Poverty refers to a lack of resources to meet basic needs like food, shelter and clothing. There are three categories of poor people: transient poor who live below the poverty line temporarily, chronic poor who permanently live below the poverty line, and non-poor who live above it. Common occupations of the poor include cobblers, rag pickers, vendors and beggars. The rural poor are mainly landless laborers and small farmers, while the urban poor include casual laborers and rickshaw pullers. Poverty can create a vicious cycle that is difficult to escape for underdeveloped nations due to factors such as rapid population growth, low education, social issues, and slow economic development among the poor.

1. UNIT-3
CHAPTER-4

2. Poverty refers to the lack of means
necessary to meet basic needs such
as food, clothing and shelter.
Relative poverty takes into
consideration individual social and
economic status compared to the
rest of society.

3.  Cobblers, rag pickers, vendors, beggars.
 There are three categories of poor:
(a) Transient poor- They usually live below poverty
line.
(b) Chronic poor- They usually live below poverty
line.
(c) non poor- They live above the poverty line.

5.  The estimated minimum level of income needed to
secure the necessities of life.
 In pre-independent India, Dadabhai Naoroji was the
first to discuss the concept of poverty line by
measuring the ‘jail cost of living’.

6.  When the number of poor is estimated as the
proportion of people below the poverty line, it is
known as ‘head count ratio’.
 The rural poor are mainly the landless agricultural
labourers, cultivators with small land holdings,
landowners with small landholdings, landless
labourers engaged in non-agricultural jobs. The urban
poor are mostly those who come from rural areas in
search of better employment opportunities. They are
the casual labourers, rickshaw pullers, vendors, etc.

7.  VICIOUS CIRCLE
Vicious circle of poverty is a trap from which it is
difficult to escape. Generally, all underdeveloped
countries are in this trap.
 CAUSES OF POVERTY
1.Rapid population growth among the poor
2.Low education
3.Social factors
4.Globalisation
5.Low rate of economic development

8.  The measures to alleviate poverty and unemployment
are same because poverty and unemployment are
inter-linked. Generally, a person who is unemployed is
poor.
 The various programmes are:
1.Emploement Assurance Scheme
2.Indra Awaas Yojna
3.Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna etc.

9. 1. Inadequate financial limits
2. Lack of interest
3. Poor targeting
4. Lack of accountability.

10. NAME- BHANU PRATAP SINGH
CLASS- XI-C
ROLL NO.- 17
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