This document discusses various types of academic writing. It provides guidance on writing book reviews, annotated bibliographies, comparative essays, literature reviews, abstracts, philosophy essays, scientific writing, and admissions letters. For each type, it outlines key elements to include such as comparing similarities and differences, identifying an author's thesis, contributions to the field, and one's own critical opinions for book reviews. It emphasizes the importance of being clear, concise, and well-organized across all academic writing types.

1. Academic Writing
I.S.F.D. Nº18 Banfield
Castorina, Carla.
Types of writingTypes of writing

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3. Types of writng
THE BOOK REVIEW OR ARTICLE CRITIQUE:
It is a critique and an analysis of a book or artic le. It is not
primarily a summary.
The review should show critical thinking. Bare in mind the following key
points:
+ Overall purpose , the specific topic.
+ weather the author states a theory.
+ what is the contribution of that work for our own course.
+How is this material used to demonstrate and argue the thesis.
+ What are your own reactions and considered opinions..

4. Writing an Annotated Bibliography
Writing an annotated bibliography is an alphabetical list of
research sources which provides a concise summary of each
source.
The quality of the bibliograpghy depend on the selction of
sourses.
Try to formulate your topic as a question in order to define your
search more precisely. An annotation restates the main
argument of a source. It typically identifies its thesis, its major
methods of investigation, and its main conclusions. It should
account for why the contents are there.

6. The Comparative Essay
 Compare at least two (possibly more) items. These items are:
positions, theories and events.
 Try to develope:
*The question may simply ask that you compare the two topics and...
*Develop a list of similarities and differences.
 Once you know your basis for comparison, think critically and
develop a thesis based on the relative weight of similarities
and differences.

7. The Comparative Essay

8. The Literature Review
Review is an account of what has been published on a topic by
accredited scholars and researchers. Your purpose is to convey to
your readers what knowledge and ideas have been established on a
topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. Writing a literature
review lets you gain and demonstrate skills in two areas: information
seeking critical and appraisal .
The review must do these things:
*Be organized around and related directly to the thesis
*Identify areas of controversy in the literatureformulate questions that
need further research.

10. Abstracts
 They are important because they give a first impression of the document and
let the readers decide whether they want to continue reading.
And it represents as much as possible of the quantitative and qualitative
information .
 Clues :Clues :
*Do not repeat or rephrase the title.
*Do not refer in the abstract to information that is not in the document.
* Avoid abbreviations or symbols.

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12. Writing a Philosophy Essay
Students aim to understand such philosophical questions and the concepts,
arguments, and theories that philosophers use to address them. They should
think critically about such arguments and theories and develop
their own answers to philosophical questions to demonstrate their
understanding of the subject through exposition of arguments and theories,
and their ability to assess themselves.
Focused your attention on :what philosophical question(s) is the author
addressing? ; on the technical language and on What theories the author
propose .
Take notes as you read. Then put your ideas for the essay into a logical order
Useful sentence: “First, I will analyze . . . “. Write as orderly, clear and accurate as
possible, and try to show the logical connections between the different parts of
a philosophical system. Avoid being vague.
Finally, ask yourself how you would evaluate the replies that philosophers
may have thought of. You are ready to develop your own answers by
articulating your own philosophical positions.

15. Writing in the Sciences
It should be written in a clear and concise style, its paragraphs should be coherent,
and its ideas should be well organized writing reflect the activities and goals of
science will help you become a more proficient writer.
 Audience: All writers should be aware of their audience since they
have very different levels of knowledge, they may be fellow scientists or
a general audience .
 Titles: They can be either fragments or full sentences, though usually
they are fragments. Some titles are framed as questions. For
complicated experiments, you may subdivide sections into subsections,
each with its own subheading.
 Headings: are not always obligatory .
Technical language can be indispensable , scientific terms, the language
is simple. The main function of such jargon is compression. If you are
writing about science for non-scientists, you can still rely on jargon to
achieve compression, but you should at least let your reader know what
any uncommon term means the first time around. Try to avoid
abbreviations.

16. If the writing is confused then, science may be intrinsically difficult, the writing may be weak,
the ideas themselves may be confused, or the writer may be trying to gloss over
something.
Passive versus Active Voice
In humanities and many social science papers, students should try to use active
voice wheneve, it is less indirect; the first-person pronouns, “I” and “we,” is
becoming more acceptable in scientific discourse. Lab instructors in some
disciplines still insist on passive voice (in past tense) they do not accept any
active constructions. Tensepapers are present and past. Future and present
perfect rank a distant third and fourth.
 Use present tense when you are making assertions about nature or
about concepts future tense . When you lay out your plan in a
proposal: Sourcespoints from someone else’s work. Scientists do not
generally rely on direct quotation, and this is especially true of report
writing. Paraphrase can also occur when the analysis of someone
else’s work requires close attention to detail . Sources are cited in the
paper, rather than in alphabetical.

18. How to Use Active Voice in the Sciences
Even if your course requires you to use passive in the Methods section, do not shy
away from active in the other sections. Some basic techniques for
introducing active voice outside of the Methods section:
 You may refer directly to the authors: If there is a good reason for using the
passive voice, by all means use it.
 You may want to draw attention to the object, not the subject:Note that there
are ways to vary sentence structure other than alternating between the two
voices. Using complex rather than simple declarative sentences can help you
better spell out the logic of your experiment while retaining the concision and
directness of active voice. Active voice allows you to avoid two of the most
common sentence-level issues in science papers: Existential “it” The
introductory modifier, “To assess …

19. WRITING AN EFFECTIVE ADMISSIONS LETTER
*Be focussed: your cue first from the prompts given in the application form
*Be coherent: A clearly organized letter can create a picture of a clear-
minded and sensible person. You might want to write from an outline
or a diagram of main points.
* Be interpretive: Provide explicit answers for the question that
arises in the mind of any reader looking at a hundred or more similar
documents.
Use nouns and adjectives that name qualities (outgoing, curiosity,
confident) and verbs that show action.
*Be specific: Balance the generalizing words of your interpretive
points.
*Be personal: Your letter substitutes for an interview. avoid
monotony, start some sentences with a subordinate clause such as
"While I scrubbed floors" or "Because of my difficulties“.

21. Conclusion
Despite the types of writing, texts have be
coherent, clear and well organised. That is a
must for any of them.
We have to bare in mind beforehand which
kind of writing we are meant to write in order
to do it with the right form and with the
appropriate language. We should take into
account the hints for each specif type.