The document discusses the role of the Catholic Church in 14th and 15th century Europe. It explains that [1] the Church had immense power over daily life, controlling aspects like taxes and business. [2] Religion dictated social norms and participation in rituals like weekly Mass was expected. [3] The seven sacraments from baptism to last rites structured life events and reinforced the Church's authority.
Donnelly & Inglis Media And Church Maynooth Conf 2008susiedonnelly
Donnelly & Inglis(2008) \'Media Representations of Clerical Child Sex Abuse: Understanding Secularisation in 1990s Ireland\', presented at Researching in the Church in Ireland, Dept of Sociology & Irish Catholic Bishops\' Conference, NUI Maynooth, 22 October 2008.
A presentation given by Fr. Jerry Martinson, S.J. at the EAPI's Social Communications in Pastoral Ministry workshops in 2009. Includes "The Church vs. the Media", "Models of the Church", "The Church Speaks about Communication", etc.
Donnelly & Inglis Media And Church Maynooth Conf 2008susiedonnelly
Donnelly & Inglis(2008) \'Media Representations of Clerical Child Sex Abuse: Understanding Secularisation in 1990s Ireland\', presented at Researching in the Church in Ireland, Dept of Sociology & Irish Catholic Bishops\' Conference, NUI Maynooth, 22 October 2008.
A presentation given by Fr. Jerry Martinson, S.J. at the EAPI's Social Communications in Pastoral Ministry workshops in 2009. Includes "The Church vs. the Media", "Models of the Church", "The Church Speaks about Communication", etc.
Whither Shall We Go? The Past and Present of Black Churches and the Public Sp...Jonathan Dunnemann
The author asserts that "the Black Church should remain engaged in the public sphere for two reasons: first, black churches are operating in the absence of state welfare rather than as an alternative to it and second, black churches are among the few institutions providing race-specif remedies that have been abandoned in a colorblind era.
Project that shows my interest in separating Church leaders from interfering with State legislation. The church needs to be redesigned to be more Christ centered and not rule and law centered.
“Luke Embrace Your Destiny” is a sermon written by Rev. Tony Williams a longtime friend and Holy Cross College brother which he delivered on Sunday, January 20th 2019 at First Calvary Baptist Church 400 Long St., in Salisbury, NC 28144 to commemorate Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr’s 90th birthday.
Presented by Fr. Lito Jopson, Assistant Director for Programming of TV Maria
Organizational Seminar on the Parish Social Communication Ministry
San Carlos Seminary
28 May 2011
A New Approach To Communication And Pastoral MinistryGarage Jescom
A presentation made by Fr. Jerry Martinson, S.J. at the EAPI's Social Communications in Pastoral Ministry workshops in 2009. Includes "The Church & Communications", "Mass Communication: Bringing God to Masses of People", "The New Areopagus", "Training for Ministry in the New Areopagus", etc.
Whither Shall We Go? The Past and Present of Black Churches and the Public Sp...Jonathan Dunnemann
The author asserts that "the Black Church should remain engaged in the public sphere for two reasons: first, black churches are operating in the absence of state welfare rather than as an alternative to it and second, black churches are among the few institutions providing race-specif remedies that have been abandoned in a colorblind era.
Project that shows my interest in separating Church leaders from interfering with State legislation. The church needs to be redesigned to be more Christ centered and not rule and law centered.
“Luke Embrace Your Destiny” is a sermon written by Rev. Tony Williams a longtime friend and Holy Cross College brother which he delivered on Sunday, January 20th 2019 at First Calvary Baptist Church 400 Long St., in Salisbury, NC 28144 to commemorate Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr’s 90th birthday.
Presented by Fr. Lito Jopson, Assistant Director for Programming of TV Maria
Organizational Seminar on the Parish Social Communication Ministry
San Carlos Seminary
28 May 2011
A New Approach To Communication And Pastoral MinistryGarage Jescom
A presentation made by Fr. Jerry Martinson, S.J. at the EAPI's Social Communications in Pastoral Ministry workshops in 2009. Includes "The Church & Communications", "Mass Communication: Bringing God to Masses of People", "The New Areopagus", "Training for Ministry in the New Areopagus", etc.
Everyone please feel free to add pictures and text, just remember to cite them or copy and paste the hyperlink and I will cite them. Afterwards, I can go back and try to make everything work together in terms of colours and themes.
MODERN INFLUENCES ON THE FUTURE OF RELIGIONIt is obvious that re.docxroushhsiu
MODERN INFLUENCES ON THE FUTURE OF RELIGION
It is obvious that religions in the modern world face both challenge and inevitable change. Numerous social and technological developments are responsible for bringing about change. Women are demanding roles in arenas traditionally dominated by males—including institutional religions. Scientific advances in such areas as reproduction, genetics, and organ transplantation pose ethical questions that people in earlier times never had to answer. Many Western cities are homes to religions, such as Hinduism and Islam, that not too long ago were considered exotic and foreign. Finally, television, the Internet, cell phones, immigration, and travel expose human beings worldwide to new cultures and religions.
Change is happening so quickly that we must wonder about the future of religion. What if we could return to earth a few hundred years from now? Would the religions that we know now have changed a great deal? What religions would even still exist? Would there be new great religions?
In ways that weren't even imagined a few decades ago, today's political, religious, and economic movements are spread by technology—and involve people who were previously overlooked.
Page 510We cannot know exactly how the religious landscape will look in another several hundred years, but we can make a guess based on the influences at work today—influences that are pulling religions in different directions. As we've seen throughout this book, religions in general tend to be conservative and often change more slowly than their surrounding societies. But, indeed, they do change. They change as a result of forces both from within themselves and from their surrounding cultures.
In this chapter we will first look at a few of the modern developments that are shaping our future in general and the future of religions in particular. We will consider the recurrent theme of change in religion. And we will look at two alternatives to organized religion. The first is the environmental movement and its almost religious view of nature. The second is what has come to be called eclectic spirituality, a union of various sources of inspiration, often expressed through art and music, which are frequently associated with spirituality.
The New World Order
A century ago the great majority of people lived rural lives, and many people were ruled by monarchs. Now the majority of people live in cities, and monarchs are in short supply. The economic and political landscape has changed rapidly. The Berlin Wall fell, uniting Germany, and Communism ended in the Soviet Union. Although China remains Communistic in name, it is now a major force in world capitalism. International companies are becoming as powerful as nations.
Page 511Once people had to travel far to experience different cultures. Now people in large cities have their pick of international cuisines—Thai, Japanese, Chinese, Italian, French, Vietnamese. And contact with people of different cultu ...
What factors caused the Reformation? How could the late Medieval Catholic Church be outwardly incredibly successful, but yet so vulnerable to the sweeping forces of change? How did faith once more become centered on one's personal relationships with God?
Similar to Power,corruption and salvation in early modern europe (16)
Discover various methods for clearing negative entities from your space and spirit, including energy clearing techniques, spiritual rituals, and professional assistance. Gain practical knowledge on how to implement these techniques to restore peace and harmony. For more information visit here: https://www.reikihealingdistance.com/negative-entity-removal/
2 Peter 3: Because some scriptures are hard to understand and some will force them to say things God never intended, Peter warns us to take care.
https://youtu.be/nV4kGHFsEHw
Why is this So? ~ Do Seek to KNOW (English & Chinese).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma teaching of Kamma-Vipaka (Intentional Actions-Ripening Effects).
A Presentation for developing morality, concentration and wisdom and to spur us to practice the Dhamma diligently.
The texts are in English and Chinese.
A375 Example Taste the taste of the Lord, the taste of the Lord The taste of...franktsao4
It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
The Hope of Salvation - Jude 1:24-25 - MessageCole Hartman
Jude gives us hope at the end of a dark letter. In a dark world like today, we need the light of Christ to shine brighter and brighter. Jude shows us where to fix our focus so we can be filled with God's goodness and glory. Join us to explore this incredible passage.
Exploring the Mindfulness Understanding Its Benefits.pptxMartaLoveguard
Slide 1: Title: Exploring the Mindfulness: Understanding Its Benefits
Slide 2: Introduction to Mindfulness
Mindfulness, defined as the conscious, non-judgmental observation of the present moment, has deep roots in Buddhist meditation practice but has gained significant popularity in the Western world in recent years. In today's society, filled with distractions and constant stimuli, mindfulness offers a valuable tool for regaining inner peace and reconnecting with our true selves. By cultivating mindfulness, we can develop a heightened awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and surroundings, leading to a greater sense of clarity and presence in our daily lives.
Slide 3: Benefits of Mindfulness for Mental Well-being
Practicing mindfulness can help reduce stress and anxiety levels, improving overall quality of life.
Mindfulness increases awareness of our emotions and teaches us to manage them better, leading to improved mood.
Regular mindfulness practice can improve our ability to concentrate and focus our attention on the present moment.
Slide 4: Benefits of Mindfulness for Physical Health
Research has shown that practicing mindfulness can contribute to lowering blood pressure, which is beneficial for heart health.
Regular meditation and mindfulness practice can strengthen the immune system, aiding the body in fighting infections.
Mindfulness may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity by reducing stress and improving overall lifestyle habits.
Slide 5: Impact of Mindfulness on Relationships
Mindfulness can help us better understand others and improve communication, leading to healthier relationships.
By focusing on the present moment and being fully attentive, mindfulness helps build stronger and more authentic connections with others.
Mindfulness teaches us how to be present for others in difficult times, leading to increased compassion and understanding.
Slide 6: Mindfulness Techniques and Practices
Focusing on the breath and mindful breathing can be a simple way to enter a state of mindfulness.
Body scan meditation involves focusing on different parts of the body, paying attention to any sensations and feelings.
Practicing mindful walking and eating involves consciously focusing on each step or bite, with full attention to sensory experiences.
Slide 7: Incorporating Mindfulness into Daily Life
You can practice mindfulness in everyday activities such as washing dishes or taking a walk in the park.
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Mindfulness helps us become more aware of our needs and better manage our time, leading to balance and harmony in life.
Slide 8: Summary: Embracing Mindfulness for Full Living
Mindfulness can bring numerous benefits for physical and mental health.
Regular mindfulness practice can help achieve a fuller and more satisfying life.
Mindfulness has the power to change our perspective and way of perceiving the world, leading to deeper se
Power,corruption and salvation in early modern europe
1. Power, Corruption and Salvation in Early Modern Europe
The role of the Church in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was paramount to societal
life. Religion was included in every aspect of everyday living and the power executed by
the Church over the people extended to almost every aspect of daily life. The ideologies
of the Catholic doctrine were not only imposed on the people by the political leaders, but
also by the inability for the people to challenge those in power, due to educational and
economic disadvantages. The Church controlled much of the wealth during this early
period exercised that control through taxes, land leasing and business developments. It
was the relative power that was related to the Church and associated belief in God that
created a society hinged on religious beliefs. This essay will outline the power of the
Church in early modern Europe, and the way religious practices and beliefs were
significant to the members of society at that time. It will also highlight the role of the
sacraments in ordering life and the importance of ‘pilgrimage’ as a method for obtaining
favour with both the Church and society.
The rituals of religion gave the people a direction. In a society that was so segregated on
a class level, religion gave the masses a hope for a better eternity than what they were
experiencing on earth or more importantly, a way to stay out of Hell 1. The social
significance of Christian beliefs also gave those in power a way to control the people, and
brought the community together at a layman’s level. The religious nature of society
dictated the participation in a series of rites and rituals to ensure the attainment of one’s
place in heaven and one’s acceptance in the community. These rituals, sacraments, were
1
Norman Habel, Michael O’Donoghue and Marion Maddox. Myth, Ritual and the Sacred. (Adelaide: Texts
in Humanities, 1993) p. 55-70.
2. essential markers of one’s devotion to their faith, their country and their allegiance to
God, they structured the everyday life of the people, not only on a daily level, but also
across their lifespan2.
Life in early modern Europe was completely intertwined with religion 3. The power held
by the Catholic Church had the effect of a monopoly on how people lived their daily
lives4. The desire for redemption was pressing and the obtainment of eternal life was a
deep focus for early citizens. This desire for connection to God was enhanced by the
wealth of the church and the ability for those in the Church to exercise control over land,
money, taxes and the law. The influence of the church extended not only to the realm of
the spirit but also to the reality of life which included the daily economic functioning of
communities5. The culture of early modern Europe deemed it socially desired to have a
belief in God and a relationship with the Church. Those who were seen as devout were
praised as upstanding members of the community, while those who expressed less than
avid interest were socially ostracized, an event which in a community so dependent on
the exchange of goods and services, was devastating.
All aspects of religious faith, beliefs and behaviour were totally controlled and dictated
by the Church. Those in power determined that people must have a relationship with God
to be socially acceptable. To this end, all people had no choice but to enter into a
2
Ibid…p71-80.
3
Nicholas, Baker, Lecture 5: Sanctifying the World, Lecture accessed from Macquarie University, HST150
– Study materials: Resource MP3, 2010.
4
John Merriman. A History of Modern Europe: From Renaissance to the Present,2 nd Ed., (New York: W.W.
Norton & Co., 2004), p.6.
5
Ibid.., p.6-7.
3. relationship with the Church.6 As the majority of citizens in the early modern period were
illiterate the only method of learning about God and His rules and expectations for life
was to attend Church.7 The irony of this was that even though in attendance, the people
still could not understand the teachings as the sermons were conducted in Latin, as was
all other religious texts.8 This fact empowered the Church by allowing them to control
the access and dispersion religious information to whoever was deemed worthy of it and
withhold information from those considered unworthy. 9 It also allowed the Church to
deliver messages in whichever context they wished, mostly in ways which benefited the
institution. Part of these benefits was in terms of real estate. Churches generally owned
large estates, considerable tracts of land and assets and were entitled to payment of
taxation from citizens because of the important position they held within society 10.
Individuals did not have access to spiritual information without the church acting as an
interpreter and questioning the motives and functions of the Church was expressively
forbidden.11
In order to maintain their position of power the Church institution established established
a set of standardized rituals that all Christians were expected to participate in if they were
to please God, and achieve eternal life. 12 Perhaps the most common ritual was the Mass,
a weekly joining of the members of the community presided over by a priest or other
6
Ibid., p.7
7
Phyllis Mack & Margaret Jacob, Politics and Culture in Early Modern Europe, (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1987) , p.232, 253.
8
Baker, Lecture 5: Sanctifying the World, Lecture accessed from Macquarie University, HST150 – Study
materials: Resource MP3, 2010.
9
Mary, Mitchell & Frances, Young. The Cambridge History of Christianity. (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2006), p.50.
10
Mack & Jacob, Politics and Culture in Early Modern Europe, (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1987), p.158-160.
11
Peter Rietbergen,. Europe: A Cultural History, 2nd Ed., (London: Routledge, 2006). p.172-175.
12
Ibid., p.172
4. member of the clergy. 13 The clergy conducted the ceremonies speaking only in Latin
with the parishioners responding with well-established and memorised responses. 14 The
role of the mass can be viewed as not just spiritual but also serving to bring people within
a community closer together under the benevolent guidance of the hierarchy of the
Church. Those who did not attend services or did not agree with the Church’s beliefs ran
the risk of being excommunicated. Being excommunicated had the effect of socially
isolating a person from their community and fellow citizens. 15 To be disconnected or
shunned by other members in the community was devastating for those in the fourteenth
and fifteenth centuries as a strong community standing was essential to obtaining a
prosperous existence. Excommunication could bring poverty, isolation or even death.
In addition to weekly attendance at Mass, the Church mandated that all people must
participate in the life rituals known as the seven sacraments. 16 The seven sacraments are
baptism, confirmation, marriage and extreme unction. These four sacraments are only
offered once in a lifetime.17 Penance and/or confession and communion were to be taken
once per year. For those who chose the path of priesthood was the last sacrament,
ordination.18 These sacraments provided social cohesion in the life of people within
communities.
13
John Bossy. “The Mass as a Social Institution 1200-1700”, Past and Present, no. 100, (1983), pp. 30.
14
Ibid., p.32.
15
Mitchell & Young. The Cambridge History of Christianity. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2006) , p.70.
16
R. Scribner. “Ritual and Reformation’, Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation
Germany, (London & Ronceverte, WV, 1987), pp. 106.
17
Mitchell & Young. The Cambridge History of Christianity. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2006) p.25.
18
Ibid. 26.
5. Almost from birth people were introduced to religious rituals. Not long after birth
Christian babies are claimed by the church in the ritual of baptism. The ritual of baptism
also provided a social cohesive role19. The parents of the child to be baptized would
choose a god parent or parents for the child; when making a chose it was common to
choose someone that conducted business with or wished to form a business relationship.
To be given the role of god-parent was a position of honour and trust within early
European families. Religious ritual was often used as a tool to enhance business and
political advantage and choosing god-parents on this association was a common
practice.20
The second sacrament is Confirmation and is the second in the rituals of Christian
initiation. In this ceremony one confirms their baptismal grace and must be completed
before one participates in the sacrament of Eucharist, or the accepting of communion.
These three initiation rites are essential to the foundations of Catholic life, as without
these initiations, one cannot receive penance, and so risks eternal damnation. 21
The sacrament of Matrimony that today is seen as two people uniting in a common bond
of love was not viewed in the same way in medieval times 22. During the 14th and 15th
19
Mitchel & Young. The Cambridge History of Christianity. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2006), pp.160–161.
20
Trexler, Richard. “The Florentine Religious Experience: The Sacred Image”. Studies in the
Renaissance no. 19, (1972) p.9.
21
Habel, 0’Donoghue and Maddox. Myth, Ritual and the Sacred.(Texts in Humanities, 1993). Pp. 71-80.
22
Rietbergen,. Europe: A Cultural History, 2nd Ed., (London: Routledge, 2006). p.178-79.
6. centuries in Europe wealthy nobles would marry for a variety of reasons 23. Some of these
reasons were to create and maintain a peace after a war with an enemy, for financial gain
by the gift of a large dowry or for social advancement. In regards to the lower classes,
marriage often provided a sense of social stability or even advancement24.
Even when someone was unable to attend church there were circumstances that the
sacrament would be conferred upon them. One such circumstance is when a member of
the Christian faith is in danger of dying25. This sacrament is referred to as extreme
unction. This sacrament can only be administered by a priest or bishop as it involves the
final chance for a person to be forgiven of all earthly sins. This sacrament also provided
a Christian with the necessary social preparation near the end of their life and was a very
public event with family members, friends and neighbours often in attendance to attest to
its deliverance26. Death was not supposed to be a solitary event but instead was a treated
as public spectacle that involved the whole town 27. The correct administering of the
sacraments was not only spiritual of significance but also social importance.
One sacrament that was delivered more that once in a person life was Penance or
reconciliation. This involves reconciliation with God after sin has been committed 28.
23
Wrigley, E.A. & Schofield, R.S. “The population history of England 1541-1871: A review symposium”
Social History, no. 8:2, (1983), p.144.
24
Ibid., p177-8.
25
Mitchel & Young. The Cambridge History of Christianity. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2006) pp. 195.
26
Nicholas Baker. “Lecture 6: Death, Sin, and Salvation”, Lecture accessed from Macquarie University,
HST150 – Study materials: Resource MP3, 2010.
27
Ibid.
28
Merry Wiesner-Hanks. Cambridge History of Europe: Early Modern Europe 1450-1789,
7. This reconciliation has four states. The first stage is contrition in which the penitent
expresses their sin and repentance for it. Secondly, the penitent must have confession to
a priest as only a priest has the necessary power to conduct the sacrament and provide
absolution as the instrument of God in the earthly realm. Thirdly, the sinner would
receive absolution from the Priest which would then carry to the final stage of Penance 29.
The Penance could take the effect of prayers, necessary actions to be carried out or in
some circumstance a pilgrimage to fully absolve the sin. Through having the power to
absolve sin the Church dominated the lives of the people, and no-one challenged those in
Church power as they were seen as the executors of God’s will. This in itself caused
many problems with abuse of Church power.
The importance of a pilgrimage for early Christians in terms of connecting with the
sacred was not only a religious exclamation of faith but also a declaration of wealth,
social standing or acceptance. Those in positions of wealth used pilgrimage as a way to
increase their standing in society and on the far end of this, those who were living in
poverty would use pilgrimage as a way to show their absolute dedication to God in the
hope of winning His favour in life and in death30.
A pilgrimage generally involves a lengthy journey to a shrine or place of great religious
significance31. In the Christian faith, important destinations for pilgrimages were to
location associated with the birth and death of Jesus Christ. The Holy Land provided
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006). p.380
29
Ibid. p.16.
30
Habel, 0’Donoghue and Maddox. Myth, Ritual and the Sacred.(Texts in Humanities, 1993). Pp. 91
31
Merry Wiesner-Hanks. Cambridge History of Europe: Early Modern Europe 1450-1789,
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006). p.380.
8. many suitable locations for pilgrims to journey to such as Jerusalem, Bethlehem and
Nazareth and the Sea of Galilee 32. Also throughout Europe were many sites that were
associated with saints and contained relics that would be suitable for a pilgrimage 33. The
completion of the long, arduous and often dangerous journey provided the pilgrim with
the necessary process of achieving penance34. Pilgrimage also held the important position
of connecting the community. Those on a pilgrimage together often formed close bonds
that remained in place even once they had returned to daily life. These strengthened
connections served not only to solidify the bonds of community members, but also their
place within the Church35.
In conclusion, this essay has outlined the various religious beliefs and practice that were
important aspects of daily life in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries in Europe. In order
to solidify their power over the people, the economy and the law the Church formulated a
standardized religious practice in which all good Christians were expected to participate
in in order to remain in good favour with the community. These practices guided life
from birth to death by way of sacraments and were non-negotiable if one wanted to
achieve a good standing. They empowered the Church as the sole deliverer of religious
guidance as well as served to form strong social bonds within the community, an
32
Simon Coleman & John Elsner. Pilgrimage: Past and Present in the World Religions. (Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1995). p.20.
33
Charles Zika. “Hosts, processions, pilgrimages: Controlling the sacred in fifteenth-century Germany”,
Past and Present, no 118: February, (1988), p.49.
34
Ibid., p.62-64.
35
Habel, 0’Donoghue and Maddox. Myth, Ritual and the Sacred.(Texts in Humanities, 1993). Pp. 91
9. essential factor in the determination of worth and the acquisition of wealth on which daily
living depended.
10. Bibliography
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(1983)
http://www.jstor.org.simsrad.net.ocs.mq.edu.au/stable/pdfplus/650620.pdf:
pp. 29-61.
Coleman, Simon & Elsner, John. Pilgrimage: Past and Present in the World
Religions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.
Habel, Norman; O’Donoghue, Michael & Maddox, Marion. Myth, Ritual and the
Sacred. Adelaide: Texts in Humanities. 1993.
Mack, Phyllis & Jacob, Margaret. Politics and Culture in Early Modern Europe,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Merriman, John. A History of Modern Europe: From Renaissance to the Present,
2nd Ed., New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004.
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Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
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Scribner, R.W, “Ritual and Reformation”, Popular Culture and Popular
Movements in Reformation Germany, London: London & Ronceverte, WV
(1987) http://www.library.mq.edu.au/e-access/document.php?eid=63675:
pp.103-23.
Trexler, Richard. “The Florentine Religious Experience: The Sacred Image”.
Studies in the Renaissance 19 (1972) http://www.jstor.org/stable/2857086:
pp.7-41.
Wiesner-Hanks, Merry. Cambridge History of Europe: Early Modern Europe
1450-1789,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Wrigley, E.A. & Schofield, R.S. “The population history of England 1541-1871: A
review symposium”, Social History , no. 8:2 (1983)
http://www.library.mq.edu.au/e-access/document.php?eid=26852: pp.139-
160
12. Zika, Charles. “Hosts, processions, pilgrimages: Controlling the sacred in fifteenth-
century Germany”, Past and Present, 118: February (1988)
http://www.jstor.org/stable/650830: pp.25-64