Fernando Pessoa was a Portuguese poet, writer, and philosopher born in 1888. He is considered one of the greatest poets of the Portuguese language. He spent part of his childhood in South Africa and developed a vivid imagination. Pessoa published his first works in 1912-14 and was known for his innovative modernist writings. He died unexpectedly in 1935. Almeida Garrett was a Portuguese poet, playwright, and politician born in 1799. He is considered the introducer of Romanticism to Portugal. He published early works that were controversial and faced prosecution. Garrett made contributions across multiple genres before his death in 1854. Eça de Queiroz was a Portuguese novelist born in 1845.

2. Fernando Pissoa
Fernando António Nogueira Pessôa
•was a Portuguese poet, writer, literary critic,
translator, publisher and philosopher,
recognized as the greatest poet of the
Portuguese language .
Born: June 13, 1888, Lisbon District, Portugal
Died: November 30, 1935,
•he spent nine of his childhood years in the
British-governed town of Durban, South Africa,
where his stepfather was the Portuguese consul.
•Pessoa, who was five years old when his natural father
died of tuberculosis, developed into a shy and highly
imaginative boy, and a brilliant student

3. •study on his own at the National Library, where
he systematically read major works of philosophy,
history, sociology and literature (especially
Portuguese)
•He published his first essay in literary criticism
in 1912, his first piece of creative prose (a
passage from The Book of Disquiet) in 1913
•He is distinguished as the most momentous
literary figure of the 20th century who played a
major role in the development of modernism in
his country.
•By 1914 Pessoa had started publishing criticism in
prose and poetry.
Fernando Pessoa, the extraordinary poet of “Message”,
poem of appraisal of nationalism, one of the most
beautiful ever written, was buried yesterday

4. •He was surprised by death in his Christian bed
in the Hospital São Luis on Saturday night.
“We never love anyone. What we
love is the idea we have of
someone. It's our own concept—
our own selves—that we love.”
― Fernando Pessoa, The Book of Disquiet

5. Almeida Garrett

6. João Baptista da Silva Leitão de
Almeida Garrett,
•was a Portuguese poet, playwright, novelist and
politician
•He is considered to be the introducer of the Romantic
movement in Portugal.
Born: February 4, 1799, Porto, Portugal
Died: December 9, 1854, Lisbon, Portugal
•At an early age, around 4 or 5 years old, Garrett
changed his name to João Baptista da Silva Leitão,
adding a name from his godfather and altering the
order of his surnames.

7. •In childhood, his mulatto Brazilian nanny Rosa de
Lima taught him some traditional stories that later
influenced his work.
•In 1818, he moved to Coimbra to study at the University
law school. In 1818, he published
O Retrato de Vénus
•a work for which was soon to be prosecuted, as it was
considered "materialist, atheist, and immoral"
•it was during this period that he adopted and
added his pen name de Almeida Garrett

8. •Almeida Garrett ended his relationship with Luísa
Midosi and divorced in 1835
(who later remarried Alexandre Desiré Létrillard)
to join 17-year-old Adelaide Deville Pastor in 1836 – she
was to remain his partner until her early death in 1839,
causing him to break, and leaving a daughter named
Maria Adelaide (who later married and had issue),
whose early life tragedy and illegitimacy inspired her
father in order to write the play FreiLuís de Sousa.
•Later in his life he became the lover of Rosa de
Montúfar y Infante, a Spanish noblewoman
•Garrett died of cancer in Lisbon at 6:30 in the
afternoon of 9 December 1854. He was buried at the
Cemetery of Prazeres and, on 3 May 1903, his remains
were transferred to the national pantheon in the
Jerónimos Monastery,

9. José Maria de Eça de Queiroz or Eça
de Queirós
Born: November 25, 1845 Died: August 16, 1900
•generally considered to be the greatest
Portuguese writer in the realist style. Zola
considered him to be far greater than Flaubert.
•shared pseudonym Carlos Fradique Mendes
• novelist committed to social reform who introduced
naturalism and realism to Portugal.
•He is considered to be one of the greatest Portuguese
novelists and is certainly the leading 19th-century
Portuguese novelist.
Eça de Queirós’s real interest lay in literature, however, and soon his
short stories—ironic, fantastic, macabre, and often gratuitously
shocking—and essays on a wide variety of subjects began to appear
in the Gazeta de Portugal.

10. •By 1871 he had become closely associated with
a group of rebellious Portuguese intellectuals
committed to social and artistic reform and
known as the Generation of ’70. Eça de Queirós
denounced contemporary Portuguese literature
as unoriginal and hypocritical.
•During this time he wrote the novels for which he
is best remembered, attempting to bring about
social reform in Portugal through literature by
exposing what he held to be the evils and the
absurdities of the traditional conservative social
order.
•His first novel, O Crime do Padre Amaro (1876; The
Sin of Father Amaro),
•It describes the destructive effects of celibacy on a priest of
weak character and the dangers of fanaticism in a provincial
Portuguese town.

11. •. A biting satire on the romantic ideal of passion and its
tragic consequences appears in his next novel, O Primo
Basílio
•Caustic satire characterizes the novel that is generally
considered Eça de Queirós’s masterpiece, OsMaias
(1888; The Maias),
•a detailed depiction of upper-middle-class and
aristocratic Portuguese society.
•His last novels are sentimental, unlike his earlier work.
A Cidade e as Serras (1901; The City and the Mountains)
•extols the beauty of the Portuguese
countryside and the joys of rural life.
Eça de Queirós was appointed consul in Paris in
1888, where he served until his death.

12. Jose Saramago

13. Jose Saramago
1992-2010
• The Nobel prize-winning Portuguese novelist.
•1998’s Nobel Laureate is considered the
contemporary voice of Portuguese literature.
Admired for his relentless interrogation of human
experience in relation to morality and identity,
•José Saramago’s active support of the anarchist-based
idea of ‘libertarian communism’ has not only provided
an intricate inspiration for his literary canon of prose,
poetry and stage plays, but also labeled him a
somewhat controversial figure.

14. Cain – his rewriting of the biblical story –
was his final novel, and is in some ways a
fitting conclusion. Cain's is the story of
mankind, and Saramago was one of those
authors much concerned with the plight of
mankind. Like all good Nobel laureates, he
was the kind of writer who wrote about the
human condition, with a capital H and a
capital C.
•Saramago's last novel: a radical re-telling of the
biblical story of Cain and Abel.

15. • 1982’s Memorial do Convento (Baltasar and
Blimunda) remains one of Saramago’s most
renowned novels
• . O Evangelho Segundo Jesus Christos (The Gospel
According to Jesus Christ), arguably Saramago’s
biggest mainstream success, is a highly
controversial novel fictionally crafting

16. Francisco Lobo

17. Francisco Rodrigues Lobo
(born 1580, Leiria, Port.—died November 1621, Portugal),
pastoral poet, known as the Portuguese Theocritus, after the
ancient Greek originator of that poetic genre.
His first book of poems, Romances (1596), written in the
Baroque manner of the Spanish poet Luis de Góngora y
Argote, reveals a refined sensibility and skill in describing
the moods of nature.
Most of the 61 poems are in Spanish, a second
language for Portuguese writers until the end of the
17th century.

18. •Rodrigues Lobo’s best works are the eclogues interpolated
in his trilogy of pastoral novels, Primavera (1601; “Spring”),
O Pastor Peregrino (1608; “The Wandering Shepherd”),
and O Desencantado (1614; “The Disenchanted”).
•These poems combine pleasing descriptions of the
countryside of his native region with witty dialogues
between shepherds and shepherdesses on the wiles of
love.
•His most masterful works in prose are the lively and
elegant dialogues CôrtenaAldeia (1619; “Village Court”),
in which a young noble, a student, a wealthy gentleman,
and a man of letters discuss manners, philosophy, social
questions, and especially literary style.
•Rodrigues Lobo was accidentally drowned on a
voyage on the Tagus River.

19. Agustina Bessa Luís, or (née)
Maria Agustina Ferreira Teixeira
Bessa

20. Agustina Bessa Luís
•(born October 15, 1922, Vila Meã, Portugal),
•novelist and short-story writer whose fiction diverged from the
predominantly neorealistic regionalism of mid-20th-century
Portuguese literature to incorporate elements of surrealism.
•The best-known of BessaLuís’ early novels is A Sibila
(1954; “The Sibyl”),
•won the Eça de Queirós prize
•prose has been called “metaphysical” and “ultra-
psychological,” and the influence of Marcel Proust and
Franz Kafka may be distinguished in the fictional worlds
she created.

21. •In BessaLuís’s fiction, notions of time and space become vague, and
planes of reality flow together, dimming the sense of a logical order of
events.
•She remained a prolific novelist through the turn of the 21st
century, and in 2004 she received the Camões Prize, the most
prestigious prize for literature in Portuguese. In addition, several
of her works were adapted for film by Portuguese director
Manoel de Oliveira.
•Other well-known novels of BessaLuís include
Osincuráveis (1956; “The Incurables”), A muralha
(1957; “The Stone Wall”), O susto (1958; “The
Fright”), O manto (1961; “The Mantle”), and O
sermão de fogo (1963; “The Sermon of Fire”).

22. The Threes Marias