max amount of credit that can be given to a particular sector is controlled.
Eg. Farmer, priority sector lending.
Moral Suasion – It means the method of persuasion, method of request, method of informal suggestion and advice to commercial bank about does & don’t. the banks are morally expected to
follow the RBI guidelines but it is not binding on the banks. Eg. Conference, meeting, Seminars, requesting CM or finance minister to control fiscal deficit & subsidy leakage.
15. UP GK अक्षय सर CODE – Y699
Direct Action – In this case the RBI issue certain policy decision from time to time & they are to be followed by banks. RBI
can also Punish the bank.
Publicity – It means the publication of weekly or monthly statement of assets and liability of commercial bank through
journals & website. It brings greater transparency & puts moral pressure on the banks. Eg. annual financed stability report.
Supervisory function – Supervision of banks activities.
Promotional function – a. To promote financial literacy among the people.
Customer protection through ombudsman
Financial inclusion through PSL norm.