The UK government has committed to switching from analogue to digital-only television broadcasting between 2008 and 2012. This will involve turning off the analogue signal region by region. Key benefits include improved coverage, increased channel choice for viewers, and freeing up spectrum for new services. However, it will require all households to convert existing analogue TVs and recorders to receive digital signals, through set-top boxes or new digital equipment, which will incur costs. Several feasibility studies have been conducted to help coordinate the complex switchover process.
The document discusses allocating part of the digital dividend spectrum in Belgium to mobile broadband. It notes that international agreements have designated spectrum between 790-862 MHz for mobile use by 2015. Mobile operators request this spectrum as mobile data usage is growing and new high-speed services are emerging. This ultra-high frequency spectrum has good propagation characteristics and would allow efficient coverage of both urban and rural areas. Allocating some of the digital dividend to mobile broadband could generate substantial economic and social benefits without negatively impacting broadcasting services.
This document summarizes Indonesia's broadcasting policy. It outlines the four types of broadcasting institutions: public, private, subscribed, and community. It describes the nationwide public broadcasters TVRI and RRI along with local public stations. Private broadcasters can operate terrestrial or satellite systems, within ownership limits. Subscribed institutions distribute via satellite, cable, or terrestrial to subscribers. Licensing procedures and requirements are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of Uganda's process for migrating from analog to digital broadcasting. Key points include:
1) Uganda is transitioning to meet a 2015 deadline set by an international agreement and to gain benefits like optimized spectrum usage and improved programming.
2) A digital migration group oversees the process, which includes pilot projects, licensing, and a planned analog shutoff by December 2012.
3) Challenges include investment needs, ensuring coverage and quality of the digital service, and educating consumers on receiving the new digital broadcasts.
4) Stakeholder cooperation, effective communication, quality offerings, and financial support will be important for a successful transition.
This document provides a case study on Australia's transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB) which occurred from 1993 to 2013. It describes the five stages of the transition: 1) Preparation and planning, 2) Implementation, 3) Digital enhancement, 4) Analogue switch-off, and 5) Digital restack. Key aspects included testing transmission systems, establishing technical standards, expanding coverage through new transmitters, public information campaigns, and releasing spectrum for other uses through reorganizing DTTB channels. The transition was a complex process that overall was successful with few viewers losing service during the changeover to digital.
ITU News Issue 4 2004 - From Analogue to Digital Television - The Australian WayRoger G Bunch
1) Australia began researching digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB) in the mid-1980s and decided in the early 1990s to develop DTTB that paralleled the existing analog television structure.
2) In 1998, Australian broadcasters began developing industry practices for delivering standard definition (SDTV) and high definition (HDTV) content for DTTB, specifying quality standards. Transmissions began in 2001 in metropolitan areas and 2003 in regional areas.
3) The development of DTTB in Australia included establishing transmission standards based on DVB-T, developing digital channel plans, promoting consumer awareness of DTTB benefits, and managing interference issues during the transition to DTTB.
The document provides an analysis of the cable industry presented by team Peloton. It includes:
1) An overview of the history, structure, and economics of the cable industry including market leaders like Comcast.
2) Details on the capital intensive nature of the industry and factors like pricing, demand, competition from satellite providers, and regulatory issues.
3) A focus on Comcast, covering its financial performance, strategies around expanding services, and growth opportunities in business services and interactive advertising.
4) Macroeconomic factors that could impact the industry and a forecast for continued growth, though challenges from new technologies and competitors remain.
The document discusses digital switchover in Europe, providing status updates, strategies used, and key challenges. It outlines that most countries have launched digital terrestrial television (DTT) and are in the process of analogue switchoff (ASO). Countries have taken different approaches to ASO, such as national shutoff or phased regional shutoff. Successful ASO requires setting a confirmed date, sufficient resources, and communication campaigns to inform viewers of the changes. The UK is an example of a phased regional switchoff that is expected to be completed in 2012.
A brief presentation on Digital addressable Cable TV system (phase III) to be implemented by the cable TV industry by 1st Jan 2016 in the urban areas all across the country. This is mandated by the act of Indian Parliament. This is one of the projects to make India, digital.
The document discusses allocating part of the digital dividend spectrum in Belgium to mobile broadband. It notes that international agreements have designated spectrum between 790-862 MHz for mobile use by 2015. Mobile operators request this spectrum as mobile data usage is growing and new high-speed services are emerging. This ultra-high frequency spectrum has good propagation characteristics and would allow efficient coverage of both urban and rural areas. Allocating some of the digital dividend to mobile broadband could generate substantial economic and social benefits without negatively impacting broadcasting services.
This document summarizes Indonesia's broadcasting policy. It outlines the four types of broadcasting institutions: public, private, subscribed, and community. It describes the nationwide public broadcasters TVRI and RRI along with local public stations. Private broadcasters can operate terrestrial or satellite systems, within ownership limits. Subscribed institutions distribute via satellite, cable, or terrestrial to subscribers. Licensing procedures and requirements are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of Uganda's process for migrating from analog to digital broadcasting. Key points include:
1) Uganda is transitioning to meet a 2015 deadline set by an international agreement and to gain benefits like optimized spectrum usage and improved programming.
2) A digital migration group oversees the process, which includes pilot projects, licensing, and a planned analog shutoff by December 2012.
3) Challenges include investment needs, ensuring coverage and quality of the digital service, and educating consumers on receiving the new digital broadcasts.
4) Stakeholder cooperation, effective communication, quality offerings, and financial support will be important for a successful transition.
This document provides a case study on Australia's transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB) which occurred from 1993 to 2013. It describes the five stages of the transition: 1) Preparation and planning, 2) Implementation, 3) Digital enhancement, 4) Analogue switch-off, and 5) Digital restack. Key aspects included testing transmission systems, establishing technical standards, expanding coverage through new transmitters, public information campaigns, and releasing spectrum for other uses through reorganizing DTTB channels. The transition was a complex process that overall was successful with few viewers losing service during the changeover to digital.
ITU News Issue 4 2004 - From Analogue to Digital Television - The Australian WayRoger G Bunch
1) Australia began researching digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB) in the mid-1980s and decided in the early 1990s to develop DTTB that paralleled the existing analog television structure.
2) In 1998, Australian broadcasters began developing industry practices for delivering standard definition (SDTV) and high definition (HDTV) content for DTTB, specifying quality standards. Transmissions began in 2001 in metropolitan areas and 2003 in regional areas.
3) The development of DTTB in Australia included establishing transmission standards based on DVB-T, developing digital channel plans, promoting consumer awareness of DTTB benefits, and managing interference issues during the transition to DTTB.
The document provides an analysis of the cable industry presented by team Peloton. It includes:
1) An overview of the history, structure, and economics of the cable industry including market leaders like Comcast.
2) Details on the capital intensive nature of the industry and factors like pricing, demand, competition from satellite providers, and regulatory issues.
3) A focus on Comcast, covering its financial performance, strategies around expanding services, and growth opportunities in business services and interactive advertising.
4) Macroeconomic factors that could impact the industry and a forecast for continued growth, though challenges from new technologies and competitors remain.
The document discusses digital switchover in Europe, providing status updates, strategies used, and key challenges. It outlines that most countries have launched digital terrestrial television (DTT) and are in the process of analogue switchoff (ASO). Countries have taken different approaches to ASO, such as national shutoff or phased regional shutoff. Successful ASO requires setting a confirmed date, sufficient resources, and communication campaigns to inform viewers of the changes. The UK is an example of a phased regional switchoff that is expected to be completed in 2012.
A brief presentation on Digital addressable Cable TV system (phase III) to be implemented by the cable TV industry by 1st Jan 2016 in the urban areas all across the country. This is mandated by the act of Indian Parliament. This is one of the projects to make India, digital.
The document discusses future scenarios for broadcast spectrum use and technologies. It outlines possibilities for digital television and radio services, including full analog to digital transition or hybrid models. New services like mobile TV and radio are also discussed. The spectrum could be shared between broadcast services and other wireless technologies to provide broadband access. Overall broadcasting is expected to continue evolving to distribute multimedia content across various platforms and devices.
This document provides an overview of changes in satellite and cable television technologies in India, including Cable TV, DTH, CAS, HITS, IPTV, and satellite television. It discusses how each technology works and its penetration and key players in India. Some key points are that Cable TV transmits signals through cables instead of air, DTH provides direct transmission to homes via satellite, CAS uses encryption to transmit paid channels, HITS is a satellite multiplex service for cable companies, and IPTV delivers TV over broadband internet. Market shares and pricing models of major DTH players are also presented.
Roadmap for the Transition from Analogue to Digital Terrestrial Television Br...Feriandi Mirza
The document outlines Indonesia's roadmap for transitioning from analogue to digital terrestrial television broadcasting. It discusses objectives for both the short term (within 1 year of analogue switch-off) and long term (5-10 years after switch-off). Short term objectives include further issuing digital television licenses and evaluating high definition picture quality based on network availability. Long term objectives may include exploring 3D TV and mobile TV. The roadmap also details licensing models and phases of preparation, planning, implementation and analogue switch-off for both regulators and operators. Recommendations are made to tailor affordable set-top boxes and coordinate early warning system specifications.
Digital migration and broadcasting licensing framework abridged version 11 05...CA
The document summarizes Kenya's process of transitioning from analogue to digital broadcasting in line with international deadlines. It outlines the three phases of shutting off analogue transmitters, with all sites to complete the switch by June 2017. The benefits of digital migration include releasing frequencies for other services, better picture/sound quality, and new business opportunities. It also describes Kenya's licensing framework for various digital broadcasting services and the key challenges faced during the transition, including litigation and ensuring affordable set-top boxes.
Cable TV was invented in 1948 by John Walson Sr. in Pennsylvania as a way to improve TV reception in hilly areas. It later expanded to bring more channels to viewers. Cable TV was introduced in Pakistan in the 1980s and spread to many cities. It provided more channel options than the state-run PTV. Cable TV has both positive impacts like more educational content but also negative impacts like influencing local culture and wasting time. Regulations aim to address the cultural and ethical issues while allowing cable TV to develop.
This document summarizes a presentation given in Hanoi, Vietnam on digital broadcasting and spectrum arrangement. It provides an overview of television broadcasting in Vietnam, including the benefits of digitization for broadcasters and telecommunications. Vietnam's digital television roadmap is outlined, which involves transitioning from analog to digital television between 2011-2020. The document also discusses Vietnam's plans for allocating spectrum for digital television services and freeing up the digital dividend spectrum between 694-790 MHz for other broadband services after 2020.
This document discusses the transition from analogue to digital television (DTV) in Afghanistan. It provides background on analogue TV and the requirement to switch to DTV by 2015. DTV allows for higher quality multimedia content and more channels using less spectrum. The main DTV standards are discussed as well as platforms for delivery. The worldwide transition status is shown on a map. Advantages of DTV for governments, broadcasters, and users are outlined. The document also discusses implications for these groups and challenges of the transition, such as investment, awareness, regulations, and coordination. Best practices for a successful transition are presented.
Digital Television (DTV) is a new type of broadcasting technology that will transform your television viewing experience. DTV enables broadcasters to offer television with movie-quality picture and sound. It can also offer multicasting and interactive capabilities.
Within wireless carriers’ large technology environments, there are three conceptual layers that all have their own place in the network: Moving from the end-user to the network core, the radio/access network provides connectivity from the handset (mobile/cell phone) to the network via the air interface.
Then follows a core network plus service enabling layer that deals with things like coding techniques, transport and control for services, and security and quality of service techniques.
On top of that we operate the actual services visible to the end-user which we cover in this course: mobile Internet access, text messaging, picture and video messaging, mobile instant messaging, video and TV streaming services.
'Submission To The House Of Lords Select Committee On Communications re: Digi...Grant Goddard
This document provides evidence from Grant Goddard to the Select Committee on Communications regarding digital switchover of radio broadcasting in the UK. Goddard believes complete digital switchover is unlikely due to factors such as the robustness of the existing FM radio system, shortcomings of DAB that is intended to replace FM, and lack of consumer interest in DAB. While television viewers were dissatisfied with limited analog choices and willing to pay for satellite content, radio listeners are satisfied with FM choices and there is no evidence they will pay for exclusive digital content. As a result, FM radio is likely to remain dominant, supplemented by internet radio for specialized content.
4K introduction scenario for terrestrial TV - A hybrid & scalable approachRaoul Monnier
TV channels and broadcast operators are facing a major challenge to introduce 4K services for terrestrial television. Spectrum scarcity due to pressure from mobile operators to release UHF frequencies is today preventing them from launching 4K channels, despite the fact that Consumer Electronics products are ready and experimental Combining scalable coding and hybrid broadcast/broadband distribution offers a way to meet this challenge. transmissions have demonstrated the technical feasibility of 4K terrestrial broadcasting.
HDTV transmissions over terrestrial networks remain unchanged and an enhancement layer is sent over the Internet to allow the TV set or STB to decode and display the 4K picture.
After reviewing the evolution of TV spectrum resources, this paper introduces hybrid distribution and scalable coding. It then outlines the benefits of scalable/hybrid distribution, and finally presents the next steps to consider in order to help introduce 4K on terrestrial television.
Cable tv & direct to home television scopeNeak Ali
The document discusses the scope of direct-to-home (DTH) television in Pakistan. It begins by introducing DTH technology and how it is replacing digital cable networks. DTH provides higher quality television directly to users via satellite instead of through cable operators. The document then reviews the history of television and cable TV in Pakistan. It examines the advantages of DTH over cable networks and the growth of DTH in other Asian countries like India. The conclusion is that DTH has strong market potential in Pakistan.
During 2015, Ofcom UK licensed and co-ordinated a trial of small scale DAB . The report concludes that the trials were generally highly successful and achieved their three objectives.
This document provides an overview of key factors for a successful deployment of digital radio based on case studies from Norway, Switzerland, and the UK. The main points are:
1) Successful digital radio requires collaboration between all stakeholders, including broadcasters, network operators, regulators, governments, consumer electronics manufacturers, and the automotive industry. An industry body can help coordinate efforts.
2) Policy and regulation play an important role by providing incentives for broadcasters to participate, such as extending analogue licenses or reducing fees. Regulations should also provide a clear timeline for switchover.
3) Content for digital radio needs to have clear added value over analogue services, targeting new audiences with more choice of stations. Coverage of digital
Cable tv & direct to home television scopeNeak Ali
The document discusses the scope of direct-to-home (DTH) television in Pakistan. It provides background on the history of television and cable TV in Pakistan. Key points include that DTH provides higher quality television directly to users without involvement of cable operators, and offers customized packages and on-demand options. The document also briefly discusses the growth of DTH markets in other Asian countries like India.
This document discusses the potential benefits of transitioning radio in Africa to digital platforms. It notes that radio is widely consumed but spectrum scarcity limits growth. A digital upgrade could address this by increasing choice and opening new revenue streams. A digital radio switchover would involve establishing DAB multiplexes while maintaining analog broadcasts, and later transitioning fully to digital when coverage thresholds are met. This could facilitate more local and independent content while keeping radio accessible to all.
The document discusses modern trends in broadcasting such as the transition from analog to digital television and radio. It explores questions around the future of broadcasting delivery systems and the impact of computers and the internet. Key points include the Philippines transitioning terrestrial television broadcasting from analog to digital by 2015, and digital television allowing for multicasting of multiple lower definition programs on a single channel. Modern trends in radio broadcasting discussed include terrestrial digital radio, satellite radio, internet radio, and podcasting.
The document summarizes key events and stakeholders in the evolution and implementation of digital terrestrial television (DTT) in the UK from 1996-2012. Major milestones included the initial licensing framework in 1996, launch of services in 1998, collapse of ITV Digital in 2002 and launch of Freeview, the Communications Act of 2003, and beginning of the digital switchover process in 2008. Digital UK coordinated the nationwide switchover project which was completed in regional stages by 2012 with support from government, regulators and industry groups to help consumers transition to DTT.
UK Spectrum Policy Forum – Greg Bensberg, Digital 3&4 - Public and Social val...techUK
UK Spectrum Policy Forum
Cluster 3 Meeting – 17 September 2014
Greg Bensberg, General Manager, Digital 3&4
Public and Social value of DTT & PMSE services
More information at: http://www.techuk.org/about/uk-spectrum-policy-forum
All rights reserved
The document discusses future scenarios for broadcast spectrum use and technologies. It outlines possibilities for digital television and radio services, including full analog to digital transition or hybrid models. New services like mobile TV and radio are also discussed. The spectrum could be shared between broadcast services and other wireless technologies to provide broadband access. Overall broadcasting is expected to continue evolving to distribute multimedia content across various platforms and devices.
This document provides an overview of changes in satellite and cable television technologies in India, including Cable TV, DTH, CAS, HITS, IPTV, and satellite television. It discusses how each technology works and its penetration and key players in India. Some key points are that Cable TV transmits signals through cables instead of air, DTH provides direct transmission to homes via satellite, CAS uses encryption to transmit paid channels, HITS is a satellite multiplex service for cable companies, and IPTV delivers TV over broadband internet. Market shares and pricing models of major DTH players are also presented.
Roadmap for the Transition from Analogue to Digital Terrestrial Television Br...Feriandi Mirza
The document outlines Indonesia's roadmap for transitioning from analogue to digital terrestrial television broadcasting. It discusses objectives for both the short term (within 1 year of analogue switch-off) and long term (5-10 years after switch-off). Short term objectives include further issuing digital television licenses and evaluating high definition picture quality based on network availability. Long term objectives may include exploring 3D TV and mobile TV. The roadmap also details licensing models and phases of preparation, planning, implementation and analogue switch-off for both regulators and operators. Recommendations are made to tailor affordable set-top boxes and coordinate early warning system specifications.
Digital migration and broadcasting licensing framework abridged version 11 05...CA
The document summarizes Kenya's process of transitioning from analogue to digital broadcasting in line with international deadlines. It outlines the three phases of shutting off analogue transmitters, with all sites to complete the switch by June 2017. The benefits of digital migration include releasing frequencies for other services, better picture/sound quality, and new business opportunities. It also describes Kenya's licensing framework for various digital broadcasting services and the key challenges faced during the transition, including litigation and ensuring affordable set-top boxes.
Cable TV was invented in 1948 by John Walson Sr. in Pennsylvania as a way to improve TV reception in hilly areas. It later expanded to bring more channels to viewers. Cable TV was introduced in Pakistan in the 1980s and spread to many cities. It provided more channel options than the state-run PTV. Cable TV has both positive impacts like more educational content but also negative impacts like influencing local culture and wasting time. Regulations aim to address the cultural and ethical issues while allowing cable TV to develop.
This document summarizes a presentation given in Hanoi, Vietnam on digital broadcasting and spectrum arrangement. It provides an overview of television broadcasting in Vietnam, including the benefits of digitization for broadcasters and telecommunications. Vietnam's digital television roadmap is outlined, which involves transitioning from analog to digital television between 2011-2020. The document also discusses Vietnam's plans for allocating spectrum for digital television services and freeing up the digital dividend spectrum between 694-790 MHz for other broadband services after 2020.
This document discusses the transition from analogue to digital television (DTV) in Afghanistan. It provides background on analogue TV and the requirement to switch to DTV by 2015. DTV allows for higher quality multimedia content and more channels using less spectrum. The main DTV standards are discussed as well as platforms for delivery. The worldwide transition status is shown on a map. Advantages of DTV for governments, broadcasters, and users are outlined. The document also discusses implications for these groups and challenges of the transition, such as investment, awareness, regulations, and coordination. Best practices for a successful transition are presented.
Digital Television (DTV) is a new type of broadcasting technology that will transform your television viewing experience. DTV enables broadcasters to offer television with movie-quality picture and sound. It can also offer multicasting and interactive capabilities.
Within wireless carriers’ large technology environments, there are three conceptual layers that all have their own place in the network: Moving from the end-user to the network core, the radio/access network provides connectivity from the handset (mobile/cell phone) to the network via the air interface.
Then follows a core network plus service enabling layer that deals with things like coding techniques, transport and control for services, and security and quality of service techniques.
On top of that we operate the actual services visible to the end-user which we cover in this course: mobile Internet access, text messaging, picture and video messaging, mobile instant messaging, video and TV streaming services.
'Submission To The House Of Lords Select Committee On Communications re: Digi...Grant Goddard
This document provides evidence from Grant Goddard to the Select Committee on Communications regarding digital switchover of radio broadcasting in the UK. Goddard believes complete digital switchover is unlikely due to factors such as the robustness of the existing FM radio system, shortcomings of DAB that is intended to replace FM, and lack of consumer interest in DAB. While television viewers were dissatisfied with limited analog choices and willing to pay for satellite content, radio listeners are satisfied with FM choices and there is no evidence they will pay for exclusive digital content. As a result, FM radio is likely to remain dominant, supplemented by internet radio for specialized content.
4K introduction scenario for terrestrial TV - A hybrid & scalable approachRaoul Monnier
TV channels and broadcast operators are facing a major challenge to introduce 4K services for terrestrial television. Spectrum scarcity due to pressure from mobile operators to release UHF frequencies is today preventing them from launching 4K channels, despite the fact that Consumer Electronics products are ready and experimental Combining scalable coding and hybrid broadcast/broadband distribution offers a way to meet this challenge. transmissions have demonstrated the technical feasibility of 4K terrestrial broadcasting.
HDTV transmissions over terrestrial networks remain unchanged and an enhancement layer is sent over the Internet to allow the TV set or STB to decode and display the 4K picture.
After reviewing the evolution of TV spectrum resources, this paper introduces hybrid distribution and scalable coding. It then outlines the benefits of scalable/hybrid distribution, and finally presents the next steps to consider in order to help introduce 4K on terrestrial television.
Cable tv & direct to home television scopeNeak Ali
The document discusses the scope of direct-to-home (DTH) television in Pakistan. It begins by introducing DTH technology and how it is replacing digital cable networks. DTH provides higher quality television directly to users via satellite instead of through cable operators. The document then reviews the history of television and cable TV in Pakistan. It examines the advantages of DTH over cable networks and the growth of DTH in other Asian countries like India. The conclusion is that DTH has strong market potential in Pakistan.
During 2015, Ofcom UK licensed and co-ordinated a trial of small scale DAB . The report concludes that the trials were generally highly successful and achieved their three objectives.
This document provides an overview of key factors for a successful deployment of digital radio based on case studies from Norway, Switzerland, and the UK. The main points are:
1) Successful digital radio requires collaboration between all stakeholders, including broadcasters, network operators, regulators, governments, consumer electronics manufacturers, and the automotive industry. An industry body can help coordinate efforts.
2) Policy and regulation play an important role by providing incentives for broadcasters to participate, such as extending analogue licenses or reducing fees. Regulations should also provide a clear timeline for switchover.
3) Content for digital radio needs to have clear added value over analogue services, targeting new audiences with more choice of stations. Coverage of digital
Cable tv & direct to home television scopeNeak Ali
The document discusses the scope of direct-to-home (DTH) television in Pakistan. It provides background on the history of television and cable TV in Pakistan. Key points include that DTH provides higher quality television directly to users without involvement of cable operators, and offers customized packages and on-demand options. The document also briefly discusses the growth of DTH markets in other Asian countries like India.
This document discusses the potential benefits of transitioning radio in Africa to digital platforms. It notes that radio is widely consumed but spectrum scarcity limits growth. A digital upgrade could address this by increasing choice and opening new revenue streams. A digital radio switchover would involve establishing DAB multiplexes while maintaining analog broadcasts, and later transitioning fully to digital when coverage thresholds are met. This could facilitate more local and independent content while keeping radio accessible to all.
The document discusses modern trends in broadcasting such as the transition from analog to digital television and radio. It explores questions around the future of broadcasting delivery systems and the impact of computers and the internet. Key points include the Philippines transitioning terrestrial television broadcasting from analog to digital by 2015, and digital television allowing for multicasting of multiple lower definition programs on a single channel. Modern trends in radio broadcasting discussed include terrestrial digital radio, satellite radio, internet radio, and podcasting.
The document summarizes key events and stakeholders in the evolution and implementation of digital terrestrial television (DTT) in the UK from 1996-2012. Major milestones included the initial licensing framework in 1996, launch of services in 1998, collapse of ITV Digital in 2002 and launch of Freeview, the Communications Act of 2003, and beginning of the digital switchover process in 2008. Digital UK coordinated the nationwide switchover project which was completed in regional stages by 2012 with support from government, regulators and industry groups to help consumers transition to DTT.
UK Spectrum Policy Forum – Greg Bensberg, Digital 3&4 - Public and Social val...techUK
UK Spectrum Policy Forum
Cluster 3 Meeting – 17 September 2014
Greg Bensberg, General Manager, Digital 3&4
Public and Social value of DTT & PMSE services
More information at: http://www.techuk.org/about/uk-spectrum-policy-forum
All rights reserved
This document summarizes recent developments in local TV in the UK. It discusses how up until 2010, local TV stations had limited geography and few operated for long periods. In 2010-2011, the UK government and Ofcom developed a new policy to create a sustainable local TV model using digital terrestrial television. Ofcom was given powers in 2012 to award licenses based on how stations would serve local communities. As of 2014, 28 local licenses had been awarded and 5 local TV services had launched, with more expected to launch.
The Smart Approach to Direct-to-Trade Wine ShippingGSO2015
GSO offers an overnight delivery service which has served as a successful model for wine delivery. We presented a webinar on the Smart Approach to DTT wine shipping and discussed wine shipping industry challenges and how GSO's specialized wine DTT program is able to solve these pain points for our customers.
Digital TV : French production funding system & cultural exception Séverine LAURENT
A quick overview on the french funding system for audiovisual content within the context of DTT. Focus on the "Cultural exception" concept and on the organization of french speaking countries in Africa. Slides realized with the kind support of Eve-Lise Blanc-Deleuze
Ddo8 Peter Anker Digital Dividend In Nlimec.archive
This document discusses competition in broadcasting services and the potential use of the digital dividend in the Netherlands. It finds that a large part of the digital dividend is already used for digital terrestrial television, which competes with cable broadband. The remaining digital dividend could be used to either strengthen digital terrestrial television or to enhance mobile coverage in rural areas. It considers these two scenarios and concludes that a flexible auction process that allows either outcome could maximize the benefits to consumers.
This document discusses the potential impacts of OpenStack on developing countries like Vietnam. It notes that Vietnam has a fast growing IT sector and population, but also faces challenges around siloed computing resources and a weak open source community. The author advocates for OpenStack partners to help deliver successful working systems and grow Vietnam's OpenStack ecosystem, which could then serve as a model for other Southeast Asian countries. DTT Technology Group, the author's company, offers OpenStack consulting and pilots to help customers in Vietnam move to private and hybrid clouds.
This document discusses improvements made to a city hall parking garage. It overviews two entrance/exits to reduce queues, a bridge entrance to spot empty spaces, visual art walls and soundscapes for guidance, corporate signage and guiding soundscapes for wayfinding techniques, orange squares marking pedestrian routes, and high ceilings and lighting to create a safe environment for visitors.
Digital switchover from analogue to digital TV in the UK will occur region by region between 2008 and 2012. This will allow for more efficient use of spectrum and increased digital coverage. Key issues include ensuring consumers are informed and able to convert equipment like TVs and VCRs to be able to receive digital signals. Environmental impacts such as increased energy use from additional equipment must also be addressed during the transition.
This document provides links to two YouTube videos. The first link is titled "Youtube video" and links to a video with the ID 5V-2qQS3NY0. The second link is titled "Youtube video: Google The Beast" and links to a video with the ID R7yfV6RzE30.
This parking facility highlights its green features such as using renewable energy and being carbon neutral through bamboo facades. It provides a spacious atmosphere with high ceilings, plenty of light, and good visibility throughout the building. Art installations and soundscapes create a pleasant visitor experience, while clear signage and marked pedestrian routes ensure intuitive wayfinding.
Med-Surg Case Presentation german measlesVan Macabio
1. The patient presented with fever, rashes and cough and was suspected of having Rubella. Her vital signs and physical exam were normal except for the presence of red rashes on her skin.
2. A history and physical assessment was conducted where it was found that the patient had no significant medical history and her symptoms started 1 week prior with cough.
3. The patient's condition was being managed supportively as there is no specific treatment for Rubella.
1 Switching To Digital Television Business And Public Policy IssuesSheila Sinclair
This document summarizes the challenges involved in switching from analog to digital television. It discusses how the transition affects different market participants like broadcasters and viewers unevenly. Broadcasters must invest in new digital infrastructure while viewers must buy new equipment. The transition is complicated by television's non-rival nature, which means broadcasting the same content on both analog and digital wastes resources. Governments also aim to ensure universal access to free television, limiting how quickly the analog signal can be turned off. Overall, coordinating the costs and benefits across these groups during the transition poses business and policy issues.
Indonesia Digital TV Implementation and Its Progress 2022.pptxSatriyoDharmanto1
The latest progress of the Migration Process of Analog TV to Digital TV Terrestrial In Indonesia.
As an archipelagic country, with more than 17,000 islands, and more than 50,000 villages, the migration process of TV Analog terrestrial to Digital TV Terrestrial has many challenges and is interesting to be discussed. However, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia is preparing very well with a sort of regulations, tools, and instructions, to make it easier for the broadcasting stakeholder, and also to any related parties. This document describes in detail what is the stages, steps, progress, as well as ASO plan.
Indonesia Digital TV Implementation and Its Progress 2022.pptxSatriyo Dharmanto
The Government of Republic Indonesia manages the ASO process of Digital TV Migration. More than 13 TV broadcasters (National Level) provide broadcasting services through Analog terrestrial broadcasting using Ultra High Frequency (UHF), all of which will be migrated to Digital Broadcasting no later than 02 November 2022. In the Digital Era, there are 112 Services Areas available, providing services to 341 Districts and Cities. And there are another 113 Broadcasting Service Areas in 173 Districts and Cities,
will be uncovered by ASO programs; instead, it will be covered by Digitalization Broadcasting System (DBS) Implementation.
DVB-T2 Lite for Digital Radio by Kenneth WenzelYOZZO
At Thailand’s Engineering Expo 2014, Kenneth Wenzel from Open Channel in Denmark, shared the experiences gained, from being the world’s first to deploy and trial digital radio based on the new DVB-T2 profile T2-Base-Lite. The presentation proved the superiority and robustness of T2 Lite for digital radio, instead of DAB+
Session 5 Gabrielle Gauthey Communications Regulation Time To Start Overguest6559451
The document discusses several topics related to multimedia content delivery and broadband networks, including:
1) Traditional broadcasters are facing competition from telecom companies in delivering multimedia content via IPTV and mobile networks.
2) Regulatory approaches to broadband differ between the EU and US. The EU takes a more regulated approach while the US market is less regulated.
3) Significant investments estimated at 250-300 billion euros will be needed to deploy next generation access (NGA) broadband networks in Europe. Public-private partnerships are seen as important to help achieve broadband goals.
Gabrielle Gauthey of Alcatel-Lucent reviews and compares regulatory initiatives and experiences concerned with broadband deployments around the world and particularly between the US and Europe and predicts outcomes
This document is a report on a digital TV set top box submitted by Prathamesh Tamboli. It discusses what a set top box is, providing definitions and examples of uses. It includes a block diagram labeling the main components of a set top box and their specifications. Finally, it provides a brief history of set top box prototypes appearing at industry events in 2006 and their features like electronic program guides and parental controls.
This document provides an overview and assessment of the UK's digital TV switchover project from 2008-2012. It discusses the complex engineering challenges of upgrading over 1,150 transmission sites, the extensive communications campaign to support viewers through the transition, and the success of the Switchover Help Scheme in assisting over 1 million households. Overall, it declares the digital TV switchover a success, delivered on time and under budget thanks to cooperation across industry, government, and volunteer organizations.
At Sveriges Radio, Stockholm February 6th 2015, Mr. Kenneth Wenzel from Open Channel in Denmark shared the experiences gained, from being the world’s first to deploy and trial digital radio based on the new DVB-T2 profile T2 Lite. The presentation proved the superiority and robustness of T2 Lite for digital radio, instead of DAB+, which is widely regarded as obsolete today.
Hybrid TV solutions combine legacy broadcast networks like DTT and DTH with fixed broadband internet access within a TV or set-top box. This allows linear TV channels to be delivered through the broadcast network while on-demand services are provided through the broadband connection through a common interface managed by a TV operator or telco. Hybrid solutions help telcos and TV channels extend their services without requiring additional IPTV investment and allow linear and on-demand viewing to be integrated.
1) The document discusses the state of broadband connectivity in the UK, including increasing coverage of both fixed and mobile broadband over time.
2) It outlines the UK government's priorities for improving connectivity further, such as expanding superfast broadband availability and introducing a universal service obligation of 10Mbps download speeds.
3) Satellite broadband is discussed as a potential option to serve customers in rural areas not reached by other technologies, though it would need to be competitively priced and better marketed to stimulate demand.
This document presents a report on mobile TV by Sumit Kumar Biswas. It begins with an introduction on mobile TV and then covers technical aspects such as delivery via 3G cellular networks and broadcast networks. It discusses a mobile TV pilot program in Helsinki and commercial launches of mobile TV in countries like South Korea and Japan. It also covers video services via mobile networks, industry collaboration, business models, consumer expectations, and the advantages of DVB-H. Applications of mobile TV discussed include commuting on public transportation and watching important news and shows. The conclusion discusses business models and increasing versatility and integration of mobile TV into everyday routines over time.
The document provides an overview of emerging trends in the telecommunications industry following the 1996 Telecommunications Act. It discusses the goals of the Act to accelerate private sector deployment of advanced technologies and facilitate competition by removing barriers across sectors. Key areas that have seen increased competition include local telephone, long distance providers, cable television, and the emergence of new services like high-speed internet, IP telephony, and interactive television. Challenges to further convergence include developing standard technologies and architectures, content encryption, and sufficient distribution capacity for two-way communications across media.
Presentation during Kuala Lumpur Mobile Monday summit 2008: mobile TV in Europe; lessons learned from mobile TV trial in Ghent (Belgium) - MADUF project
UK Spectrum Policy Forum - Dave Cullen - Fixed Wireless Access/TransporttechUK
UK Spectrum Policy Forum
Cluster 1 - 30 June 2015
Dave Cullen, Board Member, INCA
Fixed Wireless Access/Transport
More information at: http://www.techuk.org/about/uk-spectrum-policy-forum
All rights reserved
The document summarizes the history and current state of the cable television industry in South Korea. It discusses key events like industry deregulation in the late 1990s and 2000s, the growth of digital cable and subscribers reaching 15 million households by 2008. Currently, five major cable media groups dominate the industry, providing cable services to around 14.8 million subscribers. The government regulates the industry through two agencies and aims to promote fair competition among cable, IPTV, and satellite through deregulation and consistent regulations across services.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
1. June 2006 Number 264
ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL
TV SWITCHOVER
In September 2005 the Government committed to switch once the initial infrastructure investment has been
over from analogue to only digital television in the UK. undertaken and; switching-off the analogue terrestrial
Digital switchover will occur, region-by-region, between signal will mean that UHF spectrum can be used more
2008 and 2012. This briefing updates POSTnote 233 on efficiently, leaving capacity for additional uses.
Digital Television1 and looks at the logistics of
implementing the switchover and its implications.
Box 1. Digital television1
Background Analogue TV is transmitted as a continuously variable signal.
Digital television (Box 1) is received by choice by nearly Digital TV encodes the television picture as a series of binary
70% of UK households on at least one television (TV) set.2 numbers, then uses computer processing to compress it so it
For consumers it has the advantages over analogue is transmitted in a fraction of the bandwidth, or capacity,
television of giving more choice of channels, interactive taken by the equivalent analogue TV signal.
services and easier recording methods. With the Digital terrestrial TV is transmitted in the UHF (ultra high
appropriate equipment, digital television services can be frequency) part of the radio spectrum. The number of digital
services that can be carried in a single 'frequency channel',
received either free-to-view (terrestrial and satellite) or by including high definition TV (HDTV),1 is increasing rapidly
subscription and pay-to-view (terrestrial, satellite, cable with the improvement of compression technology. However,
and broadband telephone lines). While analogue terrestrial as a guideline, a single frequency channel can carry:
TV is available for free (apart from the BBC licence fee) to • a single analogue TV service or;
98.5% of UK households, not all digital services are as • a multiplex of digital services, consisting of 4 to 10 TV
widely available. Currently, it is possible for only 73% of services, plus digital radio and text-based services.
UK households to receive the full range of digital terrestrial
television (DTT) services (marketed as Freeview) and 79%
to receive the public service channels. The Government Why analogue switch-off?
has thus committed to providing "affordable, universal Almost all TV services are now transmitted digitally. Five
access" to free digital public service broadcasting TV to public service broadcasting (PSB) channels (BBC One,
substantially the same population as analogue terrestrial. BBC Two, ITV1, Channel 4/S4C and Five) and the public
teletext service are also transmitted in parallel in analogue
The UHF spectrum used to transmit terrestrial television terrestrial form.
(Box 1) has limited capacity; analogue signals use much
more of this capacity than digital television signals. The DTT services currently occupy six digital multiplexes (Box
other forms of transmission (satellite, cable, broadband) 1), which are transmitted in between the frequencies used
do not have such limited capacity but are controlled by for analogue services. They are kept at a relatively low
private companies. The Government (through Ofcom: Box power to avoid interference with reception of these
2) manages the terrestrial radio spectrum so, to increase services. However, this restricts their geographical
access and ensure most efficient use, it needs to turn off coverage. Turning off the analogue signal will enable the
the terrestrial analogue signal. Additional advantages are: power of DTT signals to be increased, so improving the
digital transmission is cheaper per programme service coverage. (See ‘Switchover process’.)
2. postnote June 2006 Number 264 Analogue to digital TV switchover Page 2
Advantages • a number of government departments, agencies and
The Government anticipates that switching to only digital other bodies to implement digital switchover in the
terrestrial TV and turning the analogue signal off will:3,4 public sector (for example in social housing, on public
• benefit the UK economy as a whole by £1.1 to £2.2 estates and where TV services are provided in support
billion in net present value terms;5 of public services);
• bring DTT signals to the 20 to 25% of the UK • all those who own or maintain television systems to
households who live in areas that cannot currently ensure they have been adapted/upgraded in preparation
receive them because of spectrum limitations; for digital switchover, including landlords and hoteliers.
• enhance reception in areas of existing DTT coverage;
• increase choice for viewers;
• reduce costs for broadcasters, who will no longer have Box 2. Digital switchover – the main players
to transmit services in both formats, or replace old
The Government
analogue transmission equipment; The Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) and
• release about a third of the spectrum, currently used by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) are responsible
analogue transmission, for new services. for managing the digital switchover policy. They are
committed to ensuring affordable, universal access to high
Disadvantages quality digital TV and achieving this switchover between
2008 and 2012.
Turning off the analogue transmission of TV will mean that
Ofcom
all current analogue TV sets will need to be converted to The independent regulator has to ensure commercial (non-
receive digital TV via a set-top-box (STB) or be replaced BBC) broadcasters and multiplex operators switch to digital
with an integrated digital TV set (iDTV) to decode digital TV. Ofcom will negotiate and secure international agreement
signals. Video cassette recorders (VCRs) will also be to use the channels required for digital broadcasting after the
affected (Box 3). This will impact on domestic and non- switchover and to reuse the spectrum that this releases.
domestic settings (such as hospitals and TV rental Digital UK
businesses). A new rooftop aerial may also be needed in Digital UK, previously known as SwitchCo, launched in
September 2005. It is the independent, impartial, not-for-
some areas (Box 3). All of this will incur a cost.1 profit organisation responsible for co-ordinating switchover.
Digital UK was formed, and is jointly owned, by the public
Feasibility studies service broadcasters (the BBC has a 56% share) and the
Several feasibility studies for turning off the analogue commercial digital terrestrial multiplex operators (National
signal have been carried out: Grid Wireless and SDN). The interests of the supply chain
are represented on the Board. Digital UK is responsible for:
• a technical trial in 2002 on a small group of houses in co-ordinating the technical roll out of DTT across the UK;
the Sutton Coldfield, Litchfield and Tamworth area. communicating with the public about digital switchover to
This showed that interest in digital TV increased after it ensure everyone knows what is happening, what they need
was experienced; to do, and when; and liaising with the supply chain, digital
• a fuller trial which investigated the technical issues for platform operators and consumer groups.
broadcasters and consumers in two Welsh villages.
Started in November 2004, the trial led to the residents
voting for the analogue signal to be switched off. Switchover process
Several key lessons were learnt on transmission and Timing of digital switchover depends on several factors.
coverage, consumer experience, remote controls, aerials Economic calculations suggest that the sooner the
and connectivity and communication (see 'Issues'); analogue signal is turned off the greater the benefit to the
• an ongoing trial, started autumn 2005, in a very socio- UK economy as a whole, to manufacturers and retailers.
economically mixed ward in Bolton for those aged 75 However, planning and preparation time is needed.3 Due
and over. This trial will inform the development of the to the scale of this policy, technical considerations and
assistance scheme that will be rolled out to those aged constraints within the supply chain, switchover needs:
75 or over, or with a serious disability, prior to each • to be a rolling region-by-region programme (Table 1);
regional switchover (see ‘Support for the vulnerable’). • to take at least four years from the first switch-off;
• at least two years’ preparation before the start of the
Management and implementation process for broadcasters to plan to upgrade and extend
Three main parties are managing and implementing digital the digital terrestrial transmission network and to give
switchover: the Government, the regulator (Ofcom) and consumers sufficient time to prepare.
Digital UK (Box 2). To be implemented successfully,
switchover will need the support and contribution of: Several changes will be made to increase the coverage
• public service broadcasters to end analogue terrestrial and signal quality of PSB DTT throughout the UK:
transmissions; • the number of digital transmitters will be increased (all
• the DTT multiplex operators6 to roll out the digital analogue transmitters will be converted);
terrestrial transmission network; • the power of transmission will be increased, as it will
• the supply chain industry (television equipment no longer be necessary to keep it at low levels to avoid
manufacturers, retailers and aerial manufacturers and interference with the analogue signal;
installers) to ensure suitable equipment is available; • provided 98.5% coverage is achieved, the transmission
• consumer organisations and groups to advise the digital mode in four of the six multiplexes can be changed to
switchover programme and their members;
3. postnote June 2006 Number 264 Analogue to digital TV switchover Page 3
release an additional amount of capacity in each of
these multiplexes for new services Box 3. Ongoing issues
Table 1. The timetable of starting dates for switching over ITV Communication and marketing: Many people are still not
regions to digital television. aware of the policy to switch the analogue signal off. Some
people do not want to convert to digital TV, due to costs and
Switchover Region Switchover Region
satisfaction with current TV services. The digital switchover
date date
2008 Border 2011 Yorkshire
certification mark (also known as the ‘digital tick’) identifies
2009 West Country Anglia products and services that are designed to help consumers
HTV Wales Central through switchover. When used on digital television
Granada 2012 Meridian equipment, this certifies that it is designed to meet certain
2010 HTV West Carlton/LWT agreed technical criteria and provides access to the
(London) replacement services for the analogue services being
Grampian Tyne Tees withdrawn at switchover.
Scottish Ulster Converting secondary TV sets: Most homes have more than
Television one TV set, each of which needs to be converted to digital
Source:www.culture.gov.uk/global/press_notices/archive_2005/dcms116_05.htm (or replaced by an integrated digital TV) if viewers wish to
continue to use them for viewing broadcast TV after
Switchover sequence switchover. By the end of 2005, just under one in four
In each region, one analogue TV channel, most likely to be homes had fully converted all its sets.
BBC Two, will be converted to one of the BBC’s digital Reception problems: For current low power DTT, 34% of
rooftop aerials7 are likely to need upgrading to receive a
multiplexes carrying the digital equivalent of this analogue reliable signal. Even after switchover, up to 10% will need
channel and other BBC services. Consumers who have not replacing. There could be particular problems in multiple
converted to digital, or those who have problems with dwelling units, where services are delivered through a
reception, would then have a chance to set up their TV, communal aerial system, owned and maintained by the
with only a short-term possible loss of one channel. After landlord, and with reception through set-top aerials.
up to one month, the remaining analogue channels would Coverage: The reception of DTT will increase from 73% of
be switched off and replaced by the remaining PSB households only when the analogue signal is turned off, all
the transmitters converted to digital and the power
multiplexes. The power would also then be increased on increased. After switchover, reliable coverage will match
these multiplexes. However, the frequencies of the analogue but still be only 98.5% of households. A relatively
multiplexes will change, so STBs and iDTVs will need re- cheap alternative for those who still could not receive DTT is
tuning at each stage. Most current STBs do not do this free-to-view digital satellite TV (watched on a non-
automatically, which could be a problem for many subscription un-encryption card) offered by Sky. A separate
free-to-air satellite service (no card needed) may soon be
viewers. Proposals for an automatic rescan mechanism offered by some of the PSBs.
are under consideration for new STBs and iDTVs. Recording methods: VCRs are analogue devices so it is not
possible to watch a different digital channel to that being
Issues recorded on a VCR. A second STB is needed to convert the
Digital switchover is inevitable due to universal access VCR to digital reception separately from the television set.
needs and cost and spectrum capacity savings; many For convenience, it is most likely that consumers will want to
replace VCRs, probably with a hard disk digital personal
other countries are also turning off their analogue video recorder (PVR), although VCRs may be retained for
terrestrial TV signal. However, many issues need to be watching pre-recorded tapes.
addressed leading up to and throughout the process.
Some (summarised in Box 3) are still ongoing from
POSTnote 233. Updates and other issues are detailed
below. Digital equipment
The most common equipment available for converting to
Communication digital television for all platforms is still STBs. The
After the Government’s announcement confirming digital availability of iDTVs, with a decoder built in, is still limited
switchover last autumn, the information for consumers on in choice and is only for terrestrial reception. Therefore,
the policy has been increased. Digital UK has launched a consumers buying new TV sets now, especially those with
press campaign and set up a website and information line smaller screens, will not necessarily be ready for digital
(0845 650 5050) to answer non-technical questions. It is switchover without additional equipment, for terrestrial,
important, particularly to the manufacturers, retailers and satellite or cable TV. The price, functionality, ease of use
aerial installers, to aim for a steady rise in take-up of and energy consumption of DTT STBs varies widely.
digital equipment, so good communication is also
important for the advanced planning of the supply chain. Environmental effects8
There are two potentially damaging effects to the
In addition to the communications campaigns that Digital environment due to digital switchover: increased energy
UK will organise, the PSBs are required to inform their consumption and the disposal of televisions, VCRs and
viewers about how they can continue to receive their other equipment replaced or made surplus as a direct
services after digital switchover. As the time for the consequence of switchover.
analogue signal to be turned off in each region gets nearer,
the information will intensify. In the last few days before Energy consumption
switchover starts in a region, it is intended that messages The Government states that ‘digital switchover will
about switchover will be on screen. increase energy usage and will therefore contribute to
4. postnote June 2006 Number 264 Analogue to digital TV switchover Page 4
climate change’. In terms of power usage, digital consumers (helped by Social Services) will need new
transmission is more efficient than analogue. However, legislation to overcome privacy restrictions from the Social
any savings in energy use will be offset by use of new Security Administration Act 1992 that would otherwise
services on the radio spectrum released by switchover. apply. Follow up support will be offered, although friends,
family and voluntary organisations will be encouraged to
Greater use of additional electronic equipment for digital provide continued support.
television has increased consumer power usage. STBs
tend to be less energy efficient than iDTVs as they have a Use of released spectrum
separate power supply from the TV and also consume a The switchover process will release fourteen frequency
significant amount of electricity in stand-by mode, the channels in the UHF spectrum for re-use. Their use is
commonest setting when not in use. The extra energy governed by International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
costs for consumers for each terrestrial STB could be regulations and will be negotiated internationally over the
around £2 - 8 per year.9 This is an increase of around 0.1 next few years. Ofcom wants the ITU to allow more
- 0.4 kWh per day, 1-3% of total electricity consumption flexible use of the spectrum to maximise the benefits.
for an average household.10 Technology applications and compression technology are
developing rapidly, but potential future uses for the
The Government has suggested ways that the overall released spectrum include increasing DTT coverage,
energy impact could be decreased using existing additional broadcasting and interactive services, terrestrial
technology. These include improvements in the design of HDTV and mobile communications.
STBs, changes to the marketing of digital TV sets (for
example smaller screens and/or portable sets) and policy Overview
interventions such as promoting energy efficiency • The analogue terrestrial TV signal will be turned off,
standards and labelling for new equipment. region-by-region, between 2008 and 2012.
• All analogue TV sets will need converting with a set-top
Waste decoder or replacing with an integrated digital TV.
Although switchover in itself will not require equipment to • After switchover, virtually the whole country will have
be discarded, there is likely to be an increase in the access to affordable, free-to-view digital television, with
disposal of equipment due to switchover. Some consumers more choice of channels, services and of delivery
will consider TV sets not worth converting with a STB, or platforms (terrestrial and satellite).
will replace their TV sets earlier than otherwise to get an • Digital switchover has many advantages, but several
iDTV. There is also likely to be some acceleration in the challenges have to be overcome to ensure that
disposal of VCRs and recordable DVD players. The DTI everybody benefits from it.
and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural • Spectrum efficiency will increase, allowing for
Affairs have commissioned research to model any changes additional uses of freed spectrum.
in patterns of waste disposal generated by switchover now
that the timescale has been determined. The Government Endnotes
and Digital UK have stated that they will make sure that 1 Digital television, POSTnote 233, Parliamentary Office of Science and
consumer communications do not encourage unnecessary Technology, Dec 2004
disposal of TV equipment. 2 The highest digital TV penetration of any country in the world, with
the US second at 55% of TV homes.
3 The Digital Switchover Programme-Programme Structure, Digital
Support for the vulnerable
UK, DCMS, DTI & Ofcom, Sept 2005
The Government is putting in place a support scheme for
4 Report of the Digital Television Project, Digital Television Project,
the most vulnerable consumers, for which the BBC will Nov 2004
meet the costs. Assistance will be offered to all 5 Cost benefit analysis of digital switchover, DTI & DCMS, Feb 2005
households with at least one person aged 75 or over 6 Multiplex operators (operate the networks using frequencies into
and/or with a significant disability (receiving attendance or which digital television is organised): BBC (Multiplex 1), Digital 3&4
disability living allowance). This will be free to those in the Ltd (Digital 3 and 4 Multiplex), SDN Ltd (now owned by ITV,
qualifying groups who receive pension credit, income Multiplex A) , BBC Free to View Ltd (Multiplex B), National Grid
support or jobseekers’ allowance; other qualifying Wireless Ltd (Multiplexes C and D).
households will pay a modest fee. Specific support will be 7 Driving digital switchover, Ofcom, April 2004
offered for the blind. Consumers who do not fall into the 8 Regulatory and Environmental Impact Assessment: the timing of
digital switchover, DCMS & DTI, Sept 2005
above categories will not be offered any help under this
9 Cost and power consumption implications of digital switchover,
scheme. A limited choice of the necessary equipment will
Ofcom report: Scientific Generics, Nov 2005
be provided to convert only one television set to receive 10 Digest of UK Energy Statistics, DTI, 2002
digital TV, along with the relevant help to install and use
the equipment. Consumers wanting a platform other than
POST is an office of both Houses of Parliament, charged with providing
DTT (satellite, cable, broadband) will be provided with independent and balanced analysis of public policy issues that have a basis in
appropriate equivalent assistance. science and technology. POST is grateful to all contributors and reviewers. For
further information on this subject, please contact Dr Theresa Squire, at POST.
Parliamentary Copyright 2006
Details of this scheme are still being developed, but the
The Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 7 Millbank, London
aim is to contact all those who qualify to ensure that they
SW1P 3JA; Tel: 020 7219 2840; email: post@parliament.uk
know they are entitled to help. The identification of these
www.parliament.uk/post