1 Week 1 Visual Culture in the Western World Th.docxjeremylockett77
1
Week 1
Visual Culture in the Western World
The Idea of Cinema
-Fascination with images can be traced back to
Plato (The Republic) in the parable of “The Cave”
Plato raises the danger of being
complacent with the illusion of the image
The dangers of an uncritical
understanding of the image
-The period of Enlightenment:
scientific studies and machinations are developed
to “capture, project and record images.
-17th century:
Athanasius Kircher (1601-1680)
developed the “catoptric lamp.”
German-born Jesuit priest and scientist whose
book Ars magna lucis et umbrae diagramed the
outlines for his reflecting optic machine.
Did not invent the “magic lantern”
He projected and reflected images on the wall
Encouraged scientific explanation to his spectators
so as to demythify images as some sort of magic
or ghostly apparition.
He emphasised that these images were not magic,
but “art.”
The Magic Lantern—17th Century
2
1659—Christiaan Huygens develops the “lanterne
magique”
1664—Thomas Walgensten developed a similar
apparatus in Paris
Unlike Kircher who used sunlight to reflect the
image Huygens and Walgensten used an artificial
light source
Walgensten traveled through Europe with the
“lanterne magique” (Lyons, Rome, and
Copenhagen)
The people who saw the lanterne magique were
initially royalty in these cities
By the end of the century the lantern shows were
exhibited in more popular culture venues such as
fairs and carnivals
18th and 19th CENTURIES
1740— X. Theodore Barber demonstrates the
“Magick Lanthorn” in Philadelphia, New York, and
Boston.
Venues such as private homes and coffee houses
were the favored sites for these exhibitions.
France, however, was where these lantern shows
first gained commercial popularity at the beginning
of the 19th century.
3
Etienne Gaspars Robertson
“Fantasmagorie” capitalized on superstitions and
religious fears
Invoked the “spirits” of Rousseau and Voltaire
It was a theater of apparitions.
Unlike Kirhcer, Robertson did not tell his audiences
that the “Fantasmagorie” was a technological
spectacle
Like contemporary theater and film, Robertson
maintained the illusion of the image
-It was an extremely complicated production to
put on - images size and intensity of light had to
be continuously managed
The Fantasmagorie was internationally popular.
Each traveling show was uniquely packaged
usually attended by an adult urban middle-class
audience.
1803—Barber presented the French Fantasmagoria
in New York
1803—Showmen Bologna and Thomlinson
exhibited the Fantasmagoria in London
Americans saw the ghost of Benjamin Franklin
and exotic figures like the “Egyptian Pygmy Doll”
4
There was sound with these presentations—
ghost’s voices, music
Ticket prices were approximately US$1.
1830
Photography and the Stereopticon
The difference between t ...
"Photos" requests are redirected here; other meanings of the term "Photography", " Photo " and "Photos" see.
Photography is a technology for recording an image by registering optical radiation using a photosensitive photographic material or a semiconductor converter . Unlike some other languages, in Russian the word "photography" is used only in relation to static images. At the same time, in professional cinematography, this term denotes the pictorial solution of a film created by a cinematographer . Photographs also refers to the final prints of a photographic image, produced on photographic paper by a chemical method or by a printer .
1 Week 1 Visual Culture in the Western World Th.docxjeremylockett77
1
Week 1
Visual Culture in the Western World
The Idea of Cinema
-Fascination with images can be traced back to
Plato (The Republic) in the parable of “The Cave”
Plato raises the danger of being
complacent with the illusion of the image
The dangers of an uncritical
understanding of the image
-The period of Enlightenment:
scientific studies and machinations are developed
to “capture, project and record images.
-17th century:
Athanasius Kircher (1601-1680)
developed the “catoptric lamp.”
German-born Jesuit priest and scientist whose
book Ars magna lucis et umbrae diagramed the
outlines for his reflecting optic machine.
Did not invent the “magic lantern”
He projected and reflected images on the wall
Encouraged scientific explanation to his spectators
so as to demythify images as some sort of magic
or ghostly apparition.
He emphasised that these images were not magic,
but “art.”
The Magic Lantern—17th Century
2
1659—Christiaan Huygens develops the “lanterne
magique”
1664—Thomas Walgensten developed a similar
apparatus in Paris
Unlike Kircher who used sunlight to reflect the
image Huygens and Walgensten used an artificial
light source
Walgensten traveled through Europe with the
“lanterne magique” (Lyons, Rome, and
Copenhagen)
The people who saw the lanterne magique were
initially royalty in these cities
By the end of the century the lantern shows were
exhibited in more popular culture venues such as
fairs and carnivals
18th and 19th CENTURIES
1740— X. Theodore Barber demonstrates the
“Magick Lanthorn” in Philadelphia, New York, and
Boston.
Venues such as private homes and coffee houses
were the favored sites for these exhibitions.
France, however, was where these lantern shows
first gained commercial popularity at the beginning
of the 19th century.
3
Etienne Gaspars Robertson
“Fantasmagorie” capitalized on superstitions and
religious fears
Invoked the “spirits” of Rousseau and Voltaire
It was a theater of apparitions.
Unlike Kirhcer, Robertson did not tell his audiences
that the “Fantasmagorie” was a technological
spectacle
Like contemporary theater and film, Robertson
maintained the illusion of the image
-It was an extremely complicated production to
put on - images size and intensity of light had to
be continuously managed
The Fantasmagorie was internationally popular.
Each traveling show was uniquely packaged
usually attended by an adult urban middle-class
audience.
1803—Barber presented the French Fantasmagoria
in New York
1803—Showmen Bologna and Thomlinson
exhibited the Fantasmagoria in London
Americans saw the ghost of Benjamin Franklin
and exotic figures like the “Egyptian Pygmy Doll”
4
There was sound with these presentations—
ghost’s voices, music
Ticket prices were approximately US$1.
1830
Photography and the Stereopticon
The difference between t ...
"Photos" requests are redirected here; other meanings of the term "Photography", " Photo " and "Photos" see.
Photography is a technology for recording an image by registering optical radiation using a photosensitive photographic material or a semiconductor converter . Unlike some other languages, in Russian the word "photography" is used only in relation to static images. At the same time, in professional cinematography, this term denotes the pictorial solution of a film created by a cinematographer . Photographs also refers to the final prints of a photographic image, produced on photographic paper by a chemical method or by a printer .
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
3. Louis-Jacques-
Mandé Daguerre
he was a French artist and photographer and recognized for his
invention of the daguerreotype process of photography. He became
known as one of the fathers of photography.
4. Abel
Niepce
de saint
he was a French photographic inventor and first
experimented the process of negatives made with albumen
on a glass.
5. Louis Desire
Blanquart-Evrard
was a French inventor, photographer and photo publisher.
Being a cloth merchant by trade, in the 1840s he developed
interest in photography and focused on technical and
economical issues of mass production of photo prints.
7. James Clerk
Maxwell
was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics. His most notable
achievement was to formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation,
bringing together for the first time electricity, magnetism, and light as different
manifestations of the same phenomenon.
8. Edwin Herbert
Land
was an American scientist and inventor, best known as the co-founder of the Polaroid
Corporation. He invented inexpensive filters for polarizing light, a practical system of in-
camera instant photography, and the retinex theory of color vision, among other things.
His Polaroid instant camera went on sale in late 1948 and made it possible for a picture to
be taken and developed in 60 seconds or less
9. Alphonse Bertillon
was a French police officer and biometrics researcher who applied the anthropological technique of anthropometry to
law enforcement creating an identification system based on physical measurements. Anthropometry was the first
scientific system used by police to identify criminals. Before that time, criminals could only be identified by name or
photograph. The method was eventually supplanted by fingerprinting.
10. DR. R.A REIS
he was a German scientist and was the founder of the first academic forensic
science programme and of the institute of forensic science.
11. Victor Balthazard
as a professor in forensic medicine. Victor Balthazard is credited for his statistical model
of fingerprint individuality, published in 1911. Victor Balthazard is credited for his
statistical model of fingerprint individuality, published in 1911.
12. William Henry Fox
Talbot
was an English scientist, inventor and photography pioneer who invented the salted paper and calotype processes,
precursors to photographic processes of the later 19th and 20th centuries. He was also a noted photographer who
contributed to the development of photography as an artistic medium.
13. JOSEPH
PETZVAL
Petzval is considered to be one of the main founders of geometrical optics,
modern photography and cinematography. Among his inventions are the Petzval
portrait lens and opera glasses, both still in common use today. He is also credited
with the discovery of the Laplace transform and is also known for his extensive
work on aberration in optical systems.
14. Samuel Finley
Breese Morse
was an American painter and inventor. After having established his reputation as a
portrait painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire
telegraph system based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of Morse code
and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy.
15. John Plumbe Jr.
was a Welsh-born American entrepreneurial photographer, gallerist, publisher, and an early advocate of an American
transcontinental railroad in the mid-19th century. He established a franchise of photography studios in the 1840s in
the U.S. He created a lithographic process for reproducing photographic images, called the "plumbeotype."
16. Frederick
Langenheim
was a German-American photographer and pioneer of stereoscopic photography. With his
brother, he made the first set of panoramic pictures of Niagara Falls and a sequential set
of pictures of the first American total solar eclipse ever photographed.