Birth, Death, Legacy and Downfall of each pioneer; Eadweard Muybridge, Thomas Edison, George Pal and The Lumiere Brothers.

1. PIONEERS

2. Eadweard
Muybridge
Born: 9th April 1830
Died: 8th May 1904
 British Nationality
 Worked in photographic studies of motion and in motion-picture
projection.
Muybridge was an English Photographer and working in photographic studies of motion-picture projection. Muybridge moved to
America as a young man and lived in San Francisco. Muybridge began his career as a publisher’s agent and bookseller however
built up an enthusiasm for photography that is by all accounts supported when he was recovering in England in 1860 after almost
being killed in a stagecoach crash. Muybridge swiftly ended up becoming famous for his landscape photographs, which
demonstrated the magnificence and breadth of the West. Eadweard Muybridge needed to demonstrate to Leland Stanford that a
galloping hoarse can't lift up all four feet clear off ground amid its stride. Muybridge chose to go to Stanford's race track to
endeavor the experiment utilizing one of Leland prize horses. Muybridge set up a series of cameras so that when the horse went
around the track it would set off the cameras to take the photo. When they set up every one of the photos together it demonstrated
that each of the four legs was off the ground. In 1893, Muybridge addresses on the Science of Animal Locomotion and utilized his
Zoopraxiscope to demonstrate his moving pictures making this the very first commercial movie theatre.

3. The Zoopraxiscope is an early device for displaying motion pictures. People
considered it as the first film projector. The Zoopraxiscope showed pictures
from pivoting glass disks in fast progression to give the impression of
motion. The stop-motion images were at first painted onto the glass, as
silhouettes. A second series of discs, made in 1892-94, utilized outline
drawings printed onto the discs photographically, then coloured by hand. A
portion of the animated images is extremely perplexing, including different
blends of sequences of the animal and human movement.
The image above is an example of a Zoopraxiscope of a horse being ridden. As you can see it is rather like a flipbook used today,
as it’s a series of images/frames, of images with subtle movement, that are fixed together to generate the illusion of movement.
When talking about present day Muybridge’s Zoopraxiscope, pre-dated the flexible perforated film strip used in cinematography
and influences it greatly. He also edited and published collations of his work, which massively influence visual artists and the
developing fields of scientific and industrial photography. The intended audience for his work present are historians and
individuals amused in how photography and technology began. In the 1800’s it would have been scientists like Stanford. His work
made theories become legitimate and started a revolution of animation starting with artists like Tim Burton, who would not be the
person he is today.
Influence
Muybridge’s creation seems to have been one of the primary inspirations for Thomas Edison and William Kennedy Dickson’s
Kinetoscope, the first commercial film projecting device. He spent majority of his later years giving public lectures and
demonstrations of his photography and early motion picture sequences. Most of, many of his audiences were adults who could
afford it but animation is mainly designed for children.

4. Thomas
Edison
World famous inventor, pioneer and influential American Thomas Edison was
an incredibly famous, intelligent man, whose greatness helped revolutionise
modern day life and improve standards of living for the masses significantly.
Throughout his life he invented a wealth of devices, cameras, light bulbs, early
day x-rays, and more importantly in our cases, the Kinetoscope.
As well as a prestigious inventor he was also a revolutionist and philosopher, he
was a very admiral man and his views were often depicted as strong and bold.
Edison was often referred to as a freethinker for his very strong, but forward
thinking ideals. One of his most famous speeches reflecting this was his views
on religion in an interview for the New York Times Magazine in 1910 showed
how much of a logical thinker he was and though many religious people were
offended by the statement, it could not be anything but admired. The device had
the fundamental parts that despite everything we see today in motion picture
projectors. Edison's creation made the illusion of movement by passing on a
strip or perforated film inside a sequence and showing this through a source of
light and high-speed shutter. The sequence you can see to left is titled "Fred
Ott's Sneeze" and was this a noteworthy movement as well as it has seen the
first awarded copyright of a motion in the United States.
"Nature is what we know. We do not know
the gods of religions. And nature is not kind,
or merciful, or loving. If God made me —
the fabled God of the three qualities of
which I spoke: mercy, kindness, love — He
also made the fish I catch and eat. And
where do His mercy, kindness, and love for
that fish come in? No; nature made us —
nature did it all — not the gods of the
religions."

5. Another of his most celebrated quotes was given again in the New York Times when he expressed "Gold is a relic of Julius
Caesar, and interest is an invention of Satan." This obviously demonstrated his humble, yet solid nature, however many
individuals thought his state of mind to money as foolish because of him being a to a great degree successful, affluent
businessman.
Edison’s life started in Milan Ohio then moved and experienced childhood in Michigan. Son of a fleeing rebel who was expected
to have been a piece of the fizzled Mackenzie Rebellion in 1837 in Canada. His academic life, dissimilar to Joseph Plateau and
William Horner was poor, he was marked "addled" and his performance in formal education was so poor he was pulled back and
self-taught. This, however, was the choice which would shape him into the effective man he was. Educated at home by his mother,
he expressed further down the road it was his love for her that he did not like to disappoint he made a decent attempt to make her
satisfied.
Edison as a young fellow was not as successful as further down
the road. Moving back to Michigan when business declined in
Milan he sold sweets and daily papers on trains to support his
family. It wasn't until he picked up the exclusive right to sell
newspapers on the road that he amassed enough cash to, alongside
friends make a business venture, the first of numerous in which
made the Grand Trunk Herald and sold this alongside papers. The
achievement of this highlighted his capacity as a businessman and
this started a chain response of endeavours gathering companies
and founding others. Some of these businesses then started to
create items which appealed him to become and inventor. His first
innovation of which was the Phonograph

6. To animation, he made a device (Kinetoscope) which was the earliest type of cinema and in view of its design numerous more
inventions have been made and due to it prompted the extremely propelled animation techniques we see to this day. To this point,
no other strategy for animation has pulled far from the basic principles related with the Kinetoscope, which is the utilization of
many still frames (in a linear sequence) to give the impression of motion. In connection to other animation inventors, Edison is
unquestionably one of the best and most critical as his creation was one of the primaries which demonstrated advancement and the
likelihood for effective expandability. All things considered it could be extended so animations delivered on it could be longer,
which was impractical on the Zoetrope and other such wheel animators because of the circular design plan.
This isn't to state only he oversees fast development of animation, every animator contributed somehow, regardless of whether
they amassed audiences (Horner), or made base principles which enabled others to make advanced devices (Plateau). Edison, be
that as it may, I believe added to a more standard strategy which is still advanced now still used right up 'til today greatly.

7. George
Pal
Was born in Hungry on the 1st February 1908 and died 2nd May 1980, he started his career by getting accepted for an
apprenticeship in Berlin. Within 60 days he oversaw their cartoon production. George Pal is the Father of Science fiction and
Fantasy. He graduated from the Budapest Academy of Arts in 1928 and after his stay there he started making movies for Hunnia
Films in Budapest. He moved to Europe when the Nazi's came into power where he started working for Paramount Pictures.
George made numerous productions for Paramount including Puppetoons and switched to live action filmmaking delivering The
Great Rupert. George was given an honorary Oscar in 1944 for "the development of novel methods and techniques in the
production of short subjects known as Puppetoons". George Pal was mainly influenced by films and film directors of the 1920’s to
do with science fiction and fantasy.
George passed away at the age of 72 years old, he has a star on the Hollywood walk of fame and in 1980 the Academy of Motion
Picture Arts and Sciences established the "George Pal Lecture on Fantasy in Film" in his memory.
Not long after George concluded that he needed to produce cartoon
productions himself, however lamentably there was not a single
cartoon camera in Czechoslovakia. While looking at stop
movement camera's Pal was hit with a sudden thought. George
concocted utilizing puppets in his work and by using puppets he
could use any camera to make his production.

8. George Pal made ‘replacement animation’ in which numerous puppets were utilized to speak to
each action desired. The character would have various of different heads with several various
expressions for each. This set aside a lot of opportunity to do however once the heads were
made, they would be re-utilized and would make production time considerably faster.
He was signed to Paramount Pictures in Holland where numerous different famous artists
worked, for example, Ray Harryhausen.
This technique is used even now in 'The Nightmare Before Christmas'. George Pal additionally made armatures which enables the
puppets to move. Utilizing distinctive heads for the puppets implies that Pal could make more realistic facial gestures. In view of
his type of stop-motion animation was sci-fi. This shows how stop motion has advanced throughout the years, as nothing like this
had been done before. This may have been the impact of the modern film A Nightmare Before Christmas, whereby the model Jack
Skellington (main character’s name) has around 400 hundred heads, permitting the expression of lots of emotions.
Pal had an extensive target audience that appealed to both the young and the elderly, he used puppets, used them in a way that the
animation would appeals to all eyes.

9. George Pal, is believed to be one of the best directors and film makers ever, he has directed major film, for example, The Time
Machine, War of the Worlds, When Worlds Collide and Tom Thumb and many more. With these significant movies that he has
directed and produced George Pal additionally did stop motion animation, he liked the idea of utilizing puppets and cartoons; this
was how Pal’s Puppetoons was born. These short movies were taken exceptionally well from public and turned out to be
increasingly popular and after that, they began to show them in theatre lobbies and played them for free. Eventually Pal moved to
Hollywood and carry Pal's Puppetoons without the advertisements and they were rather supported by Paramount Pictures. These
shows were normally made with wooden puppets, the purpose behind this was on the grounds that Pal invented "replacement
technique" this includes a different puppet (or puppet part) for each movement, as opposed to hinged parts, for instance, single
walking sequence could include 12 sets of legs for just one character.

10. The Lumiere
Brothers
 Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas was Born 19th October 1862 and Died 10th April
1954;
 Louis Jean was Born 5th October 1864 and Died 6th June 1984;
 French Nationality;
 Worked in Photography and Cinematography.
Louis and Auguste Lumiere were pioneer contributors of the birth of film in 1895. The Lumiere brothers were conceived in France
however then moved in 1870 to Lyon. They went to the biggest specialised school in Lyon La Martiniere. Their father, Claude-
Antoine Lumiere (1840-1911), ran a photographic firm and both sons worked for him: Louis as a physicist and Auguste as a
Manager. It wasn't until their dad retired in 1892 that the both started to make moving pictures. The Lumiere brothers were by all
account not the only ones to claim the title of the earliest cinematographers. The first scientific Chronophotography devices
created by Eadweard Muybridge, Etienne-Jules Marey and Ottomar Anschutz in 1880 could deliver moving photographs, as was
Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope debuted in 1891.The Lumiere brothers are well known by many people for developing the
Cinematograph. The Lumiere's held their first private screening of anticipated films in 1895. Their first open screening of movies
at which confirmation was hung on 28th December 1895, at the Salon Indien du Grand Cafe which is in Paris. This history-
presentation featured a short film, including their first film, La Sortie de l'Usine Lumière a Lyon (Workers Leaving the Lumiere
Factory).

11. Antoine got invited to Edison's Kinetoscope in pairs. Antoine brought back a piece of the kinetoscope film and after that, they
attempted to make a comparable device.
They at long last made a better device than Edison's it was a great deal smaller and lighter it consolidated the camera with printer
and projector and they called it Cinematographe, this development was patented on February 13th, 1895. This invention only
utilized 16 FPS rather than Edison's 42 fps. Thus, this implies it was significantly more compelling. The brothers demonstrated
their invention privately and they continued doing this for quite a while. These screening created a great deal of discussion among
individuals which left this invention not private any longer and these exchanges far reaching and there was much energy to see this
new innovation in its prime. They did their first open screening on 28th December at the Grand Cafe on Paris' Boulevard de
Capucines. The majority of his audiences consisted of adults who could afford it.
Technique
 A light from a lamp mounted behind the semi-transparent film projects the swiftly moving
images on a screen.
 The cinematograph was worked by a hand-crank, opposed to Edison’s electrically
powered camera which wasn’t portable.
 Also, a glass flask of water was placed in the projector, which also acted as a block
system, this would protect the film and extend its expiry date.

12. BIBLIOGRAPHIES
• Biography.com. (n.d.). Eadweard Muybridge. [online] Available at:
https://www.biography.com/people/eadweard-muybridge-9419513 [Accessed 28 May 2017].
• Wildfilmhistory.org. (n.d.). WildFilmHistory - Eadweard Muybridge. [online] Available at:
http://www.wildfilmhistory.org/person/180/Eadweard+Muybridge.html [Accessed 28 May 2017].
• Beals, G. (1998). Thomas Edison Home Page. [online] Thomasedison.com. Available at:
http://www.thomasedison.com/ [Accessed 28 May 2017].
• Biography.com. (2017). Thomas Edison. [online] Available at: https://www.biography.com/people/thomas-
edison-9284349 [Accessed 28 May 2017].
• HISTORY.com. (n.d.). Thomas Edison - Inventions - HISTORY.com. [online] Available at:
http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/thomas-edison [Accessed 28 May 2017].
• Awn.com. (1996). The George Pal Site: A Brief Biography. [online] Available at:
https://www.awn.com/heaven_and_hell/PAL/GP12.htm [Accessed 28 May 2017].

13. BIBLIOGRAPHIES
• Barson, M. (2017). George Pal | Hungarian-born animator, director, and producer. [online] Encyclopedia
Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Pal [Accessed 28 May 2017].
• Scifistation.com. (n.d.). The Legacy Of George Pal. [online] Available at:
http://www.scifistation.com/george_pal/legacyof.html [Accessed 28 May 2017].
• Encyclopedia Britannica. (2017). Lumiere brothers | French inventors. [online] Available at:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lumiere-brothers [Accessed 28 May 2017].
• Pruitt, S. (2014). The Lumière Brothers, Pioneers of Cinema - History in the Headlines. [online] HISTORY.com.
Available at: http://www.history.com/news/the-lumiere-brothers-pioneers-of-cinema [Accessed 28 May 2017].
• En.wikipedia.org. (n.d.). Auguste and Louis Lumière. [online] Available at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re [Accessed 28 May 2017].
• Earlycinema.com. (n.d.). EarlyCinema.com. [online] Available at:
http://www.earlycinema.com/pioneers/lumiere_bio.html [Accessed 28 May 2017].