1. Facilitating Success in
Handwriting Using Sensory
Motor Integration and Visual
Spatial Strategies
Carrie Davis, MS, OTR/L
Connect Experience Write (CEW)®:
Learn & Move Together to the Sights and Sounds of Writing
2. Carrie Davis, OTR/L and Michele Parkins, OTR/L
Co-Founders of Connect Experience Write (CEW)®
3. Carrie T. Davis, MS, OTR/L
Graduated from Rutgers University with a Bachelor of
Arts in Psychology, with honors
Received a Master of Science in Occupational
Therapy from Columbia University College of
Physicians and Surgeons
SIPT-certified; DIR-certified; Certified in Integrated
Listening Systems and Interactive Metronome
Has worked as an occupational therapist within both
school settings and private practice
Co-founded Connect Experience Write with Michele
Parkins, OTR/L
Personal connection with and understanding of
people with disabilities
4. Objectives for today
Discuss the importance of handwriting in the 21st
century
Review research on affect, sensation, movement,
music and visual- spatial development in relation to the
occupational of handwriting
Provide practical ideas to incorporate affect, music,
movement and visual-spatial supports into teaching
letter formation and supporting early literacy
6. Handwriting in the 21st Century
Function
Connection
Core Curriculum Standards (print through first grade)
Learning and Memory- Research indicates that handwriting
Helps students absorb knowledge more than audio or visual
presentations (Cahill, 2009)
Is more effective in absorption of knowledge than typing
Increases brain activation
Influences reading, writing, language, and critical thinking (Longcamp et. al.
2005, James 2009)
7. Handwriting in the 21st
Century/ Evidence-based
Research indicates handwriting can
Increase brain activation
Impact performance across all academic subjects
Provide a foundation for higher-order skills
Influence reading, writing, language, and critical thinking
(Longcamp et. al. 2005, James 2009)
Helps students “absorb knowledge” more than audio or
visual presentations (Cahill, 2009)
8. Handwriting in the 21st Century
Consequences of failure to develop this capacity (Case-Smith 2002)
Increased effort to form letters impacts ability to plan,
organize and produce work to the chid’s capability
Falling behind in school
Negative impact on
Well-being
Concentration
Motivation
Attitude
9. Handwriting in the 21st Century,
Recommendations
Experts recommend 15 minutes of handwriting instruction
per day
Continuing with older students
In typical development fine motor skills needed for handwriting
continue to develop through10 years of age
Hanover Research 2012
10. Reading, Writing and the Brain
Reading and Writing are inextricably linked. We write
something in order for ourselves or someone else to read it.
(Language by Hand / Language by Eye)
As children learn to write letters, they start to understand
letters in the world around them.
In order to read, we must integrate the auditory, visual and
executive functioning areas of our brains.
Writing adds a sensory-motor component and activates
even more areas of the brain.
11. Reading Connection in the Brain
Recruitment of “reading circuit” seen in MRI during letter
perception after writing the letters. versus typing or tracing
James, K. H., & Engelhardt (2012)
Left fusiform gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus
Posterior parietal cortex
Brain imaging shows individuals with better handwriting had
increased overall activation in reading areas of the brain Beringer,
V.W., Richards, T.L., Stock P.S., Abbott, R.D., Trivedi, P.A., Altemeier, L.E., Hayes, J.R. (2009).
12. Reading Connection
Spelling (Edwards, Lana; Jimenez, J.E. & Rumeau, M.A. (1989); Graham, S., Berninger, V. W., Abbott, R., Abbott, S., &
Whitaker, D. (1997). Beringer, V.W., Abbott, R.D., Abbott, S. P., Graham, S., & Richards, T. (2002).
Word recognition Beringer, V.W., Abbott, R.D., Abbott, S. P., Graham, S., & Richards, T. (2002).
Phonemic awareness (Haney, M.R., & Bissonnette, V. (2003)
Meaning & Comprehension (Villaume, S.K. & Wilson, L.C. 1989; Richards, T. L., Berninger, V. W., Stock,
P., Altemeier, L., Trivedi, P., & Maravilla, K. (2011). Beringer, V.W., Abbott, R.D., Abbott, S. P., Graham, S., & Richards, T. (2002).
13. Reading Connection
Language (Brenneman, K., Massey, C., Machado, S.F., & Gelman, R. 1996; Haney, M.R., &
Bissonnette, V. 2003; Levy, B. A., Gong, Z., Hessels, S., Evans, M. A., & Jared, D. (2006).
Letter recognition (Bloodgood, J.W. 1999, Treiman, R., & Broderick, V.1998; James, K. H., &
Engelhardt (2012); Christensen, C. A. (2005).
Idea generation Beringer, V.W., Abbott, R.D., Jones, J., Wolf, B.J., Gould, L., Anderson-
Youngstrom, M., Shimada, S., & Apel,K. (2006).; Berninger, V. W., & Amtmann, D. (2003).
Reading of words Ritchey, K. D. (2008).; Vander Hart, N., Fitzpatrick, P., & Cortesa, C. (2010).
14. Important Aspects of Learning
Affect Emotion Meaning Sensation
Memories from childhood
15. “Memory Lanes”
Ways that information moves from short-term and
working memory to long-term memory Sprenger, M (1999)
Learning and Memory: The Brain in Action
Semantic (discussion and reading)
Episodic (picturing an event)
Emotional (emotionally-charged events= most potent)
Automatic (readily available)
Procedural (related to movement)
** Automatic and Procedural memory are processed through the Cerebellum
(part of the brain that coordinates movement) (Lengel, Kuczala 2010)
17. Importance of Affective
Interactions
Affect and relationships enhance engagement and give meaning to
experiences
Affect activates, organizes, and sequences actions making them
meaningful and purposeful (Wieder, S.)
Dual coding of experience – Emotional and cognitive capacities
develop simultaneously (Wieder, S.)
When we are having fun we learn!
18. Importance of Meaningful
Experiences
Meaning facilitates integration of experience and leads to
long term memory and learning (Kuczala, 2014)
When handwriting is taught in a meaningful context it
becomes purposeful and children are more motivated to
master this skill (Denton, et. Al. 2006)
19. Sensory Experiences
Review: Sensation, Processing, Adaptive Response
Sensation includes: 5 senses and Interoceptive PLUS TWO (Proprioceptive
and Vestibular, both related to movement)
All movement is a sensory experience
Sensory cues facilitate movement patterns
Sensory cues provide feedback on movement
The more sensational the experience the more complete the picture
The brain stores information through sensory cues (Kuczala, 2010)
Sensory cues allow for information to be learned more quickly and
remembered more accurately (Kuczala, 2014)
20. Sensory Experiences
Multi-sensory occupational therapy–based instruction led to
statistically significant improvements in the handwriting
readiness skills of preschool students (Lust & Donica 2011)
21. Pre-Literacy Components
Pre-literacy skills include pre-writing, pre-reading, listening,
and speaking (“Language by hand, by eye, by ear and by
mouth”).
Aspects of readiness to read and write include auditory
discrimination, visual discrimination, classification, and the
ability to understand space (Bell & Swinth, 2005).
23. Movement
Implicit learning (movement, emotions, and experience) is
the brain’s preferred way to acquire information (Kuczala, 2014)
Helps to build a motor program for content being practiced
through movement (Wulf et al 2010)
Movement and experience enhance competence
24. Movement
Problem: Decreased time in PE with increased focus on
academics (starting with No Child Left Behind); Sedentary
play; Screens
Solution: Integration of learning with movement
Ways that movement supports learning:
Activation of the cerebellum (learning and movement center)
BDNF (brain-derived Neurotrophic factor)
Increased blood flow to the brain
Stress reduction
Hall, Erin M. (2007) Integration: Helping to Get Our Kids Moving and Learning
25. Movement
Cerebellum (“Little Brain”)
10% of the brain’s mass, but 50% of the brain’s neurons
Used to be thought to be only related to movement
Now known to be involved in attention and language
http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter05.html
26. Movement
BDNF
(Brain-derived neurotrophic factor)
“Mirace Gro for the brain” (John Ratey, 2008)
Promotes growth of new dendritic branches
Binds to receptors at the synapse, increasing signal strength
Inside the cell, activates genes that call for the production of more
BDNF
** Exercise promotes production of BDNF in the hippocampus (brain
center for learning)
Ratey, J (2008) Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and the
Brain
27. Movement
Kinesthetic Classroom (Lengel/ Kuczala, 2010)
Six Ways to Use Movement in the Classroom
Preparing the brain
Providing brain breaks
Supporting exercise and fitness
Developing class cohesion
Reviewing content
Teaching contet
28. Movement for Pacing
Slowing down helps learner pay attention to variable
parameters (Jongmans et al 2003)
Effective strategy for children with impairments in writing
(Schoemaker et al 1994)
These students have been found to have high velocity
movement patterns (Smits-Engelsman et al., 1997; Van Galen et al., 1993)
We have had success doing this through the use of music and
modeling
29. Movement
Biology points to benefit of movement and exercise in
learning (Jensen, 2005)
Movement is particularly helpful to learners with special
needs
Facilitate a productive mental mind state
Activates the brain across a variety of areas
Increases energy and alters mood to think and recall
Blood flow and oxygen increase in the brain (Jensen, 2005)
30. Embodied Cognition
The mind is not only connected to the body but the body
influences the mind (Gallagher, 2005)
Cognitive activation of movement
Mirror Neurons
Encodes actions based on seeing actions performed
Canonical Neurons
Encodes actions based on seeing actions around forms touched
Motor facilitation occurs during observation (Hari et.al, 1998; Fadiga et.
al, 1995; Cochin et. al, (1999) in Reddy, 2008)
33. Music & Movement
Movement and music are primary ways to manage state and
obtain engagement (Kuczala, 2010)
Our findings in using music to teach writing…
Rhythm in music and movement interactions
(humming/singing/mirroring) encourages intentional,
purposeful movement
34. Music
Auditory system: Direct mapping in the brain, unlike any
other sense (Levitin, D, 2007)
Music has been found to enhance prewriting skills (Register 2001)
Provides one more way to construct knowledge
Children have predisposition to rhythm and melody
Ideal tool to teach facets of language including writing (Kolb 1996)
35. Movement with Music
Recognition of patterns is enhanced (Phillips-Silver & Trainor 2005)
The auditory and motor system have a rich connectivity across
a variety of cortical, subcortical, and spinal levels (Thaut & Abiru 2010;
Grahn and Brett, 2007; Bengtsson et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2009; Grahn and Rowe, 2009)
Auditory system projects into motor structures in brain
Significant improvements shown in upper extremity function
(Thaut & Abiru 2010)
36. Music and Movement
Humans prefer music that facilitates synchronization and
respond to it with movement (Madison et al 2011)
People tend to move to music in an organized way (Godøy et al.,
2006; Leman and Godøy, 2010)
We have predisposition to rhythmic movement to music over
speech (Zentner & Eerola 2010)
39. Auditory and Visual Connection
Auditory and visual systems are closely tied
We use sound cues to help us understand our visual world
(eg, Baseball)
Brandeis research with objects moving towards each other-
sound over-rode the visual information
40. Visual Cues & Working Memory
Profile of a poor writer includes visual inaccuracy (Smits-Engelsman et
al., 1997; Van Galen et al., 1993).
Visual cues enhance success in learning to write (Berninger et al. 1997;
Case-Smith et al. 2012)
Working memory is important to writing process and some
say MORE important than motor skills (Medwell & Wray 2007; Berninger &
Graham 1998; Berninger & Amtmann 2004; Berninger 1994; Christensen & Jones 2000; Graham et al.
1997)
42. Visual Spatial Development
Understanding of spatial relationships begins with the body =
Visual and Movement neurological connection
Movement through space
Crawling – horizontal
Standing – vertical, top, middle, bottom
Reaching – left, right, diagonal
Visual Logical Reasoning/Representational Thought
Part to whole concepts
Copying/imitation
Transposition across vertical line
Sequential thought
Recall
Wachs, 1975 & Wachs & Wieder, 2012)
43. Visual Spatial Development:
Neuroscience
The visual neural system is hypothesized to have two pathways that lead
out of the occipital lobe(Ventral or “what” and Dorsal or “where”)
Movement through space and spatial cognition draw on the dorsal stream
from primary visual cortex to posterior parietal lobe for discrimination of
spatial properties
Construction requires spatial abilities processed by the dorsal system
Dorsal system is primarily related to movement in space
Hendersen, Pehoski and Murry in Bundy and Lane
44. Tying to handwriting
An accomplished writer uses vision only for spot checks and
primarily uses position sense and movement through space
This supports the use of movement to teach handwriting
versus solely visual- or language-related approaches
45. Typical Development of Writing
Strokes
Vertical
Horizontal
Circular
Cross
Diagonal
Innate feeling of success facilitates persistence….
46. Connect Experience Write
(CEW)®
Incorporates musical tones paired with visual cues
and movements as students learn and write letters
Connection of movements with sight and sound for
more complete brain activation and integrated
learning experiences
Dyad and group implementation to facilitate
affective interaction and engagement
50. The Evolution of CEW
How we started and Challenges we faced with other programs
Our solution: Movement, Music, Engagement, Visual-Spatial
Pilot program at Celebrate the Children School
Collaboration with Grammy-nominated musician, Brady Rymer
Available for purchase at www.connectexperiencewrite.com
Pre-K and pre-school program and Special Needs Schools have integrated the program into
curriculum.
Presentations nationwide
Two research studies – ASD 5-13 years old and Typical 4 year olds
Addition/ development of CEW- Developmental program (CEW-D)
Software program
Worldwide following – Turkey, Dubai, Wales, Argentina, India, Australia, South Africa
Patent pending
51. Evidence Base
for Connect Experience Write (CEW)®
Multi-Sensory Cues & Experiences/ Sensory interconnectivity
Affect, Engagement, and Meaning
Visual Spatial Development
Modeling/ Mirror neurons
Connecting meaning
CONNECT
52. Evidence Base
for Connect Experience Write (CEW)®
Body Movement Integration
Body Mind Integration/ Embodied Cognition (Whole Body
Thinking)
Music & Rhythm
EXPERIENCE
53. Evidence Base
for Connect Experience Write (CEW)®
Importance of direct handwriting instruction
Developmental Sequences to Letter Formation
Tool-to-paper Sequence
See handout for more details & resources
WRITE
54. Auditory Visual Movement
Integration
CEW Music to connect, energize and reinforce spatial
concepts
CEW Tones to designate types of lines to be formed and
provision of boundaries for lines, first used with whole-
body movement, then translated into tool-to-paper
Use of predictable templates – building letter types
from initial template of vertical dots
NOT dot-to-dot, in order to promote thinking
Using “anchor lines”, for example, for H and K
55. Auditory Visual Movement
Integration
Develops a rhythm and timing to writing
Pacing
Motor pattern
Visualization
Helps children FEEL the writing steps vs. cognitive process
58. Developmental Sequence to
Letter Formation
Letter groups created with consideration to:
Developmental strokes: Vertical, Horizontal, Curved,
Diagonal
Number of strokes: One to Two-step strokes to start
Juxtaposition of lines: Grounded starting point relating
pieces together versus pieces apart/ “pencil pick-up”
Spatial elements of letters: Introduce “whole space” then
move to “half space”
59. Research Study Support
Data from both of our studies (with children with
disabilities and with typically developing children) has
supported the efficacy of CEW
Significant changes in functional use of writing and letter
formation
Significant improvements in phonemic awareness and
letter recognition
Significant improvements in fine motor abilities, grasp
patterns, etc.
60. Research with ASD
Design
• Cohort retrospective design
• CEW pre and post tests; Beery VMI
• Nine-week intervention - October to December 2014
• CEW intervention provided by site OT 3 times/week for 30 sessions
Setting and Participants
• School in northwestern New Jersey
• 10 students (N=10) diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
n= 8 males, n=2 females (Ages 5-13)
61. Research with ASD
Data Collection
• Secondary analysis of de-identified data from pre/post test information
collected from the Beery VMI and CEW tests;
Age, gender and attendance record
Data Analysis
• Descriptive statistics of frequency counts for all pre/post test scores
• Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
• Paired Sample T-test with bootstrapping
62. Clinical Significance
The identification of “L” and “E” increased four-fold and the
identification of “F” doubled.
Seven students’ scores increased for “L” and “E” formation and six
students’ scores increased for “F” formation.
Additionally, a paired sample T-test determined statistical
significance using a 95% confidence interval and BCa 2000. Results
indicated a significant difference amongst the participants for
formation of letters, “L”, “F”, and “E” (p=.004; p=.010; p=.053).
A Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test yielded significant results for
identification of letters, “L”, “F”, and “E” (p=.034; p=.025; p=.014).
70. Research with Typical Pre-K
Design
• comparative pretest-posttest experimental design with random
assignment
• pre and post tests of alphabet and name; Beery VMI
• Ten-week intervention - October to December 2014
• CEW intervention provided by OT 4 times/week with treatment group
• Control group encouraged to write letters and their names but not
provided with curriculum on letter formation
Setting and Participants
• Country Day School in northwestern New Jersey
• 10 students: 5 in control (3 girls, 2 boys) and 5 in treatment ((4 boys, 1
girl) all 4 years old
71. Research with Typical Pre-K
Data Collection
• Secondary analysis of de-identified data from pre/post test
information by blind analyst
collected from the Beery VMI and handwriting samples
Data Analysis
• Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on VMI scores
• Functional analysis of handwriting samples – formation,
sizing, and spacing (of name)
72. Clinical Significance
Significant improvement on visual motor (value of p =
.007825)
Students slowed down their pace and were able to perform
more controlled fine motor movements
Increase in handwriting skills documented in pre and post
test samples with regard to formation, sizing, and spacing
Regulation, posture, efficiency reported by OT running the
sessions
74. VMI Differences
Treatment vs. Control Group
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Participants
Percent Difference with Posttest VMI Scores
Treatment Group
Control Group
79. Pre-post results CEW-D &
CEW
CEW-Developmental program with an OT for 6 weeks 4 times
a week
CEW Letter Formation with Teacher (OT consult)
4 year olds
Results
Names much smaller and more controlled
Pictures of themselves demonstrated improved body awareness
and visual spatial abilities.
80. CEW-D 6 weeks with OT and CEW-C OT Consult with teacher running groups
81. CEW-D 6 weeks with OT and CEW-C OT Consult with teacher running groups
82. Quote from a Parent
“We have seen incredible improvements with M since starting
your program. His pencil grip has improved tremendously as
has the pressure he puts on the paper. His letters are written
so much clearer and more accurately. He has also started to
have an increased understanding for the sounds that the
letters are making. He has started to sound out words and
really begun to read. We are blown away with the difference in
his understanding of letters, what they look like, how to write
them and what they mean.
We appreciate you and all your hard work tremendously.”
Lisa Beck, mom of a Pre-Kindergarten student in our research
study
84. Connect Experience Write
(CEW)®
BASIC GROUP FORMAT
MOVEMENT SONGS: “Shake it from the Top,” “Ready to
Write”
WHOLE BODY MOVEMENT: “Mirror Movements” of each
letter paired with CEW music
VERTICAL SURFACE: CEW Vertical Templates/ CEW music
TABLETOP: CEW Templates/ CEW music
85. WHOLE BODY
Students learn spatial concepts needed for writing: TOP,
BOTTOM, LEFT, RIGHT
Engages students through music and movement
Videos can be used as a training tool for teachers
*Left and right will be backwards from the students perspective
Shake it from the Top
by Brady Rymer
86. ISOLATION MOVEMENTS
Students move from their shoulders to their fingers:
SHOULDERS, ELBOWS, WRISTS, FINGERS
Gets students’ hands ready to write
Videos can be used as a training tool for teachers
*Left and right will be backwards from the students perspective
Ready to Write
by Brady Rymer
90. Whole body movements to letters being practiced
CEW music
Visual letter for students to see
Whole body movements by both the staff and student(s)
1. “Mirror Movements”
WHOLE BODY
91. As the teacher/therapist…
YOU NEED TO DO ALL OF THE
MOVEMENTS BACKWARDS!!!
For “left” you move your arms to
the right
Forming letter L in the front of the
class, you move your arms to the
left to form the bottom line
93. 2. VERTICAL SURFACE
Eliminates demands
Seated position
Holding a writing utensil
Fosters development of foundational support
Upright posture
Wrist extension
Finger isolation
CEW: CEW vertical letter templates with CEW music
95. 3. TABLETOP- CEW
Large group or centers – DO WHOLE BODY FIRST
Follow sequence outlined in manual
Visual templates and listening to letter-specific music (CEW)
Model letter formation on the template to the rhythm of the
music
Fade one of the sensory cues as you progress
Template
Music
102. CEW Developmental Program
(CEW-D)
Teaches spatial concepts needed as a foundation for
writing: TOP, MIDDLE, BOTTOM, UNDER, LEFT, RIGHT, BIG,
LITTLE
Helps develop line strokes needed for writing
Starts with WHOLE BODY MOVEMENT
Encourages gross- and fine-motor development
Teaches letter sounds/ phonemic awareness, meaning and
formation through fun, engaging activities
103. CEW Developmental Program
(CEW-D)
BASIC GROUP FORMAT
WHOLE BODY MOVEMENT: Reinforcing concepts through
developmental movements/ “Mirror Movements”
VERTICAL SURFACE: Reinforcing concepts and letter
formation through activities on a vertical surface
TABLETOP/ FINE MOTOR: “Finger Finding”; Grasp
development tasks; Developmentally appropriate letter
formation
104. WHOLE BODY: CEW-D
Reinforces spatial concepts and line strokes being worked on
through whole body movement
Examples include:
Climbing to the TOP in an obstacle course
Frog jumping along a large taped “F” on the floor
The “limbo” UNDER a stick
Rolling to the BOTTOM of a large wedge to knock over bowling
pins
Roll a ball inside of a hula hoop CIRCLE
Parachute games in a CIRCLE, and bringing it to the BOTTOM
105. VERTICAL SURFACE
CEW-D: Reinforcing spatial concepts and line strokes through Felt
board activities, Making shapes with tape, CEW vertical templates
and CEW music, Painting on paper on the wall, etc.
Eliminates demands
Seated position
Holding a writing utensil
Fosters development of foundational support
Upright posture
Wrist extension
Finger isolation
106. TABLETOP- CEW-D
“Finger Finding”: Buzz-Snap on each finger, Finger Lifts
Reinforces spatial concepts being worked on
Helps student to develop fine motor skills needed for writing
Reinforces formation of line strokes and letters
Follow sequence outlined in manual
108. CEW-Online (CEW-O) powered by
Shake it From the Top game
Writing using CEW-Online (CEW-O)
Intro: This is the letter L
Making meaning: L is for Lion
Demonstration (how to make L)
Vertical surface: Baseline, Outline, Two dots, One dot
Print Templates
113. What is needed in order to play
Computer
Web cam
Circular objects: Red, Green, or Blue
Pen with Playdoh at the end
Peg
Marker cap
Ball
114. We would love for you to become a pilot
site for CEW-Online
Please contact us!
connectexperiencewrite@gmail.com
115. How to Get CEW
For CEW-Classic (USB, CD/USB, CEW Manual, Brady Rymer CD), go
to our website at www.connectexperiencewrite.com and enter
coupon code: COURSE for 10% discount
For CEW-Timocco product (Beta version coming out at the end of
May), go to www.timocco.com/cew to reserve a subscription. Give
us feedback on the product and receive 50% off of a 6-month
subscription (typically $30/ month for a Professional subscription)
For CEW-Developmental (Book coming out in August), stay tuned
to www.connectexperiencewrite.com
117. Thank you
The AMAZING teachers, staff, students and families at
celebratethechildren.org
bradyrymer.com
BRADY RYMER for creating inspiring music that gets our kids
moving and writing!
and
118. More information…
Information on CEW:
www.connectexperiencewrite.com
www.timocco.com/cew
connectexperiencewrite@gmail.com
facebook.com/connectexperiencewrite
Information on DIR:
www.profectum.org
Letter recognition is a key element for both writing and reading. Longcamp, Zerbato- Poudou, and Velay (2005) compared 3- to 5-year-old children taught to type letters versus printing letters. Those who printed letters demonstrated better letter recognition than those who merely typed them. Through MRI studies, James (2009) also confirmed printing practice improved letter recognition more than visual presentation.
James, K. H. (2009). Sensori-motor experience leads to changes in visual processing in the developing brain. Developmental Science, 13, 279–288.
Longcamp, M., Zerbato-Poudou, M. T., & Velay, J. L. (2005). The influence of writing practice on letter recognition in preschool children: A comparison between handwriting and typing. Acta Psychologica, 119, 67–79. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2004.10.019
Letter recognition is a key element for both writing and reading. Longcamp, Zerbato- Poudou, and Velay (2005) compared 3- to 5-year-old children taught to type letters versus printing letters. Those who printed letters demonstrated better letter recognition than those who merely typed them. Through MRI studies, James (2009) also confirmed printing practice improved letter recognition more than visual presentation.
James, K. H. (2009). Sensori-motor experience leads to changes in visual processing in the developing brain. Developmental Science, 13, 279–288.
Longcamp, M., Zerbato-Poudou, M. T., & Velay, J. L. (2005). The influence of writing practice on letter recognition in preschool children: A comparison between handwriting and typing. Acta Psychologica, 119, 67–79. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2004.10.019
Failure to fully develop and master these skills during this critical developmental period places a child at risk for falling behind in school, potentially resulting in low mathematics and verbal IQ scores.
Moreover, difficulty and frustration in the acquisition and development of handwriting skills can negatively impact many areas of a child’s functioning and well-being, including concentration, motivation, and attitude (Case-Smith, 2002). `
Case-Smith, J. (2002). Effectiveness of school-based occupational therapy intervention on handwriting. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56, 17–25. doi:10.5014/ajot.56.1.17
Letter recognition is a key element for both writing and reading. Longcamp, Zerbato- Poudou, and Velay (2005) compared 3- to 5-year-old children taught to type letters versus printing letters. Those who printed letters demonstrated better letter recognition than those who merely typed them. Through MRI studies, James (2009) also confirmed printing practice improved letter recognition more than visual presentation.
James, K. H. (2009). Sensori-motor experience leads to changes in visual processing in the developing brain. Developmental Science, 13, 279–288.
Longcamp, M., Zerbato-Poudou, M. T., & Velay, J. L. (2005). The influence of writing practice on letter recognition in preschool children: A comparison between handwriting and typing. Acta Psychologica, 119, 67–79. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2004.10.019
C
Schools often spend most of their time using semantic learning- potentially leaving out potential for greater and deeper learning
There is overlap between “lanes” (just used as a way to understand various influences)
The Kindesthetic Classroom, Lengel/ Kuczala (2010)
C
C
When handwriting is taught within a meaningful context that allows children to use handwriting in a purposeful way, they are more motivated to master the skill (Denton, et al., 2006).
Denton, P. L., Cope, S., & Moser, C. (2006) The effects of sensorimotor-based intervention versus therapeutic practice on improving handwriting performance in 6- to 11-year-old children. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 60, 16-27.
C
Lust and Donica (2011) determined that multi-sensory occupational therapy–based instruction led to statistically significant improvements in the handwriting readiness skills of preschool students in a Head Start setting.
Lust, C. A., & Donica, D. K. (2011). Research Scholars Initiative—Effectiveness of a handwriting readiness program in Head Start: A two-group controlled trial. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65, 560–568. doi:10.5014/ajot2011.000612
As mentioned in motor learning theory (Wulf, Shea, & Lewthwaite, 2010), explicit learning and self-controlled practice seem to influence the building of a motor program and to be optimal when combined with the performance of the movement.
Wulf, G., Shea, C., & Lewthwaite, R. (2010) Motor skill learning and performance: a review of influential factors. Medical Education, 44, 75-84.
Hall, Erin M. (2007) Integration: Helping to Get Our Kids Moving and Learning
Bringing awareness to speed of movement is important
Furthermore, the variation of parameters such as force or speed of movement is useful in assisting the learner in paying more attention to these variable parameters (Jongmans, et al., 2003).
Jongmans, M., Linthorst-Bakker, E., Westenberg, Y., & Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M. (2003) Use of a task-oriented self-instruction method to support children in primary school with poor handwriting quality and speed. Human Movement Science, 22, 549-566.
Slowing pace of writing (through music) can be an effective strategy
A particular movement strategy that has been observed in impaired children is that of slowing down the end-effector speed, leading to a slower overall movement performance Schoemaker et al., 1994b).
Schoemaker, M. M., Schellekens, J. M. H., & Kalverboer, A. F. 1994). Effects of short-term physiotherapy on the handwriting proficiency of clumsy children. In C. Faure, P. Kews, G. Lorette, & A. Vinter Eds.), Advances in handwriting and drawing: A multidisciplinary approach. Europia, Paris.
Profile of a poor writer
Previous findings imply that poor writers have typical kinematic profiles (low spatial accuracy, noisy velocity profiles with high energy in the tremor-related bands of the spectrum, high movement velocity), pointing in the direction of a poor muscular initiation process as the underlying deficit .(Smits-Engelsman et al., 1997; Van Galen et al., 1993).
Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M., Van Galen, G. P., & Schoemaker, M. M. 1997). Theory-based diagnosis and subclassification in developmental coordination disorder. In J. Rispens, T. Van Yperen, & W. Yule Eds.), Perspectives on the classification of specific developmental disorders. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Van Galen, G. P., Portier, S. J., Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M., & Schomaker, L. R. B. 1993). Neuromotor noise and deviant movement strategies as an explanatory ground for poor handwriting in children. Acta Psychologica, 82, 161±178.
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We have found that challenges in handwriting come from foundational weaknesses in prewriting skills
50 participants with half in control group. One listening to music pertaining to letters and the other neutral music.
Register, D. (2001). The effects of an early intervention music curriculum on prereading/writing. Journal Of Music Therapy, 38(3), 239-248. doi:10.1093/jmt/38.3.239
In Register (2001) – “It should be noted that by integrating music into the curriculum one can ‘provide the learner with one more way to construct knowledge…(while) giving the brain more data from which it will integrate internally’ (Hart, Burts, & Charlesworth, 1997).”
Hart, C., Burts, D., & Charlesworth, R. (1997). Integrated curriculum and developmentally appropriate practice. Birth to age eight. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Kolb (1996) states that the spontaneous disposition children have toward rhythm and melody makes music an ideal tool for teaching the many facets of language including writing.
Kolb, G. (1996). Read with a beat: Developing literacy through music and song. The Reading Teacher, 50(1), 76-79.
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Phillips-Silver and Trainor (2005) illustrate the strong multisensory connection between body movement and auditory rhythm processing when inputs from both sources are experienced concurrently. Recognition of a familiar patterns was enhanced by movement.
Phillips-Silver, J. & Trainer, L.J. (2005). Feeling the Beat: Movement Influences Infant Rhythm Perception. Science, vol 308(3).
“Physiological research has shown that auditory rhythm has a profound effect on the motor system. Evidence shows that the auditory and motor system have a rich connectivity across a variety of cortical, subcortical, and spinal levels. The auditory system—a fast and precise processor or temporal information— projects into motor structures in the brain, creating entrainment between the rhythmic signal and the motor response.” “Results have been strong in favor of rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) to significantly improve gait and upper extremity function. “
Thaut, M.H., & Abiru, M. (2010). Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation in Rehabilitation of Movement Disorders: A Review of Current Research. Music Perception. 27(4), 263-269.
“There is neurobiological evidence for a connection between rhythmic components of music and movement (e.g., Grahn and Brett, 2007; Bengtsson et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2009; Grahn and Rowe, 2009),
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“There is neurobiological evidence for a connection between rhythmic components of music and movement (e.g., Grahn and Brett, 2007; Bengtsson et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2009; Grahn and Rowe, 2009), which has led to the assumption that humans prefer music that facilitates synchronization and respond to it with movement (Madison et al., 2011).”
Grahn J. A., Brett M. (2007). Rhythm and beat perception in motor areas of the brain. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 19, 893–90610.1162/jocn.2007.19.5.893
Bengtsson S. L., Ullén F., Ehrsson H. H., Hashimoto T., Kito T., Naito E., et al. (2009). Listening to rhythms activates motor and premotor cortices. Cortex 45, 62–7110.1016/j.cortex.2008.07.002
Chen J. L., Penhune V. B., Zatorre R. J. (2009). The role of auditory and premotor cortex in sensorimotor transformations. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1169, 15–3410.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04556.x
Grahn J. A., Rowe J. B. (2009). Feeling the beat: premotor and striatal interactions in musicians and nonmusicians during beat perception. J. Neurosci. 29, 7540–754810.1523/JNEUROSCI.2018-08.2009
Madison G., Gouyon F., Ullén F., Hörnström K. (2011). Modeling the tendency for music to induce movement in humans: first correlations with low-level audio descriptors across music genres. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 37, 1578–159410.1037/a0024323
In “Influences of music and timbre….”
Burger, B., Thompson, M.R., Luck, G., Saarikallio, S., Toivianinen. (2013). Influences of Rhythm- and Timbre-Related Musical Features on Characteristics of Music-Induced Movement. Frontiers in Psychology. 4, 183. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00183.
In general, people tend to move to music in an organized way by, for example, mimicking instrumentalists’ gestures, or rhythmically synchronizing with the pulse of the music by tapping their foot, nodding their head, or moving their whole body in various manners (Godøy et al., 2006; Leman and Godøy, 2010).
Godøy R. I., Haga E., Jensenius A. R. (2006). “Playing ‘Air instruments’: mimicry of sound-producing gestures by novices and experts,” in Gesture in Human-Computer Interaction and Simulation, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3881, eds Gibet S., Courty N., Kamp J.-F., editors. (Berlin: Springer; ), 256–267
Leman M., Godøy R. I. (2010). “Why Study Musical Gesture?” in Musical Gestures. Sound, Movement, and Meaning, eds Godøy R. I., Leman M., editors. (New York, NY: Routledge; ), 3–11
Zentner and Eerola (2010) investigated infants’ ability to bodily synchronize with musical stimuli, finding that infants showed more rhythmic movement to music and metrical stimuli than to speech suggesting a predisposition for rhythmic movement to music and other metrical regular sounds.
Zentner M., Eerola T. (2010). Rhythmic engagement with music in infancy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
U.S.A. 107, 5768–577310.1073/pnas.1000121107
We’ve established the connection between auditory and movement, now will discussneurological connection between auditory and visual
Support for visual cues and retrieval work
In Berninger et al. (1997), first-grade students at risk for handwriting difficulties were placed in tutorial groups that provided different types of handwriting interventions. The intervention that included visual cues for letter formation (arrows directing how to form the letter) combined with memory retrieval (the students wrote the letter without a model) was most effective. –
Berninger, V. W., Vaughan, K. B., Abbott, R. D., Rogan, L. W., Brooks, A., Reed, E., et al. (1997). Treatment of handwriting problems in beginning writers: Transfer from handwriting to composition. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 652–666.
Support for adult modeling and provision of visual cues
Handwriting instruction for first-grade students that
includes adult modeling of letter formation, use of consistent visual and verbal cues, repeated practice with immediate adult feedback, peer modeling and support, and self-evaluation results in significant gains in legibility, speed, and fluency.
First-grade students across ability levels may benefit when coteaching teams of occupational therapists and teachers collaboratively plan and implement handwriting instruction that is linked to students’ writing instruction.
Case-Smith, J., Holland, T., Lane, A., White, S. (2012). Effect of Coteaching Handwriting Program for First Graders: One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66(4), 396-405.
Role Working memory and importance of letter visualization
“Handwriting: what do we know and what do we need to know?” Jane Medwell and David Wray – Many researchers have talked about the importance of working memory to the writing process.
Medwell, J. & Wray, D. (2007). Handwriting: what do we know and what do we need to know? Literacy, 41(1), 10-15.
Berninger and Graham (1998) stress that it is ‘‘language by hand’’ and point out that their research suggests that orthographic and memory processes (the ability to recall letter shapes) contribute more to handwriting than do motor skills (Berninger and Amtmann, 2004).
Orthographic-motor integration of handwriting – that is the ability to call to mind and write letter shapes, groups of letters and words efficiently and effectively without allocation of cognitive attention, appears to be a very significant part of writing that has been largely overlooked in education. It involves mentally coding and rehearsing visual representations of these patterns and integrating them with motor patterns (Berninger, 1994).
Berninger, V. W. and Graham, S. (1998) Language by hand: a synthesis of a decade of research on handwriting. Handwriting Review, 12, pp. 11–25.
Berninger, V. W. and Amtmann, D. (2004) ‘Preventing written expression disabilities through early and continuing assessment and intervention for handwriting and/or spelling problems: research into practice’ in L. Swanson, K. Harris and S. Graham (Eds.) Handbook of Research on Learning Disabilities. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 345–363.
Berninger, V. W. (1994) Reading and Writing Acquisition: A Developmental Neuropsychological Perspective. Dubuque, IA: Brown and Benchmark.
Research suggests that orthographic-motor integration accounts for more than 50 percent of the variance in written language performance in children (e.g. Christensen and Jones, 2000; Graham et al., 1997). Indeed Christensen and Jones put this as high as 67 per cent for the 7- to 8-year-old children they studied.
Christensen, C. A. and Jones, D. (2000) Handwriting: an underestimated skill in the development of written language. Handwriting Today, 2, pp. 56–69.
Graham, S., Berninger, V., Abbott, R., Abbott, S. and Whitaker, D. (1997) The role of mechanics in composing of elementary school students: a new methodological approach. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89.1, pp. 170–182.
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The brain stores information via sensory cues (Kuczala)
Movement stimulates sensory cues and provided feedback
The more sensational the experience, the clearer the picture. Visit to Grandma’s for holiday – see decorations, smell cookies, touch relatives for hugs, move around crowded room, pick up and clean dishes, etc.
Sensory cues allow information to remembered more quickly and more accurately (Kuczala)
Affect activates, organizes, and sequences action for more meaningful and purposeful movements (Wieder)
Meaning facilitates integration of experience and leads to long term learning
VS – block designs ~ parallel, off center, open space, transpositions
Movement through space – crawling (horizontal), standing (vertical), running in circles (Fletcher story)
Recall
Movement activating the vestibular system activates attention and reading areas of the brain. (Palmer, 2003)
The part of the brain the processes movement (cerebellum) is the part of the brain that processes learning. (Middleton & Strick, 1994)
Implicit learning is the brain’s primary way to acquire information. (Kuczala)
Biology points to the benefit of movement and exercise in learning. (Jenson, 2005)
Embodied Cognition (Gallagher, 2005) – Activity: close your eyes and crouch down.. Now draw a line down… your body “drew” the picture in your mind
Mirror Neurons – Encodes actions based on actions being seen – original research was on reaching/upper extremity activation
Motor facilitation occurs during observation
Music and movement are the primary ways to manage arousal