1) The document describes the characterization of novel xerogel coatings composed of varying mole percentages of carboxyethyltriol silane (COE) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) to investigate their structure and anti-fouling properties.
2) Analysis techniques including atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, scanning kelvin probe microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy showed the coatings had varying surface topographies and chemistry depending on the COE percentage.
3) Preliminary tests soaking samples in artificial seawater for 1 week indicate the coatings maintained their anti-fouling abilities, and further studies are ongoing to better understand corrosion prevention and surface chemistry
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study the nanoscale surface chemistry and morphological
changes caused by chemical treatment of sisal fibers. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
micrographs indicated that sisal. The adhesion
force (pull-off force) between the AFM tip and the fibers surface increased after benzylation,
pointing to a decrease in the polar groups on the sisal fiber.
Stabilization of Expansive Soil Subgrade Using Recycled Carpet Waste and Fly AshEditorIJAERD
The structure of asphalt pavements subjected to problems and collapse for many reasons one of them, when
pavement section built on swelling soil, which has volumetric change due to variation of water content, which results the
appearance of cracks collapse. For this reason, additives are used for treating expansive soil and increase its efficiency.
Polymers are one of many types of additives; there are two types of polymers natural and synthetic. Using carpet
disposal waste in soil stabilization is one of solutions for obtaining safer and harder pavements. In addition to using
carpet waste will benefit the community environmentally and economically. For achieve this purpose a series of
laboratory investigation were carried out to evaluate the effect of treating the subgrade with carpet waste. CBR tests
were conducted on treated and untreated soil at different carpet waste contents ranged from 0.5% to 2% at an increase
rat of 0.5%. The results of CBR tests showed that the CBR value for treated soil with 0.5% carpet waste increased about
14 times their untreated soil
Structural and Morphological Properties of Mn-Doped Co3O4 ThinFilm Deposited ...IJERA Editor
In this study, a series of manganese (Mn)-doped Cobalt oxide (Co3O4)thin films were deposited on steel substrate by the sol-gel spin coat method and investigated the influence of doping concentrations of Mn in Cobalt ranging from 0.001% to 1% on physical, structural and morphological properties of Co3O4 thin films. Cobalt acetate[(CH3COO)2Co.4H2O], Mn acetate [C4H6MnO4.4H2O] and Isopropyl alcohol were used as starting material, dopant source and reagent respectively.X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that pureCo3O4 thin film iscrystallinein nature andcubic phase with [400] preferential orientation.For Mn doped films, three new peaks corresponding to the planes [310], [320] and [420] of orthorhombic MnO2 phase were observed.SEM micrographs showed that incorporation of Mn in Co site was found to influence the surface morphology of the films. All the films showed tetragonal shaped grains. TheEDAXanalysis revealedthe amount of Mn element in the sample increased with increasing dopant concentration.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study the nanoscale surface chemistry and morphological
changes caused by chemical treatment of sisal fibers. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
micrographs indicated that sisal. The adhesion
force (pull-off force) between the AFM tip and the fibers surface increased after benzylation,
pointing to a decrease in the polar groups on the sisal fiber.
Stabilization of Expansive Soil Subgrade Using Recycled Carpet Waste and Fly AshEditorIJAERD
The structure of asphalt pavements subjected to problems and collapse for many reasons one of them, when
pavement section built on swelling soil, which has volumetric change due to variation of water content, which results the
appearance of cracks collapse. For this reason, additives are used for treating expansive soil and increase its efficiency.
Polymers are one of many types of additives; there are two types of polymers natural and synthetic. Using carpet
disposal waste in soil stabilization is one of solutions for obtaining safer and harder pavements. In addition to using
carpet waste will benefit the community environmentally and economically. For achieve this purpose a series of
laboratory investigation were carried out to evaluate the effect of treating the subgrade with carpet waste. CBR tests
were conducted on treated and untreated soil at different carpet waste contents ranged from 0.5% to 2% at an increase
rat of 0.5%. The results of CBR tests showed that the CBR value for treated soil with 0.5% carpet waste increased about
14 times their untreated soil
Structural and Morphological Properties of Mn-Doped Co3O4 ThinFilm Deposited ...IJERA Editor
In this study, a series of manganese (Mn)-doped Cobalt oxide (Co3O4)thin films were deposited on steel substrate by the sol-gel spin coat method and investigated the influence of doping concentrations of Mn in Cobalt ranging from 0.001% to 1% on physical, structural and morphological properties of Co3O4 thin films. Cobalt acetate[(CH3COO)2Co.4H2O], Mn acetate [C4H6MnO4.4H2O] and Isopropyl alcohol were used as starting material, dopant source and reagent respectively.X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that pureCo3O4 thin film iscrystallinein nature andcubic phase with [400] preferential orientation.For Mn doped films, three new peaks corresponding to the planes [310], [320] and [420] of orthorhombic MnO2 phase were observed.SEM micrographs showed that incorporation of Mn in Co site was found to influence the surface morphology of the films. All the films showed tetragonal shaped grains. TheEDAXanalysis revealedthe amount of Mn element in the sample increased with increasing dopant concentration.
Neon is one of the least reactive elements in the periodic table. No neutral molecules containing neon have ever been synthesised and it is the only stable element not to have been previously observed in an organic crystal structure.
Effect of Bi Content on Optical Properties of Se-Sb-Bi Chalcogenide Amorphous...ijsrd.com
Se90-xSb10Bix (x=0, 2, 4, 6, 8 & 10) chalcogenide glasses were prepared by well-established melt quenching technique. The glassy nature was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thin films of these samples were deposited on glass substrate using thermal evaporation technique at room temperature. The transmission spectra of thin films have been taken using UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer (Varian Cary 500) in the wavelength range 200 nm to 1500 nm. The refractive index and film thickness are calculated by using envelope method proposed by Swanepoel. The results indicate that n increases with the increasing Bi content which is related to the increased polarizability of the larger Bi atomic radius 1.46 Å compared with the Se atomic radius 1.16 Å. The value of absorption coefficient (α) and hence extinction coefficient (k) has been determined from transmission spectra. Optical band gap (Eg) is estimated using Tauc's extrapolation and is found to decrease from 1.46eV to 1.24 eV with the Bi addition. This behavior of optical band gap is interpreted in terms of electronegativity difference of the atoms involved and cohesive energy of the system. The variation of optical band gap with Bi content has been studied. This study is aiming to examine such structures if they are employed as photonic devices such as photo-detectors, LED's and optical switches.
The existence of conducting islands in polyaniline
films has long been proposed in the literature, which
would be consistent with conducting mechanisms based on
hopping. Obtaining direct evidence of conducting islands,
however, is not straightforward. In this paper, conducting
islands were visualized in poly(o-ethoxyaniline) (POEA)
films prepared at low pH, using Transmission Electron Microscopy
(TEM) and atomic force spectroscopy (AFS). The
size of the islands varied between 67 and 470 Å for a
pH = 3.0, with a larger average being obtained with AFS,
probably due to the finite size effect of the atomic force microscopy
tip. In AFS, the conducting islands were denoted
by regions with repulsive forces due to the double-layer
forces. On the basis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for
POEA in the powder form, we infer that the conducting islands
are crystalline, and therefore a POEA film is believed
to consist of conducting islands dispersed in an insulating,
amorphous matrix. From conductivity measurements we inferred the charge transport to be governed by a typical quasione dimensional variable range hopping (VRH) mechanism.
Anne marie valente feliciano - nucleation of nb films on cu substratesthinfilmsworkshop
In the pursuit of niobium (Nb) films with similar performance with the commonly used bulk Nb surfaces for Superconducting RF (SRF) applications, significant progress has been made with the development of energetic condensation deposition techniques. The controlled incoming ion energy enables a number of processes such as desorption of adsorbed species, enhanced mobility of surface atoms and sub-implantation of impinging ions, thus producing improved film structures at lower process temperatures. All these along with the quality of the Cu substrate have an important influence on the nucleation and subsequent growth of the Nb film, creating a favorable template for growing the final surface exposed to SRF fields. This contribution shows how the structure and defect density thus electron mean free path (represented by residual resistance ratio values) of Nb films can be tailored on Cu substrates, by varying the ion energy and thermal energy provided to the substrate, favoring the hetero-epitaxial or the fiber growth mode.
Aluminum doped cadmium selenide tin films of different compositions, (0.1-1.0 mol %) deposited by dip
coating method on cleaned glass substrates at room temperature. All the films are polycrystalline nature
having hexagonal structure. For all the films the preferred orientation is (100). Some other orientations like
(101), (110), (112) (202) (203) are also observed in the films. The values of interplanar distance, dislocation
density, microstrain, lattice parameters, volume of unit cell, number of crystallites per unit area and particle
size of the aluminum doped thin films were calculated and their variation with dopant concentration was
studied. Interplanar distance, intensity, lattice parameters, volume of unit cell and particle size increases up
to 0.25mol % of aluminum. Microstrain, dislocation density and number of crystallite per unit area decreases
up to 0.25mol % aluminum concentration
In this work, membrane based activated carbon have been studied, and because of the large surface area and, consequently, adsorption of pores, has a wide use for purification of liquids or gases in its entirety. The basic idea is the refinement of the technological expertise of obtaining organic resin composite membranes - activated carbon with porosity characteristics typical of type UF membranes. The membranes were prepared with 40% vol. epoxy resin and 60% vol. Commercial activated carbon micro and mesoporous MADECARBO®, crude, evaluating three types of solvents (toluene, ethyl acetate and ethanol). Physical characterizations such as density Archimedes demonstrated an apparent porosity of 47% - 70% for raw coal and 49% - 62% for dry coal. The microstructure of the specimens was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, indicating good homogeneity of the resin-carbon interaction for both formulations with raw coal, and for dry coal. The flow tests were conducted in a test cell to tubular membranes that simulates parallel flow type filter. As for the flow, the formulation with the lowest result of this property was a coal dry amid ethyl acetate. As for the raw coal, the lowest flow was obtained from the coal of the same nature, but amid absolute ethyl alcohol. From the results, it was concluded that this type of media is strongly influenced by the process for obtaining the formulation and, consequently, the microstructure of the specimens, plays an important role for the type of filtration obtained.
Neon is one of the least reactive elements in the periodic table. No neutral molecules containing neon have ever been synthesised and it is the only stable element not to have been previously observed in an organic crystal structure.
Effect of Bi Content on Optical Properties of Se-Sb-Bi Chalcogenide Amorphous...ijsrd.com
Se90-xSb10Bix (x=0, 2, 4, 6, 8 & 10) chalcogenide glasses were prepared by well-established melt quenching technique. The glassy nature was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thin films of these samples were deposited on glass substrate using thermal evaporation technique at room temperature. The transmission spectra of thin films have been taken using UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer (Varian Cary 500) in the wavelength range 200 nm to 1500 nm. The refractive index and film thickness are calculated by using envelope method proposed by Swanepoel. The results indicate that n increases with the increasing Bi content which is related to the increased polarizability of the larger Bi atomic radius 1.46 Å compared with the Se atomic radius 1.16 Å. The value of absorption coefficient (α) and hence extinction coefficient (k) has been determined from transmission spectra. Optical band gap (Eg) is estimated using Tauc's extrapolation and is found to decrease from 1.46eV to 1.24 eV with the Bi addition. This behavior of optical band gap is interpreted in terms of electronegativity difference of the atoms involved and cohesive energy of the system. The variation of optical band gap with Bi content has been studied. This study is aiming to examine such structures if they are employed as photonic devices such as photo-detectors, LED's and optical switches.
The existence of conducting islands in polyaniline
films has long been proposed in the literature, which
would be consistent with conducting mechanisms based on
hopping. Obtaining direct evidence of conducting islands,
however, is not straightforward. In this paper, conducting
islands were visualized in poly(o-ethoxyaniline) (POEA)
films prepared at low pH, using Transmission Electron Microscopy
(TEM) and atomic force spectroscopy (AFS). The
size of the islands varied between 67 and 470 Å for a
pH = 3.0, with a larger average being obtained with AFS,
probably due to the finite size effect of the atomic force microscopy
tip. In AFS, the conducting islands were denoted
by regions with repulsive forces due to the double-layer
forces. On the basis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for
POEA in the powder form, we infer that the conducting islands
are crystalline, and therefore a POEA film is believed
to consist of conducting islands dispersed in an insulating,
amorphous matrix. From conductivity measurements we inferred the charge transport to be governed by a typical quasione dimensional variable range hopping (VRH) mechanism.
Anne marie valente feliciano - nucleation of nb films on cu substratesthinfilmsworkshop
In the pursuit of niobium (Nb) films with similar performance with the commonly used bulk Nb surfaces for Superconducting RF (SRF) applications, significant progress has been made with the development of energetic condensation deposition techniques. The controlled incoming ion energy enables a number of processes such as desorption of adsorbed species, enhanced mobility of surface atoms and sub-implantation of impinging ions, thus producing improved film structures at lower process temperatures. All these along with the quality of the Cu substrate have an important influence on the nucleation and subsequent growth of the Nb film, creating a favorable template for growing the final surface exposed to SRF fields. This contribution shows how the structure and defect density thus electron mean free path (represented by residual resistance ratio values) of Nb films can be tailored on Cu substrates, by varying the ion energy and thermal energy provided to the substrate, favoring the hetero-epitaxial or the fiber growth mode.
Aluminum doped cadmium selenide tin films of different compositions, (0.1-1.0 mol %) deposited by dip
coating method on cleaned glass substrates at room temperature. All the films are polycrystalline nature
having hexagonal structure. For all the films the preferred orientation is (100). Some other orientations like
(101), (110), (112) (202) (203) are also observed in the films. The values of interplanar distance, dislocation
density, microstrain, lattice parameters, volume of unit cell, number of crystallites per unit area and particle
size of the aluminum doped thin films were calculated and their variation with dopant concentration was
studied. Interplanar distance, intensity, lattice parameters, volume of unit cell and particle size increases up
to 0.25mol % of aluminum. Microstrain, dislocation density and number of crystallite per unit area decreases
up to 0.25mol % aluminum concentration
In this work, membrane based activated carbon have been studied, and because of the large surface area and, consequently, adsorption of pores, has a wide use for purification of liquids or gases in its entirety. The basic idea is the refinement of the technological expertise of obtaining organic resin composite membranes - activated carbon with porosity characteristics typical of type UF membranes. The membranes were prepared with 40% vol. epoxy resin and 60% vol. Commercial activated carbon micro and mesoporous MADECARBO®, crude, evaluating three types of solvents (toluene, ethyl acetate and ethanol). Physical characterizations such as density Archimedes demonstrated an apparent porosity of 47% - 70% for raw coal and 49% - 62% for dry coal. The microstructure of the specimens was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, indicating good homogeneity of the resin-carbon interaction for both formulations with raw coal, and for dry coal. The flow tests were conducted in a test cell to tubular membranes that simulates parallel flow type filter. As for the flow, the formulation with the lowest result of this property was a coal dry amid ethyl acetate. As for the raw coal, the lowest flow was obtained from the coal of the same nature, but amid absolute ethyl alcohol. From the results, it was concluded that this type of media is strongly influenced by the process for obtaining the formulation and, consequently, the microstructure of the specimens, plays an important role for the type of filtration obtained.
Effect of Nanoporous Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) Characteristics On Solar Abs...A Behzadmehr
Nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) has been used in many different fields of science and technology, due to its great structural characteristics. Solar selective surface is an important application of this type porous material. This paper investigates the effect of nanoporous AAO properties, including; film thickness, pore area percentage and pore diameter, on absorption spectra in the range of solar radiation. The parameters were verified individually depending on anodization condition, and the absorption spectra were characterized using spectrophotometer analysis. The results showed that the absorptivity was increased with growth of the film thickness. Furthermore, increasing the pore diameter shifted the absorption spectra to the right range, and vice versa. The investigation revealed the presence of an optimum pore area percentage around 14% in which the absorptivity was at its maximum value.
Rosa alejandra lukaszew a review of the thin film techniques potentially ap...thinfilmsworkshop
SRF is a surface phenomenon where only ~10 penetration depths are needed (l=40 nm for niobium), thus it has been recognized for some time now that it would be economically convenient to use thin film coated cavities. But problems arise with defects within 1 or 2 l of the surface or on the surface, and insufficient attention has been paid to this topic, including trapping of impurities like oxygen in defects as well as surface roughness enabling magnetic field pinning sites. Earlier attempts at CERN applied standard sputter PVD methods, but the grain size for the CERN Nb/Cu films was 100 nm, which is 10,000 times smaller than for conventional SRF cavities with the ensuing problems that appear at grain boundaries. Thus, these prior attempts showed higher surface resistance and worst Q-slope than bulk. I will review more modern approaches using higher energetic PVD methods for thin film deposition which offer promise to achieve thin films with improved superconducting performance.
Rosa alejandra lukaszew a review of the thin film techniques potentially ap...thinfilmsworkshop
SRF is a surface phenomenon where only ~10 penetration depths are needed (l=40 nm for niobium), thus it has been recognized for some time now that it would be economically convenient to use thin film coated cavities. But problems arise with defects within 1 or 2 l of the surface or on the surface, and insufficient attention has been paid to this topic, including trapping of impurities like oxygen in defects as well as surface roughness enabling magnetic field pinning sites. Earlier attempts at CERN applied standard sputter PVD methods, but the grain size for the CERN Nb/Cu films was 100 nm, which is 10,000 times smaller than for conventional SRF cavities with the ensuing problems that appear at grain boundaries. Thus, these prior attempts showed higher surface resistance and worst Q-slope than bulk. I will review more modern approaches using higher energetic PVD methods for thin film deposition which offer promise to achieve thin films with improved superconducting performance.
Structural characterization of TiO2 films grown on LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 substrat...
poster Final
1. Acknowledgements
Bright Group
University at
Buffalo
Characterization of Patterned Anti-Fouling Xerogel Coatings
Zachary R. Jones, Joel F. Destino, Caitlyn M. Gatley, Michael R. Detty, and Frank V. Bright*
Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000
Abstract
Background
Biofouling:
Past work1:
Biofouling refers to the settlement of
organisms on a submerged surface.
Fouling creates problems for the
shipping industry in the form of increased
drag, increased fuel consumption and
costs, as well as increased corrosion of
the submerged surfaces.2
Current Project
Atomic Force Microscopy - Topography and roughness information
Scanning Electron Microscopy - Imaging of samples for thickness and appearance
Spectroscopy - Chemical information over varying percentages
Hybrid, sol gel derived, xerogel polymer coatings have
demonstrated superb anti-biofouling properties as evidenced
by the commercially available material, AquafastTM.1 While
much is known about the efficacy of these materials in the
aforementioned application, there is still a need for insight
into the role of structure. We report the characterization of a
novel xerogel material composed of varying mole
percentages of a carboxyethyltriol silane (COE) and
tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). Techniques used for analysis
include: atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), scanning kelvin probe microscopy
(SKPM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman
spectroscopy.
References
(1) Detty, M.R. et al. Acc. Chem. Res. 2014, 47, 678.
(2) Callow, J.A. et al. Nat. Comm. 2011, 2, 244.
(3) Lin-Vien D. et al. The Handbook of Infrared and Raman Characteristic Frequencies of Organic Molecules; Elsevier, 1991.
(4) Launer, P. J. Silicone Compounds Register and Review 1987, 100.
(5) a. Gigant, K. et al. Appl. Spectrosc. 2002, 56, 762.
b. Matos, M. et al. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1992, 147, 232
c. Gnado, J. et al. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1996, 208, 247.
AFM images show flat surfaces for 2.5% COE, high features on the 5% COE, then ‘snowflake-like’ features forming in 7.5% COE samples which increase in density and
decrease in size in 10% COE. The 20% COE sample shows more developed, large branched snowflake features, while the 100% COE coating has only dispersed ‘cube-like’
features. RMS values shown are root mean squared roughness in nm, indicating an average roughness over the area sampled.
-1.50 1.20
10 μm
0.556
2.5 %
-115 1110
10 μm
79.3
5 %
-15.0 94.0
10 μm
19.7
7.5 %
-21.0 33.0
10 μm
11.0
10 %
-78.1 52.0
10 μm
16.3
20 %
-30.2 260
10 μm
344
100 %
RMS
(nm)
(nm)
Carboxyethyltriol silane
(COE), in varying mole
percentages with TEOS, was
spin coated on aluminum
coated glass slides for
characterization.
Characterization
Physical
Topography AFM
Appearance SEM
Surface
potential
SKPM
Chemical
Spectroscopy
IR
Raman
Surface
chemistry
TOF-
SIMS
1 Week in ASW
Before ASW
SKPM
AFM
2.5% COE 7.5% COE
1 μm
12.9
-25.0 85.0
20% COE
-19.9 45.1
1 μm
17.0
1075 1145
1126 ± 9
1 μm
355 425
377 ± 11
1 μm
218 312
281 ± 10.6
1 μm
1 μm
-0.50 1.50
0.256
20% COE
1 μm
21.3
-56.8 64.7
7.5% COE
1 μm
9.05
-16.0 32.4
2.5% COE
1 μm
0.44
-0.89 13.3
1009 1137
1042 ± 18
1 μm
67 241
116 ± 28
1 μm
586 659
616 ± 7.8
1 μm
SKPM
AFM
Ongoing and future efforts
Artificial salt water (ASW) stability and metal corrosion studies:
1 week in 20 mL of artificial salt water (ASW) shaken at 100 RPM
2.5 % COE 5 % COE 7.5 % COE 10 % COE 20 % COE 100 % COE
SEM images show that the spin coated films have a thickness of about 200-400 nm consistently for all mole percentages save for 100% COE which does not form a
consistent film.
Infrared spectra acquired for each mole percentage of COE in the middle of the samples
show an unexpected lack of hydrocarbon peaks (~2850-2950cm-1) and carboxylic acid
peaks (~1500-1750cm-1)3, possibly due to thickness of films considering increased activity in
these areas for 100% COE. All mixtures are mostly dominated by siloxane peaks (~1050-
1160)4 which show signs of shifting with varying mole percentages. Spectra incorporating
both COE and TEOS show intense bands near 1250 cm-1, attributed to siloxane
characteristic of the combination of the two.
Raman spectra show trends consistent with expectations for increasing percentage of
COE. The band near 490 cm-1 which shifts toward 460 cm-1, characteristic of increasing R-
SiO3 character. In addition, hydrocarbon peaks favor -CH2- as opposed to -CH3 with
increasing percent COE, consistent with a decrease in the ethyl group of TEOS.
Continuing research:
• Saltwater study & measurement of aluminum
loss
• TOF-SIMS fragmentation and mapping to
analyze small potential pockets
• Continued Raman/AFM mapping to determine
make-up of “snowflake” features
Hydrolysis
Acid catalyzed
protonation
(or base catalysis)
Polycondensation
Heating Supercritical drying
More porous
Ambient drying
Less porous
Aerogels Xerogels
Antifouling
characteristics
were achieved
with a 1:1 mole
ratio of C8:TEOS.
(nm)
Raman
Raman Shift (cm-1
)
500 1500 3000 4000
NormalizedIntensity
Siloxane symmetric stretch -LO mode
Siloxane asymmetric stretch -TO mode
COOH bands
FTIR
Wavenumber (cm-1
)
1000 1500 3000 3500 4000
NormalizedAbsorbance
Results
Raman peaks of interest5
470 cm-1 R-SiO3 (breathing mode)
490 cm-1 SiO4 (breathing mode)
791 cm-1 SiO4 (asymmetric stretch)
805 cm-1 C-SiO3 (asymmetric stretch)
815 cm-1 -CH2- (rock)
1420 cm-1 -CH2- (wag)
1453 cm-1 –CH3 (asymmetric stretch)
1493 cm-1 -CH2- (bend)
1570 cm-1 –C(=O)-O- Na+
1670 cm-1 –C(=O)-OH (dimer stretch)
1710 cm-1 –C(=O)-OH (monomer stretch)
2850 cm-1 –CH2-(symmetric stretch)
2870 cm-1 -CH3 (symmetric stretch)
2920 cm-1 -CH2- (asymmetric stretch)
2960 cm-1 -CH3 (asymmetric stretch)
2.5% COE 7.5% COE 20% COE
Al coated
glass
Before ASW
After ASW
The sol-gel process
Raman SiO4
(mV)
(nm)
(mV)
Tetraethoxysilane
(TEOS)
n-octyltriethoxysilane
(C8)