The document discusses how Los Angeles exemplifies a postmodern city due to its instability from being built on a fault line and surrounded by desert, its decentralized and fragmented nature with no clear center and emergence of edge cities, and high levels of segregation among its population. It also notes the many social, environmental, and infrastructure problems facing the city like pollution, traffic, gangs, and lack of public transportation options. Scholars analyze how Los Angeles has come to represent future urban forms through its sprawl, reliance on cars, and myth-making around concepts like climate and freeways.

1. Postmodern Los Angeles

2. Los Angeles as a postmodern city
● Instability
● First of all, the city lies on a geological fault. The city is surrounded by the
desert.
● Horizontality
● a combination of decentralization and recentralization, the peripheralization
of the center and the centralization of the periphery, the city simultaneously
being turned inside out and outside in. (Soja, p. 131)
● Segregation

3. Los Angeles as a postmodern city
● Los Angeles has become an archetype of a
postmodern city;
● Cities no longer have a recognizable pattern;
● The postmodern global metropolis is physically and
socially fragmented;
● Edge cities are immerging,
● as an attempt to recentralize the city.
● Characteristics of edge cities are
● varied from industial, commercil,
● relatively poor, and ethnic minorities

4. Los Angeles as a postmodern city
● LA does not display the industrial legacy of the
classic industrial city;
● The significance of the Central Business
District(CBD) has been reduced, causing increased
decentralization, and the formation of multiple nuclei
model to arise;
● The spead of the city has led to the wide use of
automobiles, as a main means of transportation

5.  Postmodern cities
● Living in a postmodern age, a need exists to dig
at truths while grasping at the “contingencies of
morality and social choice”. Postmodernism
provides this service. Undoubtedly, diversity,
technology, synergy, hybridization, and
multiculturalism all combine to create an urban
condition different from that that came before.
The nation and the world has been “de-centered”,
postmodernism has helped to chip away at the
“shame” of scholarship pushing one hegemonic
perspective, granting us the ability to hear voices
and perspectives previously ignored but now vital
to the way we live now.

6. Problems of Los Angeles
● social problems;
● environmental problems;
● graffiti problems;
● traffic problems;
● gang problems;
● smog problems;
● water problems;
● pollution problems

7. Smog over Los Angeles

8. Trash boom in L.A. river

10. Scientists about L.A.
Problems and future

11. William Fulton’s :The
Reluctant Metropolis: The Politics of Urban Growth in Los Angeles
(1997)
A kind of cocoon citizenship that precludes diverse
communities and democratic ways of life:
once inside their cocoon, the suburbanites see no
butterfly- like value in emerging. They only seek to
stay inside forever, petrified in their tracts, like
ancient fossils. So removed are cocoon citizens from
the totality of metropolitan life that they can no
longer see the full range of activities a metropolis
encompasses, or that they are part of it no matter
what they do. All they can do is try to define the
breadth of metropolitan life by what they’ve
observed inside their cocoon. (1997:341).

12. Norman Klein’s provocative
book The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of
Memory(1997).
The first myth of Los Angeles, from the 1880s to
1930s, was that of the climate: an untouched
garden of sunshine ripe for development yet
wonderfully devoid of the evils of other major U.S.
cities—pollution, overpopulation, and slums.
The freeway metropolis myth came next, from
1936 to 1949, stressing the need to control an unruly
nature that had led to uneven development
and urban decay
Downtown renewal, justifying the elimination
of ethnic (non-white) enclaves that had “nothing
worth saving” anyway.

13. Mike Davis’ City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles
(1990)
by hyping Los Angeles as the paradigm of the future
(even in a dystopian vein), they tend to collapse history
into teleology and glamorize the very reality they would
deconstruct. Soja and Jameson, particularly, in the very
eloquence of their different “postmodern mappings” of
Los Angeles, become celebrants of the myth. The city is a
place where everything is possible, nothing is safe and
durable enough to believe in, where constant
synchronicity prevails, and automatic ingenuity of
capital ceaselessly throws up new forms and spectacles .
(1990:86)

14. Los Angeles was the kind of place where
everybody was from somewhere else and
nobody really dropped anchor. It was a
transient place. People drawn by the dream,
people running from the nightmare. Twelve
million people and all of them ready to make
a break for it if necessary. Figuratively,
literally, metaphorically -- any way you want
to look at it -- everybody in L.A. keeps a bag
packed. Just in case.”
― Michael Connelly, The Brass Verdict

15. Discussion questions
What do you think makes Los Angeles to a
postmodern city?
L.A. School views the city as a representative of
future urban forms.However there are many
other Western cities, with many of the same
elements as Los Angeles. Do you think that
Los Angeles is a representative of future
urban forms?