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This document discusses mass movement, which is the movement of surface areas caused by gravity. There are different types of mass movements such as rock falls, mudflows, and landslides. An example is given of a severe mass movement that occurred in Alberta, Canada in 1903 where 30.6 million cubic meters of soil slipped from a mountain and fell into streets and a nearby valley, resulting in loss of life and property. Another mass movement example described is a 1987 landslide in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa caused by heavy rainfall that saturated sandy soils. This landslide damaged railway lines and increased death rates in the province. Effects of mass movements include loss of property, injuries or death, damage to vegetation, and loss of biodiversity
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Disaster management landslide
This document discusses landslides and disaster management. It covers types of disasters including natural disasters like landslides, earthquakes, floods, and man-made disasters. Causes of landslides include geological weaknesses, erosion, rainfall, excavation, and earthquakes. The disaster management cycle includes pre-disaster planning, response during the disaster, and post-disaster recovery. Major landslides in India are described and hazard mapping is discussed as a way to reduce landslide risks and prevent loss of life and property.
WEEK 1.pdf
This document provides an overview of the course content for a class on geological hazards. The course will cover various natural hazards including earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, landslides, storms, wildfires, and floods. It will examine the causes and impacts of these hazards as well as mitigation strategies. Case studies of specific geological hazard events will also be discussed. The course aims to provide an understanding of natural processes and how to assess and reduce risks from natural hazards.
The tsunami; its mechanisms, socioeconomic and environmental impacts mike mukuwa
The document discusses tsunamis, their causes, impacts, and mitigation. It begins by defining natural hazards and disasters. It then defines tsunamis, their measurement, and distinguishes them from wind waves. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and meteorite impacts are described as the main causes of tsunamis. The Pacific Ocean experiences most tsunamis, especially along subduction zones. Tsunamis cause death, disease, and massive reconstruction costs. They also contaminate soil and water, destroy habitats, and can spread radiation from damaged nuclear plants. Planting mangroves and trees along coastlines can help mitigate tsunami impacts by reducing wave energy.
Natural hazards and disasters in egypt
This document discusses natural hazards and disasters that occur in Egypt. It outlines several types of natural hazards that affect the country, including droughts, flash floods, landslides, dust storms, earthquakes, extreme temperatures, and climate change. For each hazard, the document provides definitions, historical examples in Egypt from 1980-2010, and recommendations for mitigation strategies. It also discusses local and global actors involved in disaster risk reduction and management in Egypt, as well as resources for further information.
Geohazards
Geohazards are natural hazards caused by geological processes of the Earth, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, landslides, and tsunamis. These events can cause significant loss of life and property damage when they occur. Some geohazards like volcanoes and cyclones may be predicted by monitoring warning signs like changes in gases, small earthquakes, and swelling of the volcano. Major earthquakes typically occur along fault lines and are followed by aftershocks. Volcanic eruptions pose hazards from pyroclastic flows, lahars, and tsunamis they can trigger. Landslides involve the breakdown and downhill movement of rock and debris. Tsunamis are gravity waves
Pacific ring of fire
The Pacific Ring of Fire is a horseshoe shaped area surrounding the Pacific Ocean that experiences significant seismic and volcanic activity due to tectonic plate movement. Major plate boundaries like the subduction of the Pacific plate cause volcanoes and earthquakes that have impacted billions and cost billions. The Ring of Fire is responsible for events like the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption and the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami that killed over 10,000 people annually and cost billions.
What and why?
The 2010 Chile earthquake, which had a magnitude of 8.8, may have shortened the length of each Earth day by 1.26 microseconds and shifted Earth's figure axis by 2.7 milliarcseconds according to preliminary calculations by a JPL scientist; while a 2004 Sumatran earthquake shortened the day by 6.8 microseconds and shifted the axis by 2.32 milliarcseconds. The Chile quake is predicted to have shifted the axis more due to its mid-latitude location and the steeper dip angle of its fault compared to the Sumatran quake.
Monitoring and Assesment of Landslide from Agastmuni to Sonprayag
This document summarizes a study on landslides in the Himalayan region of India. It begins with an abstract describing the preparation of a landslide inventory from pre- and post-disaster imagery, hazard mapping, and risk analysis. It then provides background on landslides, describing common causes and triggers. The study area of Agastmuni to Sonprayag is introduced as being prone to frequent landslides that impact the local economy dependent on tourism. The document outlines the methodology used, including creating susceptibility, vulnerability, and risk maps based on weighted factors like geology, slope, and land use/land cover. The goals are to identify hazardous zones and assess risk to infrastructure and population to aid disaster prevention and land use
Essay On Floods
Thousands of years ago, rivers would flood plains and valleys, depositing rich soil that made some areas good for early civilization. The most important early civilizations developed along flood plains of rivers like the Indus, Nile, Yellow River, and Tigris and Euphrates. Even though floods occur everywhere, there are four main types: river floods, flash floods, coastal floods, and urban floods. China experienced one of the deadliest floods in history in 1887 when the Yellow River flooded, killing at least 900,000 people. In 1889, a dam break in Pennsylvania caused the Johnstown Flood and extensive damage.
LANDSLIDE
This document discusses two case studies of landslides. The first case study describes a landslide that occurred in Malin, Pune in India. It caused significant damage and disruption. The second case study examines a landslide that occurred in Gangtok, India in 1997 due to heavy rainfall. This landslide caused over 50 deaths and widespread damage. The document provides background on landslide types and classifications. It also includes maps and data on the geology, rainfall levels, and locations of landslides in the Gangtok study area.
RUNNING HEAD Rough Draft-Peer reviewPage 1PEER REVIEW.docx
RUNNING HEAD: Rough Draft-Peer review Page 1
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A few minutes of intense shaking, followed by a devastating tsunami, producing widespread destruction. FEMA's best-case scenario, 13,000 people will lose their lives, (Schultz, 2015). The question is not if it's going to happen, it's when. The countdown to catastrophe is on for the Pacific Northwest. We're talking about the Cascadia Subduction Zone. Throughout this paper, I will discuss the who, what, where, when, and how this overdue megaquake will strike.
The Cascadia subduction zone is a 620-mile-long crack in the earth's crust. It is in the pacific northwest where the North American tectonic plate meets the Juan de Fuca plate, (Tarbuck, Lutgens, Tasa, 2017). Tectonic plates are pieces of crust that move across the earth's surface over millions of years, (Oskin, 2015). The subduction zone is where two tectonic plates meet. One eventually bends underneath the other, which is what we see in the North Pacific. The Juan de Fuca plate is sliding under the weaker, North American plate. Eventually, the North American plate will buckle, result in a devastating earthquake, followed by massive Tsunami.
Subduction zones are found all along the edge of the Pacific in what is called, "The ring of fire." Off the coasts of Washington, Canada, Alaska, Russia, and Indonesia birthed the most devastating earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions in history, (Oskin, 2015). The bigger the subduction zone, the higher magnitude of the earthquake. A subduction zone earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5 or greater will likely produce a tsunami. The Cascadia subduction zone is a big one. It runs 620 miles long and 62 miles wide. It has all the ingredients necessary to produce massive devastation.
So how do we know that the Pacific Northwest is in danger? Tsunamis are a direct result of an earthquake, volcanic eruption or a massive landslide. The once dubbed, "Orphan Tsunami," hit the eastern coast of Japan on January 27th, 1700, (Atwater et al., 2015). The year 1700 in the Pacific Northwest was considered prehistory, meaning there were no written records of events. Japan, on the other hand, have produced numerous ancient writings of stories that told of flooded fields, wrecked houses, fire, a shipwreck, and evacuations. The Japanese knew that tsunamis were a result of an earthquake, and because they didn't feel any shaking prior, they called the event a high tide. At the time, it wasn't known that tsunamis could occur from earthquakes that happened from faraway lands. Outsiders of Northwestern North America scarcely knew of its existence. At that time, leading European geographers left that part of the map blank. So, for this mystery, the Japanese didn't even know the Pacific Northwest existed, much less that it had produced the earthquake that generated the tsunami, (Atwater et al., 2015).
The Chilean earthquake that struck on May 22, 1960, generated a tsunami that surged a ...
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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- 1. GEOMOPHORLOGY 2AFET MISS Z NKAWULE 201576241 MASS MOVEMENT
- 2. DEFINITION OF MASS MOVEMENT Mass movement: It is a movement surface area caused by gravity Types of mass movements : • Rock fall • Mudflow • Soil creep • Landslides (Ranvenscroft et al.,2012)
- 3. INTERNATIONAL LITERATURE A severe mass movement occurred in Alberta Canada in 1903, it had a mass of about 30.6 million cubic meters. The soil slipped from the top of the mountain then fell to the streets and the nearby valley. Lives were lost and properties (Thomas and Van Schalkwyk, 1993).
- 4. Landslide picture Figure 1: Thomas, S.(2001). Available at: htt//quizelt.com/114073185/unidsd- 31environment- concerns-and possibilities flash-cards/.[ Accessed 14 March, 2016]
- 5. MASS MOVEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA This mass movement occurred in 1987 at KwaZulu Natal province in South Africa. Since we have different types of mass movements the one that occurred in KZN was also landslide, due to heavy rainfall sandy soils of Natal became supersaturated. The most contributing factor to the mass movement that occurred throughout Natal is the inadequate drainage bases. This landslide contributed to the damage of the railway line and the increase of death rate in the province (Thomas and Van Schalkwyk, 1993).
- 6. Map of KwaZulu Natal Figure: 2 Map of KwaZulu Natal (Google image) available at www.bigpictureofthebible.com. [accessed 14 March 2016]
- 7. EFFECTS OF MASS MOVEMENT • Loss of property • Severe injuries or death • Damage of vegetation • Loss of biodiversity (Holmes and Meadows, 2012)
- 8. CONCLUSION It is very crucial to ensure that natural hazards are being detected on time to prevent severe damage. For instance in KZN if people were aware of the landslide, before it occurred more people should have survived and less damage was going to be happen( Grab and Knight, 2015).
- 9. REFENCE LIST Grab, S., and Knight, J (eds). (2015): Landscapes and Landforms of South Africa. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland Holmes, P., and Meadows, M. (2012): Southern African Geomorphology: Recent Trends and New Directions. SUN MeDIA, Bloemfontein Thomas, P., and Van Schalkwyk, A. (1993) ‘Geological hazards associated with intense rain and flooding in Natal. ’Journal of African earth science, 16: 45:57 Thomas, S.(2001). Available at:htt//quizelt.com/114073185/unids-31-environment- concerns-and possibilities flash-card/.[Accessed 14 March 2016] Dilley, L., Keats, G. K, Nxele, A. A, Ravenscorft, G. (2012)Focus Geography learner’s textbook grade 11. Cape Town: Maskew Map (google image) Available at www.bigpictureofthe bible.com.[Accessed 14March 2016]